geant4 anthropomorphic phantoms: models of the human body for radiation protection studies
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Geant4 anthropomorphic phantoms: models of the human body for radiation protection studies. S. Guatelli, G. Guerrieri, M. G. Pia INFN Genova, Italy SPENVIS and Geant4 Workshop, Catholic University, Leuven, Belgium, 3-7 October 2005. Vision. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Susanna Guatelli SPENVIS and Geant4 Workshop
Geant4 anthropomorphic Geant4 anthropomorphic phantoms:phantoms:models of the human body models of the human body for radiation protection for radiation protection studiesstudies
S. Guatelli, G. Guerrieri, M. G. Pia
INFN Genova, Italy
SPENVIS and Geant4 Workshop,
Catholic University, Leuven, Belgium,
3-7 October 2005
Susanna Guatelli SPENVIS and Geant4 Workshop
VisionVision
• A precise representation of the human body is important for accurate:– Dosimetry – Radiation protection studies
• In space science:– To design shielding of astronauts’ habitats in transfer vehicles
and surface habitats– To study the radiation effects in astronauts’ organs
Susanna Guatelli SPENVIS and Geant4 Workshop
Approaches of human body Approaches of human body modelsmodels
Mathematical phantoms
The size and shape of the body
and its organs are described
by analytical expressions
(planes, circular and elliptical
cylinders,
spheres, cones, tori, …
Voxel phantoms
Based on digital images recorded
from Computer Tomography (CT)
scanning or
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI)
NRPBMIRD5
(1969/1972)
Kramer/Drexler(1982/1984)Jones & Wall
(1985)
Rosenstein(1979)
Hart et al.(1994)
Gibbs et al.(1984)
Williams et al.(1986)
Veit et al.(1989)Zankl & Wittmann
(2001)
Petoussi-Henss et al.(2002)
Dimbylow(1995)
Caon et al.(1997) Saito et al.
(2001)Tanaka et al.
(1989)Xu et al.(2000)
Spitzer & Whitlock(1998)
Susanna Guatelli SPENVIS and Geant4 Workshop
Interest on Interest on Anthropomorphic PhantomsAnthropomorphic Phantoms
2005, April: Monte Carlo Topical Meeting, Tennessee
Session on “Tomographic Models for Radiation Protection Dosimetry”:many talks about anthropomorphic phantom (mainly voxel-based models)
- GSF Male And Female Adult Voxel Models Representing ICRP Reference Man By K. Eckerman- Effective Dose Ratios For The Tomographic Max And Fax Phantoms By R. Kramer- Reference Korean Human Models: Past, Present and Future By C. Lee- The UF Family of Paediatric Tomographic Models By W. Bolch and C. Lee- Development And Anatomical Details Of Japanese Adult Male/ Female Voxel Models By T. Nagaoka- Dose Calculation Using Japanese Voxel Phantoms For Diverse Exposures By K. Saito- Stylized Versus Tomographic Models: An Experience On Anatomical Modelling At RPI By X. G. Xu- Use Of MCNP With Voxel-Based Image Data For Internal Dosimetry Applications By M. Stabin- Application Of Voxel Phantoms For Internal Dosimetry At IRSN Using A Dedicated Computational Tool By I. Aubineay-Laniece- The Use Of Voxel-Based Human Phantoms In FLUKA By L. Pinsky- The Future Of Tomographic Modelling In Radiation Protection And Medicine (Panel discussion)
Susanna Guatelli SPENVIS and Geant4 Workshop
Anthropomorphic phantoms in Anthropomorphic phantoms in Geant4Geant4
Ion-Nuclear Models for the Analysis of Radiation Shielding and Effects (IONMARSE) – Contract Final Report (25 June 2004)
Executive Summary:…More general requirements have also been identified in order to apply Geant4 tointerplanetary missions (i.e. not just restrict requirements that address nuclearnuclear interaction physics):
A Geant4 geometry for an anthropomorphic phantom should be developed, which can then be used in studies to more accurately determine the equivalent dose to different human organs.This is important since the effects of self-shielding from differentparts of the body can be significant.
