ge infrared heating products & applications brochure

8/3/2019 GE Infrared Heating Products & Applications Brochure

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For Ef cientUse of ElectricEnergyeat with GE

I FRAREDLAMPS

PEOPLE APPLICATIONS

* INDUSTRIAL*

COMMERCIAL

* DOMESTIC* FARM

PRO.DUCT APPL.ICATIONS* BAKING* HEATING* DRYING* TESTING*

COATING

C DBRICK MANUFACTURER USES INFRARED LAMPS to warmclay before and after it is formed into bricks. The Carrey Brlck Companyof Chicago Installed twelve SOOO-watt l amps over a conveyor belt thatcarries clay 10 the brick-forming machine and five similar units over thehopper where clay Is mixed. Infrared heal prevents the clay from adher-ing to the sides of the hopper and ensures uniform flow.

@ AN ECONOMICAL AND EFFICIENT METHOD OF HEATING in thisMatisa Railweld, Inc., plant Is with GE Infrared Lamps. Energy Is con-ser~ed by using individual, infrared-lamp f ixtures and moving them to anydesired location along the production line to heat drafty. cold work areas.

@ EFFICIENT USE OF ELECTRIC ENERGY WITH GE INFRARED LAMPS- About 45 minutes of operation raises the indoor temperature 30 de-grees F at this gymnasium at Greenville College in Greenville, Illinois.They can then be tumed off . College officials are pleased not only with theexcellent performance of the quartz Infrared lamps, but also with the lowInstallation cost.

@ HEATING ONLY WHENEVER, AND FOR AS LONG, AS NEEDED -Work, storage, and garage areas 01 this Public Service Company of Indi-ana, Inc., building In Kokomo are heated by infrared lamps. Aoout 45,000sq. ft. of floor space is warmed by Infrared energy. Of course, the addl-tionallight supplied by the infrared lamps is a bonus feature.

ADHESIVES appl ied to Textol lte and steel dishwasher cabinets arequickly heated and set with ninety-six 250-watt. G-30 Infrared lamps atGE's Appliance Park. To vary processing time, conveyor speed ischanged. Maximum speed is 15 feet per minute through the 22-foot oven.

@ ) PRIME COAT ON LICENSE PLATES made at the Connecticut StateReformatory is baked at 300F (150C), and the top coat is baked at250"F (120C) in an electric infrared oven. In addition, the plates are de-greased In the same oven prior to painting. Former ly, chemicals cost ing$100 per week degreased 400-600 plates per hour. Now, the electric ovendegreases 1560 plates per hour at 700F (370C). Average power costfor al l three operations is $20 per week at a power rate of 2e per kwhr.


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Q) EFFICIENT AND PRODUCTIVE USE OF ELECTRIC ENERGY IN THEFARM - Work areas in larm buildings are very cold in the winter butconventional, continuous heating is unnecessary and wasteful. However,farm workers cannot always wear gloves or overly bulky clothing. lor cer-tain Jobs such as repairing machinery, washing milking equipment, milk-ing cows. A good and effiCient answer to th I s heating problem is the T-3or R-40 infrared lamp. The farmer turns them on whenever needed and isImmediately warmed by R-40 lamps mounted on one-loot centers abovethe work area. For best efficiency, lamps can be operated by groups only,using more than one circuit when needed.

HIGH TEMPERATURE TESTING 01 missile components is a require-ment at Beech Aircraft. For this. over three thousand 1000-watt, T-3 __quartz infrared lamps were installed in this vacuum bell . Max1mum heat-ing capability is 10,000 kw lor 20 seconds or 6000 kw for 5 minutes.Lamps are divided into 16 annular zones. Each ZOne is individually con-trolied and measures 12 inches hig hand 290 inches in circu mference.

RAILROAD CARS. T-3 quartz infrared lamps thaw frozen are. This6000-kw infrared oven is designed to thaw a minimum of ten cars perhour in extremely cold weather so the are can be dumped easily trom thecars. Automatic temperature controls prevent damage to car paint.

@ ) EXPANDING BEARINGS by Infrared heat aids In assembly at WeanEngineer ing. Twelve 1000-waU, T-3 Quar tz lamps raise bear ing temper-atures 10 to 20 degrees F (5.5 to 11C) per minute. Entire fitting job nowtakes less time than it did to set up the oil bath prevmusty used.

SIMULATION OF REENTRY TEMPERATURES on missile nose conematerials ts achieved in this oven manufactured by Research, Inc. The ovenuses 225 2500-watt clear quartz lamps and can be adjusted to fit variousaerodynamic contours. A portion of the lamps are operated at double theirnormal wattage ratings.


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INFRARED L MPS for people heatingfor product heatingHOW ELECTRIC HEAT LAMPS CAN BE APPLIED TO USE

ENERGY EFFICIENTLYUse infrared only when you need it. Infraredlamps have a fast on and off time. They may

be required only when temperatures reachan uncomfortable level or when people en-ter an area. They may be applied to furnishonly a moderate amount of heat to take thechill off or to prevent freezing.

Use infrared only where you need it. Thelocalized nature of direct radiation allows

you to "spot-heat" in large areas wherespace is not totally occupied or where occu-

pancy changes according to the task. as in awarehouse. Infrared lamps direct heat onlywhere it is needed. They do not heat the en-tire space in high-ceiling areas. whichwould result in energy waste and tremen-dous heat loss through the roof of the build-ing.

(Wave le ng th s s ho rt er t ha n Vis ib le )

4

WAVELENGTH-NANOMETERS (Wave le ng th s lo ng er t ha n Vis ib le )

Infrared, tungsten-filament lamps are among the most effi-

cient of radiant-energy heat sources. These heat lamps oper-

ate at high incandescent temperatures (4000" F, 2200 0 C):

they are specifically designed to produce a larger propor-

t ion of infrared than visible energy.

tCONVECTION ~RADIATION HEATING

Infrared energy lies outside the visible spectrum of energy

- at its red end - where wavelengths are longer. Infrared

is often used for making people comfortable and for heat-

ing products.

Methods of HeatingHeat is transfe rred by conduction, convection, or radiation.

In conduction heating, a product is placed in physical con-

tact with the heal source, allowing direct transfer of heat

from the source to the product. This is the way food is heat-

ed in a skillet.In convection heating. the heat source heats air which, in

turn, moves to the object - person or product - and heats

it. This is the way a home is heated by a warm-air furnace.

In radiation heating, the heat is transferred through invis-

ible electromagnetic waves from an infrared energy source,such as a heat lamp. When infrared energy strikes the object


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-person or product-the radiation is absorbed and converted

into heat. Heating by radiation is accomplished neither through

physical contact w ith the heat source nor through hot air carrying

Energy and nfraredTheworldwide energy crisis and in particular theshortage of natural gas, has put electric infraredheating in a very favorable position with respectto having heat available where and when it isneeded.At the present time there exist literallythousands of installations of gas fired deviceswhich bake, cure, heat treat, polymerize, shrinkor expandproducts. Dueto recentg:a8shortages,particularly during the winter months, many ofthese operations were either closed down for aperiod or their operation was significantly cur-

tailed during the critical weeks.In addition to theindustrial processes which depend upon gas,most industrial and commercial establishmentsare heated with gas also. Again during recentseverewinters, many of these plants were shutdown or their operation curtailed due to heatinggas shortage.

Electric infrared heating now offers an ex-tremely attractive alternative to gas in industrialprocessing and plant heating. Most industrialprocess ovens can be converted to electric in-

hea t from the source to the object. Radiant energy does not heat

the air appreciably and does not require a ir for transmission.

This is the way the earth is heated by the sun.

frared with a very minimum of cost and time. Inaddition to being always availablewhen needed,electric infrared heat often produces superiorenvironmental conditions for various industrialprocesses.

Many industrial plants in recent winters haveinstalled supplementary infrared heaters overwork stations. When gas for general heating is ingood supply, these units are turned off. How-ever, when gas curtailment takes place, thetemperatures in the buildings can be lowered toabout 50"F and the supplementary electric in-frared heaters turned on. This combination al-lows the employees to work in comfort and thecompany to continue to stay open with its gasallocation cut as much as 50 %.

These are just two examplesof the great ver-satility of electric infrared heat. Its low initialinstallation cost and its ability to be availablewhen needed make it an extremely attractivealternative to gas.


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6

ELECTRIC INFRARED LAMP 'IHEATING

Infrared lamps, which employ the radiant heat principle,

have been used in industrial, commercial, domestic and

farm heating applications for over a quarter of a century.

Also, reflector heat lamps have been used for many years to

warm people working in cold areas - garages, workshops,

homes.

The development 01 high-output, tubular-quartz infrared

lamps (see Table 2) has added another means of warming

people with radiant energy. The ready availability of infra-

red-lamp fixtures and associated control equipment makes

human comfort applications virtually unlimited - both in -

door and outdoor.In indoor space heating, infrared lamps heat the floor,

walls, people, and other objects in the area with direct radi-

ant energy. The floor and other surfaces in the room re-

radiate this heat energy and also warm the air in the space.

Thus, the direct radiant energy from the lamps, the re-radi-

ated heat from the room surfaces, and the warmed air pro-

vide a comfortable environment for people. Comfort isprovided at lower-than-normal ambient air temperatures

because of the direct heating effects by the radiant energyfrom the lamps.

Outdoors, practically all of the warming effect is pro-

duced by the radiant energy from the lamps, directly heat-

ing clothing and exposed skin. Rarely will the surrounding

air temperature be raised by convection from warmed ob-

jects or surfaces. The wind, however slight, will carry away

very quickly most of the heat from objects heated by in-

frared lamps.

On the farm, infrared brooding is used widely for poultry

and for pigs. In moderate areas one 250-watt lamp (250

PS30/33 or 250R40/1) may be adequate for brooding up

to 150 chicks, while in colder climates two, four, six or

eight lamps may be necessary. For pigs, one 2S0-watt lamp

is normally sufficient for the average litter. Large litters may

require more lamps. As with chicks, the pigs seek their own

comfort level.

Tungsten-Filament Infrared Sources

Among the most efficient radiation-energy heat sources are

the tungsten-filament infrared lamps. Examples are the

G-30, R-40, and T-J types. These three types of infrared

lamps are representative of a complete line manufactured

INFRARED LAMP TYPES

by the General Electric Co. Sometimes called near-infrared

sources, these infrared lamps contain a tungsten filament

sealed in gas-fi lled glass bulbs or quartz: tubes.

The reflector-type of infrared lamps in R-40 bulbs, Table

I, and the tubular quartz infrared lamps in T-3 bulbs, Table

2, are the two basic lamp types most often used for comfortheating. The glass infrared lamps in G-30 bulbs, Table I, are

usually used for industria! product heating and the specialty

tubular infrared lamps in T-3 bulbs, Table 3, are normally

used for high-temperature research applications, test ing, and

industrial heating processes (brazing, soldering).

The filament temperature in normal operation of theseheat lamps is about 40000F (2200C). although the temper-

ature of glass bulbs or quartz tubes may be only 500 to

1200F (2600 to 650C). Filaments in regular lighting lamps

generally operate near 47{)()OF(2600 C.)

At these infrared-lamp filament temperatures, most of the

infrared energy is at wavelengths that readily pass through

the glass or quartz enclosures. As a result, these tungsten-

fi lament infrared sources radiate 86% of their input energyas radiant energy.

Other Infrared Sources

Two other types of infrared sources are quartz tube heaters andmetal sheath heaters. Infrared energy is radiated primarily fromthe surface of these sources rather than from an incandescent

filament. These operate below 2000F (I 100C) and are de-

scribed as far-infrared sources.

A quam tube heater is similar in appearance to. and is oftenconfused with, a General Electric T-3 quartz lamp. However,

the heating element in a quartz tube heater is simply a coilednichrome wire open to the atmosphere. Because of this the

maximum temperature of this coil is limited to about 1800"F.Atthis temperature the infrared radiating efficiency isonly about 50to 65%.

The surface of a metal sheath heater operates at temperaturesbetween lOOOFand 1 8 QOD Fdepending upon the design. It also

contains a nichrome heating element which must be heated to1800F. Magnesium oxide, an electrica1 insulating material,

surrounds this resistor element and conducts heat from it to the

tubular metal cover. The efficiency of this type beater is only 45to 60%.


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TABLE 1 - CHARACTERISTICS OF GENE AL ELECTRIC INFRARED LAMPSGLASS INFRARED LAMPS

Nomina l Mal.Pic- Fila Bulb Overa ll

Design Orde ring lu re Bulb men t Oi3. lengthWalls Vo lts Vo lts A bbrevia tion No . Base Bu lb Fin ish Noles Form (inches)( inches) M a in U sa ge a nd C o

2 50 115 - 1 2 5 115 2 5 0G 3 0 1 Md . S kI. G - 3 0 Clear C-7A 3% 7'/ '6 I n d us tr ia l o v en s3 75 115 - 1 2 5 115 3 7 5G 3 0 1 Md,SK\. G 3 0 Clea r C7A 3 l J4 H" I ndustrialovens5 00 11 l 5 - 1 2 5 115 5 0 0 G 3 0 / 1 1 Md, S kI G 3 0 Clear C-7A 3% P A s I n d u s tr ia l o v en s

R EFLEC TO RIZED G LA SS IN FR AR ED LAMPSI

12 5 115-125 1 15 12 5R 4 0 2 Md , S kI. R - 4 0 LightL F . 7 cs 5 7% Indu s tr ia l p r oc e s si ng2 50 115 - 1 2 5 115 2 5 0 R 4 0 / 1 4 Med_ R 4 0 lig ht L F. 7 C-9 5 69;\. I nd u st ria l p ro c es si ng25 0 115 125 115 2 5 0 R 4 0 / 4 2 Md . S kI. R - 4 0 LightI .F_ 7 cs 5 7% I n du s tr ia l p r oc e s si n g

25 0 115 1 2 5 liS 2 5 0 R 4 0 / 5 2 Md . S kI. R 4 0 * Clear cs 5 lY , I n du s tr ia l p r o ce s s in g25 0 115 125 115 250R401 l 0 5 Med, R -W ' R e dBowl cs 5 60/, Home a pp lic atio n b r375 115 - 1 2 5 11 5 37 5R 4 0 2 Md . S kI. R 4 0 li gh t I F. 7 cs 5 7% I n d u s tr ia Iprocessin g37 5 115125 ll5 375R40 / 1 0 6 Md , S kI. R - 4 0 " R e dBowl cs 5 7 % I n d us tr ia I, p ro ce ss i

375 115 - 1 2 5 11 5 375R40 / 1 2 M d . Sk I . R - 4 0 * Clear cs 5 71 f z Industrialp r o ce s s i n g

NOTES; Heat-resistant glass bulb.1. Al l GE lamps are hermetical ly sealed, gas-fi ll ed and have tungsten fi laments.2, Color temperature approx: 2500 oK,3. Lamps can be operated in any position.4. In general , screw-based lamps should be used in porcelain type sockets.5. Average filament life in excess of 5000 hou rs by laboratory test.6. This lamp is of the highest quality in material and workmanship but has been designed II I meet certain purchaser

requi rements which preclude a guarantee of performance.7. May not give satisfactory performance if accessory equ ipment is attached to or touches the glass bulb,8. Although made of heat-resistant glass. the bulb and lens should be protected from moisture or breakage wi II result.9. Prices, del ivery and avai labi li ty information can be obtained from Sales and Service Distri ct offices l isted on back cover.