From QinetiQ
Requirement from Space Science G4 User CommunityRequirement from Space Science G4 User Community
Susanna Guatelli SPENVIS and Geant4 Workshop
Scope of the projectScope of the project
Development of a Geant4 package to model anthropomorphic phantoms
Susanna Guatelli SPENVIS and Geant4 Workshop
Geant4 anthropomorphic phantomGeant4 anthropomorphic phantom
• Geant4 offers the capability to model both voxel and mathematical phantoms – Voxel phantom: parameterised volumes– Analytical phantoms: CSG and BREPS volumes – Accurate description of biological materials
Susanna Guatelli SPENVIS and Geant4 Workshop
Acquisition of CT imageAcquisition of CT image
3D patient anatomy3D patient anatomy
DICOM file
Voxel phantoms in Voxel phantoms in Geant4Geant4
Developed by L. Archambault, L. Beaulieu, V.-H. Tremblay
(Univ. Laval and l'Hôtel-Dieu,Québec)
and improved by S. Chauvie, S. Guatelli, A. Kimura, M. G. Pia, T. Sasaki
• A DICOM interface is available in Geant4 to model human phantoms starting from DICOM files
Susanna Guatelli SPENVIS and Geant4 Workshop
Mathematical phantomsMathematical phantomsin Geant4 in Geant4
Development of the following analytical phantoms in Geant4:
K. F. Eckerman, M. Cristy, J. C. Ryman
(The ORNL Mathematical Phantom Series)
http://homer.ornl.gov/vlab/VLabPhan.html
W. S. Snyder, M. R. Ford, G. G. Warner, H. L. Fisher jr
(MIRD Pamphlet # 5 Revised: “Estimates of absorbed fraction for monoenergetic photon sources uniformly distributed in various organs of a heterogeneous phantom”, J Nucl Med Suppl 3, 1969)
Established reference
data
Susanna Guatelli SPENVIS and Geant4 Workshop
Geant4 Phantom PackageGeant4 Phantom Package
• Novel approach thanks to an advanced OO design
• Possibility to have both voxel and analytical phantoms in the same environment
• Possibility to compose a phantom out of different analytical models
• Mix and match voxel and analytical components– Optimize the CPU and memory resources and accuracy of the
simulation
Susanna Guatelli SPENVIS and Geant4 Workshop
• QualityQuality and reliabilityreliability of the software are essential requirements
• Iterative and incremental process model– Develop, extend and refine the software in a series of steps– Get a product with a concrete value and produce results at each step– Assess quality at each step
• Rational Unified Process (RUP) adopted as process framework– Mapped onto ISO 15504
Software processSoftware process
adopt a rigorous software process
Susanna Guatelli SPENVIS and Geant4 Workshop
Summary of software Summary of software productsproducts
User Requirements
Analysis and design
Implementation
Tests
Susanna Guatelli SPENVIS and Geant4 Workshop
User RequirementsUser Requirements
Susanna Guatelli SPENVIS and Geant4 Workshop
Anthropomorphic phantom: URD (1)Anthropomorphic phantom: URD (1)
The anthropomorphic model includes the body components
Body regions: trunk, neck, head, legs, male genitalia
Skeletal system: leg bone, arm bone, pelvis, spine, cranium, facial skeleton, skull,
rib cage, clavicles, scapulae
Gastrointestinal tract and contents: esophagus, stomach, intestine
Heart and contents: outer surface of heart, left ventricle, right ventricle, left atrium,
right atrium, heart
Organs: adrenals, brain, breasts, gall bladder, kidney, liver, lung, ovary, pancreas, skin,
spleen, testes, thymus, lobes of thyroid, urinary bladder, uterus
Susanna Guatelli SPENVIS and Geant4 Workshop
Anthropomorphic phantom: URD (2)Anthropomorphic phantom: URD (2)
Composition of tissues:- The user shall be able to define composition of each tissue- The user shall be able to associate a defined material to an organ of the phantom
Event:- The user shall be able to retrieve the position and material of the body region
traversed by tracks
User interface:- The user shall be able to select a phantom by the sex, age and the model- The user shall be able to define a phantom using parts derived from different
models- The user shall be able to create specific body region corresponding to subset of
the phantom
Visualisation:- The user shall be able to visualize the geometrical set-up - The user shall be able to visualize the particle tracks
Susanna Guatelli SPENVIS and Geant4 Workshop
Anthropomorphic Anthropomorphic phantom: designphantom: design
Domain decomposition:
Abstraction of the process of the building a phantom
Abstraction of the description of a phantom model
Susanna Guatelli SPENVIS and Geant4 Workshop
Design patternsDesign patterns
• The Abstract Factory design pattern is adopted to define anatomic structures
• The user can select organs communicating with the abstract interface G4VBodyFactory, independently from their concrete classes
Abstract Factory
Builder
The Builder design pattern has been adopted to control the
definition of anatomy components in the phantom
Susanna Guatelli SPENVIS and Geant4 Workshop
ImplementationImplementation
G4Ellipsoid
Use of GDML
G4 Anthropomorphic phantoms
Susanna Guatelli SPENVIS and Geant4 Workshop
New solid in Geant4: New solid in Geant4: G4EllipsoidG4EllipsoidMost of the organs can easily be approximated by:• Ellipsoid• Circular and elliptical oblique cone• Elliptical cone• Torus with elliptical section
not implemented in the Geant4 Geometry!