@


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E ISTI S 0 GE ERA FRARED LAMPSABLE 2 - CHARAT - 3 TUBULAR QUARTZ INFRARED LAMPS

M a x . A p p r o x .P lc - O v e ra l l H e a te dA p p ro x. C o lo rTy p e

De s i g n O rd e r in g tu re B u lb L e n g thL e n g th w att s / in . T em p . o fW a t ts V o lt s V o lt s J Ib b re v ia t io n N o .B a s e F in is h N o te s( in c he s ) ( In c he s )o f f ila . o K S e a l M a in U se

300 115-125 120 Q H300T3 8 S&l T ran slu ce nt 89/,6 47/32 10 0 2500 R eg. G eneral s ervice375 115-125 12 0 QH375T3 8 S&l Translucent 8'3/'6 5 75 2500 Reg. G ene ra l s e rv ic e375 115-125 120QH375T317 10 RSC Tra ns lu ce nt 86/, 6 5 75 2500 Reg. G en era I s er vic e500 100-110 10 5 QH500T3 8 S&L "Tra ns lu ce nt 8'3/,. S 10 0 2500 Reg. G en eraI s er vic e500 115-125 12 0 QH500T3 8 S&L Tra ns lu ce nt 81 3/' 6 5 10 0 2500 R eg. G eneral service

500 115-125 12 0 QH500T3/CL 9 S&L Clear S,3/ , . S 10 0 2500 Reg. General service500 115-125 120 QH500T3!7 10 RSC Translucent 6 S5/ '6 5 7 5 2500 R eg . C om fo rt h ea tin g80 0 115-125 120 QHSOOT3 S S&L Translucent 11 '6 / , . S 10 0 2500 Reg. Food warming -comfo r t hea ting1000 200-220 208 Q HI000T3 S S&L Tra ns lu ce nt 1313 /,. 10 100 2500 Reg. Foodw arming-general service1000 230-250' 240 QHI000T3 8 S&L Translucent 1313 /,. 10 100 2500 Reg. G ene ra I s erv ic e1000 230-250 240QH1000T3JCL 9 S&L Clear 11'6/,6 10 10 0 2500 R eg . H ig h tem p a pp lic atio ns1000 230-250 24 0 QH10 0 0 T 3 12WHT 9 8&L Clear 13 '3 j ,6 10 10 0 2500 HT High temp app lica t ion s1200 144 14 4 QHI200T3/CL 9 8& l Clear 813/'6 6 20 0 2450 Reg. H igh temp app lica t ion s1200 144 14 4 QH1200T3/CL/HT9 S & L Clear 8 '3/ '6 6 200 2450 H T H igh tem p applications1600 200-220 20 8 QH1600T3 8 S&l Translucen! 1 9'" / " 16 100 2500 Reg. G ene ra l s erv ic e1600 200-2 20 20 S QH1600T3/7 10 RSC Translucent 6 19"/8 16 100 2500 Reg. Comfo rt hea ting - food warming1600 230-250 240QH1600T3 8 S&L Tra nslu ce nt 19'3 /'6 16 10 0 2500 R eg. G eneral service16 00 2 30-2 50 24 0 QH1600T3/CL 9 S&l Clear 19'3 /'6 16 10 0 2 500 R eg . In du stria l p ro ce ssin g1600 230-250 24 0 QH16 00T 3/7 10 RSC Translucent 6 19"/8 16 10 0 2500 R eg. Com fort heati ng

1600 277 27 7 QH16 00T 317 10 RSC Translucent 6 1 95 /8 16 10 0 2500 R eg . C om fo rt h ea tin g2 000 2 30-2 50 240 QH2M/T3/ClIHT 9 S&l Clear 13'3 /'6 10 200 2450 H T High temp app lica t ion s2 000 23 02 50 240 QH2M/T3 /1WHT 9 S&l Clear 11'5/'6 9 "1 , 200 2450 HT High temp app lica t ion s2 500 46 0-5 00 480 QH2500T3 8 S&l Translucent 28'"/'6 2 5 10 0 2500 R eg . G en era l s erv ic e2500 460-500 480 QH2500T3/CL 9 S&L Clear 2813 /,. 25 100 2500 Reg. In du stria l p ro ce ss in g2500 460-500 480 QH2500T317 10 RSC Translucent 6 2S 16 25 100 2500 R eg . C om fo rt h ea tin g2500 575-625 600 QH2500T3 8 S&L Translucent 28'3/16 25 100 2500 R eg . ln du stn al p ro ce ss in g3800 55 0-600 570 QH3S00T3 8 S&l Translucent 41'3/,. 38 10 0 2500 R eg . G en era l s erv ic e3800 550-600 570 QH3800T3/CL 9 S&L Clear 4 113/, 8 38 10 0 2500 Reg. I nd us tria l p ro ce ss in g3800 550-600 570 QH3800T3IVB11 S&L Translucent 7 41'3 /'8 38 10 0 2500 Reg. Industria l process ing5000 574-625 600 Q H5M /T3/1CLIHT9 S&l Cle~r 28'$/,8 25 200 2500 R eg . H ig h temp a pp lic atio ns5000 920-1000 96 0 QH5M/T3/CL 9 S&L Ctear 53'3/,. 50 100 2500 Reg. I nd us tria l p ro ce ss in g6000 480 480 Q6M/T3/Cl/HT 13S&L Clear 11'"/'6 9" /4 600 3150 H T Halogen-Cycle

1. T-3 lam ps have%" n om in al tu bin g d iamete r.2 . All G E la mps a re h erm etica lly sea le d a nd ga s filled w ith line ar tun gste n fila men ts.3. Average fi la m ent I ife in excess of 5000 hoursby l abo ra tory test .4. E nd sea l te mpe ratu re of lam ps w ith re gu la r sea l con struction sh ou ld no t e xce ed 6 50'F. S pecia l eq uipm en t is usua

h ig h tempe ra tu re a pp lic at io ns re ga rd le ss o f ty pe o f s ea l c on stru ctio n.5 . S le eve an d lea d b ase s (S &L) ha ve flex ib le nicke l lea dsapp rox ,6" long . Lead length not included in m axim um overall len6 . All la mps fo r h ig h te mp eratu re a pp lica tio n ha ve cle ar q ua rtz tub in g w ith m in im um striatio n.7 . L am ps w ith re ce sse d si n gle con ta ct (R SC ) ba ses no t re comm en de d for in du stria l use .8. Lam ps in 375 and SO D-watt sizes can be operated in any position . All others except vertical burn ing (VB) mbe burned

ho riz on ta lly. Vertica l b urn in g lam ps ca n be u sed in an y po sition a s lo ng as the e nd m arke d up is hig her.

NOTES:

P IC TURE S SHOW GENERAL SHAPE AND APP EARANCE 10.435" MA X .

~ -=H EA TE ~ rS&LBASE R SC BASE

OA.L.

~e--- I~-ZBULB CENTERL INEr - MAXIMUM OVE.RALL lENGTH

----jJ.'rr J OM ,NAL BULB D 'AMETER ~ . ) T. 3/ ifi - - -~ ~ ~W ,,~~'I ~ ~

8


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HEAT AND LIGHT OUTPUT

CHARACTERISTICS

Either the R-40 or T-3 lamps can supply all the infrared

energy required for heating people. But where size of the

area heated is large, the T-] lamp type is usually a logical

choice because it provides higher heat output per unit of

size than the R-40. Most T-3 lamps are designed to consume

100 watts per inch of f i lament and radi ate energy at an ef-

ficiency of 86% based on input wattage, This higher loading

usually reduces the wiring and lowers overall cost to pro-

duce the desired heat density.

Approximately 5% of the radiated output from infrared

lamps is visible light. Both the R-40 and T-3 lamp types pro-

duce 6 to 8 lumens of light per watt at design voltage -

roughly one-third that of lighting types of lamps of equal

wattage, One exception is the red-bulb R-40 lamp, which has

very little visible energy.

Visible light from infrared lamps may be useful since illu-

mination levels are raised - often by a significant amount.

However, in infrared-lamp comfort hea ting, this light should

normally be considered a bonus feature. A good lighting

system should be added to any infrared lamp heating sys-tem, if one is not already installed. The reason is obvious;

during warm or hot periods of the year, the infrared lamp

installation will not be operating, yet good visibility is still

important in work areas, along store fronts, and in other

appl ication s.

ANGULARDISTRIBUTIONOF RADIANTENERGY

o

Figure 2 - Distribution of radiant heat from a typical R40infrared lamp.

DISTRIBUTION' OF HEAT

OUTPUTThe R-40 infrared lamp is well suited for healing small areas

where fixture mounting heights are normally not more than

10 feet. A typical R-40 infrared-lamp heat output distribu-

tion curve is shown in Fig. 2.

f'tllII'1!11_n[]rm~l tcremps

1 I~~~ ~.III

E

~ ".'">III

. , '

ao

1 ?~.& .6D~III

E~ 4S"

m

< >'"

Figure 3 - Distribution of radiant heat from three typical in-frared fixtures designed for T-3 quartz infrared lamps.

In applications where design requirements call for great-

er heat output per lamp and higher mounting heights, the

higher-wattage T-3 lamp is a better choice. The long linear

tungsten filament in the T-3 lamp permits accurate control

01 the crosswise heat beam spread from the fixture. Suchbeam spreads of T-3 lamp fixtures usually range from 60

degrees to more than 100 degrees, depending on the design,

but much narrower crosswise beam spreads are possible.

The heat-output distribution measured crosswise to a

fixture determines its beam-spread classiftcation. For people-

heating applications, fixture beam spread is arbitrarily spec-


10/240

ified as the angle within which the heat intensity is at least

10% of maximum. Heat distribution curves for typicalsingle-lamp heal fixtures are shown in Fig. 3. Both single

and multiple-lamp equipment is available. Each specific

type 01 fixture design provides a slightly different output;

manufacturer's data should be consulted in design calcula-

tion work.

For indoor service, beam spreads of approximately 60degrees are commonly used for rooms of small floor area

or higher-than-normal mounting heights since less energy is

radiated to the side walls. This means more energy is di-

rected to the floor area. However, if proper fixture spacing

is difficult to ach ieve or if fixture spacing is not carefully

chosen, heat distribution uniformity at the floor may not be

as even with 60 degree equipment.

With wider-beam spread equipment (90 degrees and

larger), distribution is easier to achieve with greater latitude

in fixture spacing, particularly at lower mounting he ights.

Asymmetric fixtures are commonly designed with a 60-degree beam spread but with Iheenergy distribution primari-

ly to one side of the fixture centerline. This equipment offers

the design advantage of higher concentration of radiant

heat without wasting "spillage" energy on walls or other

areas beyond those to be heated. They are particularly use-

ful where fixtures can only be mounted along one side (or

sides) of the area.

As with fluorescent-lamp lighting equipment, light-

shielding louver assemblies are often added to increase

visual comfort. Furthermore, louvers are used lO provide

additional control for the side and lengthwise heat-output

distribution. Where the light from lamps is not desired, thevisible light can be fi ltered out.

OF ELECTRI.CINFRARED PRODUCT

HEATI'NG

Product baking, heating, drying, processing, test ing and coat-

ing with electric infrared heat offers many advantages - for

either large or small requirements.

LOW FIRST COST

Electric infra red ovens have a low initial cost.

LOW MAINTENANCE COST

The simplicity of an infrared oven minimizes maintenance

req uirements.

FAST HEAT-UP AND COOL-DOWN

TIMEThe oven starts heating the product the moment the oven is

turned on, since air is not needed to transmit the heat. This

reduces the oven operating time and cuts energy consump-

tion. The oven also cools down relatively last after beingturned off.

CLEAN HEAT

Heating by electric infrared lamps eliminates products of

combustion. Therefore, what is being heated is not contarn-

inated by hot gases, there is no flame to contain, and there

are no combustion products to discharge. Infrared lampscan also be operated in a vacuum.

AVA ILABILITY O F FUEL

Elec tric power is ava ilable virtually everywhere. While other

fue ls such as gas and oil are becoming scarce, e lectricity will be

plentiful for the foreseeable future.


11/24

CONTROL OF ENERGY

Very precise control can be achieved using zone heating

with variable SCR (silicon-controlled rectifier) controllers.

SPACE SAVINGS

The high heat concentrations at the oven entrance quickly

increase product temperature, shorten conveyor length andsave floor space. Compact ovens can also be suspended

from the ceiling. Often, the value of saved space exceeds

the enti re fi rst cost of the oven.

VERSATILITY

Infrared ovens can be added to existing ovens or built into

existing ones to increase output. Often, infrared ovens are

purchased and installed at a much lower cost than that of

additional equipment to achieve the same increase in pro-duction. One oven can also be used for multiple purposes

- degreasing, baking the prime coat, baking the finish coat- by switching lamps ON/OFF to change the radiation

density instantly.

MOBILITY

Some electric infrared ovens are portable; others are easily

moved. On the other hand, convection ovens are often large

and expensive to move.

CONVENIENT POWER SUPPLY

Electric power supply is provided at any location in theplant.

SAFETY

Cloth, paper, or other flammable material can ignite if a

pile-up occurs in the oven while it is near operating temper-

ature. Since infrared lamps cool down in seconds, expensive-

purging equipment is not needed to remove hot gases should

trouble occur.

WARM- UP AND COOL- DOWN TIMES

ear-infrared sources have very short heat-up times. Theyradiate ab ou t 8 0(> 1:.of the available radiant energy in lessthan I second after being turned on. By comparison. far-

HEAT UP

infrared sources must be energized 1 to 3 minutes to reachthe same rei alive output. Similarly. lamps cool down much

faster than far-infrared sources because the latter types have

much greater thermal masses, and resulting thermal lags.

C OO L D OW N

90 -~---.L.-infrared /"lamp /"

1\ / Metal sheathI Qua rtz /' heatertube If: /MaIN /

~ 4 0 , ' /:0 30~ IJ: 20 /

10 L

~ 80u

~ 70.e

I

o~~~- -~ - -~ - - - -~ - -~ - -~0123456

Time Power ON (minutes)o 2 63 4

TimePower OFF (m i nu te s )

Typical Heat -U p and Cool-Down Times for Three Typesof Electr ic Infrared Sources Operat ing at Design Voltage


12/2412

ZJ~K/ZJ~FOR OUTDOOR HEATING

Outdoors, the heating effect of infrared lamps reo

suIts almost entire ly from their direct radiant energy.

There is practically no warm-up of the surrounding

air by re-radiated heat from objects.

Because of the many widely varying factors m-

volved in outdoor heating, it is difficult-and some-

times impossible - to establish radiation intensities

which will assure a desired heating level. Major

variables are air tempera ture, wind ve locity, humid-

ity, how warmly people are dressed, and the type ofwork Of play activity. None of these variables can

be predicted with any degree of accuracy. However,

a reasonable heating job can be done outdoors in

4()Oto 600 F (40 to 16 C ) weather, when there is little

or no wind, with infrared lamp radiation levels of

40 to 60 incident watts per square foot. (A typical

application is shown in Fig. 4.) Radiation intensities

of 60 to 80 incident watts per square foot are better

and 80 to 100 are suggested for best results .. Thevalues given for incident watts are based on intra-

red energy being directed at the individual from an

angle of 45 degrees.

Table 3 lists incident-infrared energy levels whichwill provide warmth equivalent to 5DoF (IDOC)

temperatures even though the ambient air tern-

perat ures are lower. Note the effects of tern perature,

wind. and period of exposure on radiation level reo

quirements, These data can be used as a guide indesigning o ut do or in fr are d-la mp heating installa-

tions where people, in winter dress. will remain in

the same area a reasonably IO l 1 gperiod of lime (3 to

6 hours), such as open football or baseball stadiums,racetrack grandstands and outdoor work areas.

As air temperature drops below freezing or wind

velocity increases, equivalent heating becomes more

difficult to maintain.

A certain feeling of warmth. however, can still be

experienced even at near-zero temperatures.

Table 3 - lrrtrared-Larnp Radiation lrrtensities" which NormallyProduce Outdoor Heat ing Comfort for People in Winter Dress.

I

Radiation Intensities (incident watts/sq. ft.)at Outdoor Temperatures of

(40Ffor 3 hrs.)

(40Ffor 6 hrs.)

(30Ffor 3hrs.)

(30Ffor 6 hrs.)

Wil1d Velocity(mph)

1.0 15 30 55 110

2 . 0 30 55 75 150

3 . 0 50 100 110

4 . 0 65 130

5 . 0 80

10.0 110

~v ,u e s l is le dp r ~ ' i d ew ar m t h~Qu 'v,l e " t t~ 5 00 F te mp er a tu re s (w ith n n h ea t la m D ~lum!d Dn) .It is a lso a ssum e~ that lam p radian t ene rgy is a im ~d dow "w ard at 45 d eg re e 8 "g le s fro m th e v eru ea l a nd p mle cte d fro m tw o d 're clia ns . R ~fle tltQ n te ete r ~ Ic ln lh m g i sa ssu me d to h e 2 0 p er ce nt.

Figure 4 - Sketch of a people heating installatlon in arace-track grandstand. lnfrared-larnp fixtures are selectedand mounted so there is good overlap 01 radiant energyto provide effective warming of spectators in cool weath-er (40 to 6QoF)


13/24

z:;~~z:;~FOR INDOOR SPOT HEATINGInfrared lamps provide an efficient way of using electric

energy. They offer an inexpensive means of heating peoplein areas which are cold, drafty, or difficult to heat or bring

up to full temperature by other means. It's an excellent

way to warm people in areas where only occasional heat-

ing is required. Large buildings, such as warehouses, for

example, are expensive to heat throughout, requiring largeamounts of fuel. Often, the work is carried on only in aportion of the building. With spot, or zone infrared lampheating, radiant heat is placed where the work is done, even

though ambient air temperatures may be in the 40s. Typical

radiation intensities for incident energy at an angle of 45degrees are listed in Table 5.

Table 5 - Infra red-La mp Radiat i 011 Intensit l es C whi chNormally Produce Indoor Zone Heating Comfort for People,

Temperature (OF)Of Indoor Air

Radiation Intensities(incident watts/sq. ft.)

40455055606 5

40 to 5530 t04520 to 3515 to 3010 t0255 to 15

R j d ia tion i nt8n s it ias ar e MI1 a ppro xi m ate 'aIues a nd a re b as ed0na n ou td oer air tem-pera ture o f OF.T h e lower i n t en s i l yv alu e in th e ra ng efo r e ac h in do or te m pe ra tu re lis te dshould be a d eq u at e w h er eoccupan t sa r e s e p a ra t edfrom c old I/a lls o r w in do ws ,o r w o rk -io g in n o n- dr al ty a re a s.T h e h i gh e r i n te n s it yv a lu e fo r e ac h te mp era tu re lis te d s ~o uld b eu se d w h ereo c c u p a n t s a re working dose to cold ou ts ide w alls or w indow s. or in d ra ftya rea s, A so utd oo r a ir te mp era tu re s ris e, th e ch illin g e ffe ct fro m c otd w alls re du ce s a nd lo w-e r w a ll d e ns it ie scanb e u se d .

For such heating, the choice between reflector type R-40

infrared lamps and T3 tubular quartz infrared lamps,

mounted in suitable fixtures, depends primarily on the size

of the area to be heated. For small areas, (100 square feet

or less), the R-40 lamp is frequently a simple, inexpensive

answer. As a rule of thumb, the higher wattage, quartz

infrared lamps will usually be the best choice for mountingheights over 10 feet, and floor areas 100 square feet andlarger.

In spot heating, the fixtures are generally positioned to

direct infrared energy at the person from an angle of 45

degrees from the vertical, Fig. 5. This exposes the largest

portion of body area to infrared energy while st ill providing

clearance under fixtures. If the energy is directed straight

down, little of the body is exposed and, in turn. heated.

For small area heating, a mounting height of approx-imately 10 feet is best. Lower or higher mounting heights

can be used if precautions are taken. The !O-foot mount-

ing height will usually allow sufficient clearance under the

fixtures. If the fixtures are too low and close to the indivi-

dual, they will cause heating discomfort by directing too

much energy to the head and shoulders. Of course, fixture

beam spreads can be selected to give the proper distribution

of heat for a given mounting height.

Installation applications for T-3 quartz infrared lamps

used in zone heating depend heavily On the energy distribu-

tion of the fixture used, mounting height, and mounting

angle, Specific information should be taken from manu-

~-- .s->: ------~-~-,., .- ,10

To pView

o

o

o

or.,ure 5 - S ug ge ste d fid llre m ou ntin gp n s i t r o nan d a im in g lo r l o n e h e at in g a p pl ic a t, on s _ Wi ths p a c i n gs hGwn .u s i n g 1600walt , T-3 s in g le la m p e qUi pm e n t40 to 45 w atts o f e ne rg y p er s qu area re d i re c t eda t th e peoplen t he h e al edl ane .

14--

- 3~--2'-+- Jr , ..J-2' -3Y.' -

Filu re 6 - lon e h ea tm g la jo ut u Sing R -4 0 Infra re d lim ps ra te d 3 t3 75 w !tls e ach Atin g h eig ht w ithalllamps N , th iS a rra ng em en t p ro du ce s a bo ut 4 5 w atts p er s q.It . tn ~MI f , "d~ospace , I h r ssys te m p md ucss co mfo rt a pp rO l,m ale ly e ~u al to 3 6 8 F m omt s n p e r a l u r a .fl ! ti e l ama re W ire d fo r s wllch mg O NIn g ro up s o r s te ps , ,a ria ble c on tr ol o f h ea t o utp ut is p rn vid ed .

facturers' data sheets. A typical layout for T-3 lamp zone

heating capable of producing 40 to 45 incident watts per

square foot is illustrated in Fig. 5. Eight single lamp units

are mounted in two rows 14 Ieet apart and 10 feet high,

A switching control circuit can connect lamps in series or

parallel as well as turning some off to obtain different heat-

ing levels.

A typical RAO zone heating layout is shown inF ig. 6. Six-

teen 375-watt R-40 lamps are used in the layout. This is ade-

quate to take care of a single work station. A switching

circuit can offer a range of 10 to 45 incident watts of healper square foot in six steps by controlling the number of

lamps that are on or off.


14/24


15/24

,

1

\ \\. \ \ \

1 \ \\\ \' IV i ' l",,r. ~ -, ~.~'",

.1SD.JIJ~ r-,


16/24

Z ? ~ / e ' Z ? ~FOR PRODUCT HEATING

To calculate the approximate kilowatts of infrared lamps to

heat a product, f irst determine the following information:

I. Amount of product being heated. in pounds per hour.

2. Specific heat of product (Table 6. on this page).

3. Desired temperature rise of product in degrees F.4. Combined lamp-reflector efficiency. (Efficiency 01 ' an

R-40, G-30. or a T 3 lamp in a well-designed reflector isusually 0.7100.8.)

5. Infrared absorption factor 01 product (Table 7, page

j 7 ).

6. Space factor. This is the ratio of the energy interceptedby the products to the energy radiated by the lamps. The

better the reflectance of the oven walls, the higher the

space factor is due to multiple reflections. (For flat work

heated in a well-designed oven, the space factor is oftenabout 0.9.)

Secondly. determine the overall oven efficiency. This is theproduct of the combined lamp-reflector elliciency (Item 4,

above) times the infrared absorption factor (Item 5) times

the space factor (Item 6).

Then on Chart 4. locate the pounds of material to be heat

ed per hour, proceed clockwise to the specific heat. to the

desired temperature rise, to the overall efficiency. and to theapproximate kilowatts of infrared lamps required.

The approximate kilowatts of infrared lamps required can

be calculated by t h e lol lowingformula:

K f IIbof materialperhourxspecificbeatx temp.rise(F)

w 0 amps:--------"----------'-----3413x overall efficiency

Although the factors in Chart 4 and the above formula con-sider most 01 the variables in designing an oven, it is advan-

CHART 4For findIng the approximate kilowatts of Infrared lamps re-quired for a given product healing application. To use solu-tion chart. locale the pounds of matenal being heated perhour (Al. proceed clockwise to the line representing thespecific heat of material (B), to the desired temperature rise(C), to tile over-ail efficiency (D). to the kw of in frared lampsrequired (E). Efficiency = combined lamp-reflec tor efficien-cy (usually 0.75) X space factor (usually 0.9 for well-designed ovens) x infrared absorption factor (Table 4)

16

tageous to conduct small-scale tests prior to building anoven. For large or unusual ovens. it is wise to consult a re-

liable oven manufacturer. I is design experience may help

in accurately determining the overall oven efficiency and in

avoiding foreseeable problems.

Z ? ~ / e ' 2 ? ~FOR DRYING

Removing a solvent from a product requires raising theproduct temperature to the vaporization temperature of the

solvent and adding sufficient heat to evaporate it. (Of course,

air circulation must be given proper design consideration.)

The following information must be known to determine

the approximate total kilowatts of infrared lamps required[or drying:

I. Solvent to be evaporated (water, benzene).

2. Pounds of solvent to be evaporated per hours.

3. In it ial temperature of product and solvent.

4. Specific heat of product. Table 6.

5. Specific heat of solvent, Table 8. page 17.

6. Vaporization temperature of solvent, Table 8, Page

17.

7. Heat of vaporization o rsolvent, Table 8, Page 17.

8. Infrared absorption factor which is determined by col-or and texture of product finish, Table 7, Page I 7.

9. Combined lamp-reflector efficiency which is usually

0.7100.8.

10. Overall efficiency which equals to the absorption Iac

tor (Item 8) multiplied by lamp-reflector efficiency (Item

9).If the solvent is water. the product must be heated to 212 0

F (lOOOC); then 970 Stu must be added lor each pound of

water to be evaporated. Chan 5 gives the approximate kwof infrared lamps required to evaporate water from a prod-

Table 6Approxi mate Speci fic Heats of Materia ls

Aluminum '023Asbestos 0,20Brass 0,09

Bronze 0.09Cellulose. dry 0.37Cement powder 0.20

Chalk 0.21Clay, dry 0.22Copper 0.10

Glass 0,120.20India rubber 0.48Iron 0.t2

Lead 0.03leather. dry 0.36Nickel 0.11

Porcelain 0,26Steel 0,12Water 1.00

Wood 0,50Zinc 0.10

I


17/24

uct that has an initial temperature of 7{)OF(21Oe).Additionalheat must be supplied to raise the product temperature to

212P ( I I JOC ) .The amount of additional kw can be obt ainedby following the procedure outlined on this Page.

Evaporating solvents other than water requires calculat-

ing the following based on the values for Items I through 10

on preceding page:

I. Kilowatts required to heal product to vaporization

temperature of solvent. (See Design Data for Product

Heating. Page 16.)

2. Btu per hour required to heat solvent to its vaporiza-

tion temperature. (Multiply pounds of solvent removed

per hour by specific heat of solvent and by the tempera-ture difference - vaporization temperature minus ambi-

ent rernperature.)

3. Btu per hour to evaporate solvent . (Mult iply poundsof solvent per hour by heat of vaporization.)

4. Add Btu from Steps 2 and 3.

Btu (Step 4) kwof lamps to remove solvent.34 13 x overall efficiency

6. Add kw from Step I and Step 5 .

5 .

Table 7Approxi mate Infrared Absorpt ion Factors

Specular metal 005-0.10Aluminum 0.15Steel 0.20-0.35

Copper 0.25White 0.35-0.40Cream 0.45

Light green 0.55Chrome yellow 0.55Red 0.65

Green, brown. blue 0.650.75Light gray 0.65-0.75Black 090

TableSApproximate Physical Properties

for Various Liquids

Vaporization Heat ofLiquid Specific Temperature Vaporizanon

Heat (degrees F) (Btu/lb)

Acetone 0.53 133 224Amyl Alcohol 0.70 268 216Benzene 0.46 176 170

Carbon Disulfide 0.24 115 152Carbon Tetrachloride 0.20 170 84Ethyl Acetate 0.46 32 184Ethyl Alcohol 0.55 173 368

Methyl Acetate 0.50 32 205Methyl Alcohol 0.60 148 470Water LOO 212 970

PRODUCT HEATING SAMPLE PROBLEMSpecifications: Appliance parts are to be made trom 0.045-inch thick red polyvi nyl chloride sheets that measure 24 x72 Inches. They have 1In a verage weight of 5 pounds, and aspecific heat of 0.40. The plastic sheets are stored at 70Fand must be heat ed tor forming.

Laboratory tests indicate the sheets can be heated to325 F in 1.5 minutes Without blistering the surface. How-ever, the maximum temperature the sheets can withstandis 335 F.

The sheets will be handled on a batch basis. They Will reston an expanded saucer while bemg heated. The tests also

mdicate a heat source on one side Is satisfact ory.Solution: Smce a 5-pound sheet can be heated In 1.5 min-utes. then 5 Ib x 60 min IhT -i- 1.5 min eq uals 200 po u ndsof plastic will be heated per hour.

The over-all oven efficiency equals 0.75 (combined lamp--reflector efficiency) X 0,65 (absorpt ion fac tor) X 0.9 (spacefactor) or 0.44. The desired temperature rise IS 325 - 70 =255F.

Using the above values in the formula on Page 16. the to--tal kw of infrared lamps can be calculated:

200 Ib/hr X 0.40 (speci fic heat ) X 255 F = 13.6 kw

3413 (8tulkw) X 0.44 (over-all etticiency)For uniform heating. the oven should be 6 inches wide!

than the plastic piece on each side and 1 oot longer at eachend. Therefore. the inside of the oven will measure approxi-mately 36 X 96 inches for a 24 x 72-mch sheet.

Table 1 on Page 6 shows that 2500-wat t, T- 3 quartzlamps have a lighted length ot 25 inches Which IS 1 Inchwider than the product. Therefore. they are the naturalchoice for this application. However. the lamps will bespaced H~ inches apart jf they are operated on full voltage.This large spacing will cause uneven heating. A more sat is-factory spacing will be permitted If pairs of lamps are con-nected in series 50 that each 1amp is cperated at ha If voltage,Under these conditions. lamps will consume about 830watts each (see Table 2 in section on Under and Overvoltageon Page 19). Thus, the lamps can be placed on 5\; inchcenters which will give both the necessary watt density andheat distribution.

ControlHng the lamps by a radiation pyrometer will assure

the plastic does not exceed the maximum allowable tem-perature of 335~ F.

60 55 50 40% lCO go so lQ 60 &0% 40

o~ ~~

Ccmtaned _ , Per Cen t o f E lle~R' / V

K \;Lamft f~e fl ec tot _ Abso rbed~V r -

t:' E ficiency V /""Vr-, ~ ~ ~ \ ;jJ:6t k //


18/2418

IN RAREDREFLECTORS

IN OVENS

Portable inf rared oven sect ion cont aining twenty-four G-30 lamps. All exposed surfaces are goldcoated to reflec t back towa rd the prod uct any

reflected energy. This great ly increasesoven efficiency.

Since infrared is radiant energy like light, it can be reflected

and directed on products, surfaces, finishes, liquids. These

objects or materials absorb the infrared energy and heal up.

At the same time, when objects are in an infrared oven, they

reflect a certain amount of intrared energy back to the oven

walls. In an efficient oven, the oven walls must re-reflect this

reflected energy back to the product. Therefore, it is impor-

tant that both lamp reflectors and panels between reflectors

be made of high heat-reflectance types of metals, such as

gold-plated steel or special aluminum alloys. These materials

reflect 85 to 95% of the infrared energy that strikes the re-

flecting surfaces. By comparison, shiny nickel and chrome

reflect only about 60% of the infrared energy.

surface placed between R-40 lamps would re-reflect this

energy and increase oven efficiency. Of course, G-30 and

T-3 lamps are practically always used in reflectors and to

achieve maximum oven efficiency, the reflectors are placed

side-by-side.

Generally, infrared lamps should be mounted 6 to 18inches from the product surface. For even heat distribution

with R-40 reflector lamps, the lamp-to-product distance

should be at least 1.6 times the spacing (center-to-center) of

adjacent lamps. For ovens with G-30 or T-3 lamps, reflector

manufacturers can recommend the proper ratio for specificreflectors.

In some oven designs, it is economically advisable tosacrifice oven reflectance to reduce oven can struction cost.

For example, R-40 reflector lamps are often used without

any reflecting surfaces between lamps. In this case, the infra-

red energy reflected by the product which passes through

the space between the lamps is not re-reflected. A reflecting

When ovens of virtually any size or complexity are underconsideration, it may be advisable to contact a reliable oven

manufacturer, a consulting engineer who has experience in

oven design, or the local elec tric utility. Also, various loca l-

ities have different safety requirements which, in general,

are familiar only to those experienced in oven design.


19/24

EFFECTS OF COLORON HEAT ABSORPTION

Just as light-colored objects usually reflect more light than

darker-colored objects, light-colored objects also usuallyreflect more infrared energy than darker objects. This char-

acteristic can affect the baking times of finishes such aspaints. However, in a well-designed oven with a high wall-

reflectance factor, the difference in drying times betweenlight and dark colors is small. Experimentation is the only

valid method of determining the extent of this difference.

If more than one finish is baked at the same time in anoven, each finish should be formulated for the same baking

time and temperature.

EFFECTS OF UNDERAND OVERVOlTAGE

To attain a wide range of oven temperatures and to obtain

precise product temperatures, infrared lamps are frequently

operated above or below their design voltages. Operating an

infrared lamp under design voltage lowers the lamp wattage,

the heat output, the color temperature, and increases lamp

life. For example, the 3800-waU, T3 lamp designed for 550-

600 volts is frequently connected to a 480-volt supply and

consumes about 3000 watts, as shown in Table 9.

Operating a lamp above design voltage increases the watt-

age, the color temperature, and decreases lamp life. In high-temperature testing applications, it is common practice to

operate infrared lamps at overvoltage to obtain very highproduct temperatures.

19

~lm lem~t retueee 40r T'Yp~IIIIl.lrand Ll!m~sOpera ten P .eo, f, GI:fJ,dk~Q'W D~~lefi 'l{fltlliil;r

750

./~

oW:2~o

OI l'"',0

"""""";00

"..,'>U~

5 U

0

20 3() 40 > 0 60 1 0 B090100Pef Cent !)l De's!!; " Vt; l4 tl ;t i~e

2.00 3DO

Table 9-Approximate Input Wattage for InfraredLamps at Various Voltages

Rated LampLamp Design Applied VoltageWall- Volt- 1 05 120 2 0 8 2 4 0 2 7 7 4 4 0 48 0 5 7 0 6 0 0ag e - age-

R-40 and G-30 tamps

1 2 5 1 1 5 1 1 0 135 3 1 5 - - - - - -2 5 0 11 5 2 2 0 2 6 5 - - - - - - -3 7 5 115 3 2 5 4 0 0 - - - - - - -5 0 0 Il5 4 4 0 5 3 0 - - - - - .- -

T-3 tamps

3 7 5 1 2 0 3 0 0 3 7 5 8 8 0 - - - - - -S O D 1 0 5 5 0 0 6 2 0 I SOO - - - - - -5 0 0 1 2 0 4 1 0 5 0 0 1175 1 5 0 0 - - - - -

1 0 0 0 2 0 8 3 3 0 4 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 5 0 1 5 5 0 3 2 0 0 - - -1 0 0 0 2 4 0 2 9 0 3 3 0 7 9 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 5 0 2 5 5 0 3 0 0 0 - -1 6 0 0 2 4 0 4 6 0 5 3 0 1 2 6 0 1 6 0 0 2 0 0 0 4 0 8 0 4 8 0 0 - -2 5 0 0 4 8 0 3 1 0 6 6 1 ) 8 3 0 1 0 2 1 ) 2 2 0 0 2 5 0 0 3 2 5 0 3 5 03 8 0 0 5 7 0 7 8 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 6 0 0 3 0 0 03 8 0 0 4 0 0

Lamps should not be operated for prolonged peri ods at voltagesshown i n red blocks. Lamp wat tage at a n)( a ppl i ed vctta ge ca n beca lcu lat ed by us ing the formula: wjW ~(y V)1.,. where Wand Varedesign values.

Pur C eo' W l: It tage l .oadmg f or T~ .pI \, ;: IJ Infrared Lamps.Op el' dl pd Abo ve and B e- lo w Dp. ~rgo vot tage

400

300

2tlO

!l .~ 100

~ 90" 80a fO~"0 60i:

50u

,f 40

30

~O

I

/I

VI1/

J/

1 /I

VI

)

/20 30 40 ~O 60 70 80 90 100

rer Cp . l 1 lof Dt!


20/24


21/24

SPECIAL QUARTZ LAMPS- TABLE 3

High-temperature lamp seals used on some special clear

quartz lamps allow close lamp spacings (high density cper-

arion) and operation above rated voltage for high-tempera-

lure testing applications. Without this special lamp sealdesign. lamp life would sometimes be a few minutes due to

seal failures caused by elevated temperatures.

The chief reason for lamp seal failure in conventional

T-3's under high-temperature operation is the oxidation of

the molybdenum lead-in wire (under the nicke l sleeve). Solid

pla tinum lead-in wires. which do 110toxidize . a re used in the

high-temperature lamp seals.

Special quartz lamps with high-temperature seals will last

10 to 20 times longer than the regular quartz: lamps when

the seals are at more than 850F (450 0 C)_ This allows hours

of life rather than minutes of life. However. these "HT" '

lamps offer no advantage over conventional T-3 lamps atseal temperatures below 650F (34QoC). Therefore. for typi-

cal industrial oven applications. the HT lamps offer no life

advantage over conventional lamps.

CONTROL OF HEAT OUTPUT

PEOPLE HEATINGMuch of the heating people receive from infrared-lamp sys-

tems comes from the direct radiant energy. In near-zero

weather, the heating effect from direct infrared radiation

may amount to 15 or 20% of the total heat a person re-

ceives. For this reason, a simple ON-OFF control wouldnot be desirable since the change in heating comfort would

be quite noticeable. A definite drop would be seen in thelighting level, too.

The control for switching lamps ON-OFF can be either

an air-type line thermostat or a thermostat operating a con-

troller of sufficient electrical capacity. To adjust the inside

comfort level, air thermostats can be used if shielded from

direct overhead radiation.

Table 10 - Eleven-Step Circuit Switching Control for Adjusting Heat Output of an Infrarad-Larnp Space Heating System.

Outdoor Voltage Applied to Per Cent of Per Cent Decrease in Approx. Per CentTemperature for Correction' Each Group of Lampst Total Connected Load from of Full

(F) to 65 Inside (ckt 1) (ckt 2) (ckt 3) (ckt 4) Connected Load Next Higher Step Light Output!

1716 3 75 8

22 4 66 9

28' 5 58 8

32" 6 50 8 5043 7 33 17 4

48 B 25 8 3

54" 9 [:::=J 16 9 2 1 0. . 460 10 c::J c::J 8 8 165 11 c::=J c::=J c:::J 0 8 0

'Ass um es a sys te m d esig ne d to h ea t sp ace to 6 5"F in sid e w he n o utd oo r te mp era tu re isO " F,tllssu me s h ea tin g Iirtu re s o r in div id ua l la mp s in fixtu re s a re d i,id ed in to fo ur e qu al g ro up s a nd B ach g ro up is cu nn scte e to a se pa ra te c on tro lcircuit, la mp s in e ac h g ro up s ho uld u nifo rm lyd is lr !b ule h ea t o ve r flo or a re a.

tAl lu ll vo lta ge . th e a ve ra ge lig ht o utp ut o f in fra re d 'la mp s is 6 to 8 lu me ns p er w atl. At h alf v olta ge . tile lig ht o utp ut is le ss th an 5 p er ce nt o f t ile I u llvo lla ge va lu e. Itlro m o ne zo ne to a no th er d urin g w orkin g h ou rs b eca use o f th e n otlc ea ble ch an ge in lig ht le va l,


22/24

COMFORT HEA TING cont.

For best results, a combination indoor-outdoor thermo-

stat system is recommended. With this type of control, the

heating system can adjust to the heat demands of the build-

ing while minimizing changes of infrared radiation as well

as light output throughout the day.

A multiple-step system operated manually or by thermo-

static control can be installed to change total heat output in

increments - preferably less than 20% per step. Table 10

shows eleven steps of control using various combinations of

four separate circuits, permitting lamps and/or fixtures to

operate at full voltage, at half voltage, or turned OFF. Fullsystem output is used only during building warm-up or dur-

ing very cold weather.

The control steps in Table 10 are divided into four zones,

so that changes in radiation intensity can be provided with a

minimum change in light level. If it is necessary during theday to shift between zones, this can be done at lunch time or

during a change in shift. It is possible at this time to turn ON

or OFF part of the general lighting system to adjust for the

change in light level. If a lighting systemis installed which

provides 75% of the level provided by the infrared fixtures,

it is possible to produce constant i llumination with a suitableswitching arrangement.

Continuously variable control can be achieved with solid-

state or saturable reactor-type equipment, Although the

initial cost of the installation may be higher, this equipment

permits the ultimate in control by adjusting heat output to

any level between full ON and OFF.

INFRARED OVENDesigning a control system for an infrared oven involves

five main factors: local safety codes, insurance company

recommendations, speed of the process, required accuracy,

and cost.

Insurance companies generally recommend that the con-

trol system includes:

* A method of pre-purging the oven prior to energization,*Electrical interlocks to de-energize the oven should theventilation system fail or the conveyor stop.

* Safety override protection and, in some cases, a meansof fire extinction.

2

The extremely fast heat-up and cool-down times of infra-

red lamps permit compliance with the insurance company

recommendation without loss of production time. For ex-

ample, the oven reaches operating temperature almost in-

stantly after the purge period. Also, the oven temperature

immediately drops below the product ignition point when thelamps are de-energized for a conveyor stoppage or main-

tenance. This latter feature usually saves the cost of expen-

sive heat-removing equipment.

BASIC CONTROL SYSTEMAlmost any degree of control of heat output of an infrared

oven is possible. As temperature control requirements be-

come more precise, control equipment becomes more com-

plex and costly. The following brief descriptions list some of

the features of the most commonly used systems:

1 . The simplest method of changing the heat output of aninfrared oven is to change lamps. Of course, this method

applies only to ovens where G-30's or R-40's are the in-

frared source.

2. Connecting alternate lamps to two separate electricalcircuits and installing a disconnect for each circuit is alsoa simple and effective method of heat output control. For

maximum heat output, both circuits are energized. Open-

ing one circuit reduces the output in half, if the total watt-age of lamps used in each circuit is the same. Proper

selection of lamps (of different wattages) connected toeach circuit permits an even heat distribution to exist when

one circuit is de-energized.

3. A common control system utilizes a percentage timer.The timer is set {or a percentage of the timing cycle

which permits turning the lamps ON and OFF several

times while a product passes through the oven. When the

timer is ON, the main and control contactors are ener-

gized, and the lamps receive full voltage. When the timer

is OFF, the control contactor is de-energized, the lampsreceive half voltage and consume 33% of their rated watt-

age. For example: During the 5 minutes a product might

require to pass through an oven, the lamps receive fullvoltage for I minute and half voltage for 15 seconds.

Then the cycle is repeated. The interval-timer system is

applicable only where the product takes 1minute or long-

er to pass through the oven.

4. A variation of System 3 involves controlling only someof the lamps; the balance receives continuous full voltage.


23/24

5. Variable autotransformers give continuous voltagejustments over a wide range, These devices can be install-

ed on ovens that draw up to 200 amp. Line correctors

can also vary the applied voltage from about 80 to 100%

of design voltage. This voltage range will vary the power

consumed by the lamps from about 70 to 100%.

6. Some ovens are req ui red to maintain a specific producttemperature, so a control system is needed that senses the

. product temperature accurately and adjusts the lamp

voltage accordingly. Common temperature sensing ele-

ments include the thermocouple, the thermopile, and the

radiation pyrometer. These elements, in turn, send a signal

to the lamp voltage control devices such as SCRs (silicon-

controlled rectifiers),

7. More sophisticated installations often require the prod-uct to follow a controlled or programmed temperature

vs. time characteristic, The controls to meet this require-ment have been generally limited to product testing ap-

plications, but they might suit the needs of a number of

industrial heating applications.

INSTALLATION AND

OPERATING COSTSWhether designing for people heating or product heating

with infrared lamps, costs ultimately must 'be studied and

evaluated. To use energy efficiently, to avoid excessive initial

cost and to minimize operating costs, each installation must

be designed, as close as possible, to the required heat input(or desired radiation intensity levels). Care must be exer-

cised to avoid over- or under-designing the system.

Installation cost of an infrared-lamp heating system willdepend on labor costs, wiring and heating requirements,

heat-control features and types and sizes of fixtures selected.

In general, installation costs are about 5 cents per installed

watt of fixtures per square foot of floor area, Some installa-

tions have ru n as high as 15 cents per watt per square foot,

Normally a 5 to lfl-cent figure can be used for making

rough estimates. These cost figures include lamps, fixtures,

wiring, controls, and labor for wiring and mounting.

Operating costs depend on the total connected load, de-

mand charge and the rate per kw hour. Consult your local

util ity when calculating actual operating cost .

Maintenance costs are low, Many years of reliable service

are assured by the over 5000 hour expected life rating of

tungsten-filament heat lamps. For best overall performance

an annual cleaning is recommended, preferably at the be-ginning of the heating season,

SUGGESTED REFERENCES

Summer, W., Ultraviolet and Infrared Engineering, Inter-

science Publishers, New York, New York, 1962.

Hall, J, D . Industrial Applications of Infrared, McGraw-

Hill Book Co., New York, 1947.

Standards (or Class A Ovens and Furnaces (Including Indus-

trial Infrared Heating Systems Bulletin No. 86A NationalFire Protection Association, 60 Batterymarch Street, Bos-

ton, Mass. , 1969.

Heating with Infrared, "Electrical Construction and Main-

tenance," Vol. 61 pp 92, 133, Aug-Oct. 1962.

Jeffery, R. W., Economics of Radiant Processing Heating

Methods, Automation, Sept., 1969.

IES Lighting Handbook, Illuminating Engineering Society,

New York. New York. 5th Edition, 1972.

ASHRAE - Guide & Data Book, 1970 Systems; 1971

Appiications; 1972 Equipment.


24/24

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