G4Ellipsoid:• First version by G. Horton-Smith (Caltech, USA), • Revised by G. Guerrieri (INFN Genova) as part of this work and by D. Anninos (CERN, Cornell University, USA)
G4EllipticalCone: Implemented by D. Anninos (CERN, Cornell University, USA)
G4Ellipsoid and G4Elliptical Cone available from next public G4 Release
Susanna Guatelli SPENVIS and Geant4 Workshop
GDML: Geometry Description Markup LanguageGDML: Geometry Description Markup LanguageSolids CSG solids: - box - tube - cone - sphere - parallelepiped - trapezoid - general trapezoid Boolean solids: - union - subtraction - intersection
Material definitions - isotopes - elements - complex materials - molecules - mixtures built from elements and/or other complex materials by fractional mass
• GDML is used to define organs in terms of geometry, position and rotation in the experimental set-up, material
• GDML has been extended with the ellipsoid
• The GDML Processor is now able to handle an ellipsoid
• The GDML package has been extended to create parameterised volumes for the elliptical tube
Susanna Guatelli SPENVIS and Geant4 Workshop
• Work in progress, current status below:
– The GDML files contain the information concerning the organs
– The user can choose to define the entire anthropomorphic phantom (ORNL or MIRD) or just some organs through the interactive session
– The user can choose interactively:• phantom by sex • phantom by model (ORNL, MIRD or mix)
– The user can set organs sensitive • The energy deposit given by both primary and secondary particles is
collected in sensitive volumes
How to use the G4PhantomHow to use the G4Phantom
Susanna Guatelli SPENVIS and Geant4 Workshop
Female ORNL Anthropomorphic PhantomFemale ORNL Anthropomorphic Phantom
Thyroid
Skull
Lungs Arm Bones
Spine
Esophagus
Spleen
StomachKidneysPelvis
Ovaries
Lower Large Intestine
Leg BonesUrinary Bladder
Uterus
Upper Large Intestine
Liver
Breasts
Heart
Not visible: Brain (in the skull)
Pancreas
Three materials used to model human tissues:• Skeleton, • Lungs,• Soft tissue
Susanna Guatelli SPENVIS and Geant4 Workshop
Female ORNL Anthropomorphic PhantomFemale ORNL Anthropomorphic Phantom
Susanna Guatelli SPENVIS and Geant4 Workshop
Female ORNL Anthropomorphic PhantomFemale ORNL Anthropomorphic Phantom> Run 1 <> Run 1 <
Particle: gamma
Energy: 100. MeV
no. Particle: 20
Beam Direction: along Z axis
Visualization system: OpenGL
TrackID: 2 -> LegBonesORNLVolume -> Energy deposit: 3.4576726 MeV TrackID: 2 -> BodyVolume -> Energy deposit: 5.1323606 MeV TrackID: 2 -> BodyVolume -> Energy deposit: 5.1711365 MeV TrackID: 2 -> BodyVolume -> Energy deposit: 701.06096 keV TrackID: 16 -> BodyVolume -> Energy deposit: 807.59738 keV TrackID: 23 -> BodyVolume -> Energy deposit: 1.497982 keV TrackID: 22 -> BodyVolume -> Energy deposit: 2.3391091 keV TrackID: 21 -> BodyVolume -> Energy deposit: 220.25512 eV TrackID: 20 -> BodyVolume -> Energy deposit: 10.468365 keV TrackID: 19 -> LegBonesORNLVolume -> Energy deposit: 16.651015 keV TrackID: 24 -> BodyVolume -> Energy deposit: 4.0614721 keV
Output of run 1
Susanna Guatelli SPENVIS and Geant4 Workshop
Use of the ORNL phantom in a Use of the ORNL phantom in a radioprotection studyradioprotection study
• The anthropomorphic phantom can be used in Geant4 application to evaluate the dose in human organs
• The anthropomorphic phantom has been integrated in the REMSIM Geant4 application for a radioprotection study in the interplanetary space
• The anthropomorphic phantom can be used also in other Geant4 space science applications
Susanna Guatelli SPENVIS and Geant4 Workshop
Shielding study of vehicle conceptShielding study of vehicle concept
• Relative comparison of alternative shielding solutions for transfer vehicles of astronauts to Mars
GCR p, 106 events
phantom
GCR protons are incident on the vehicle concept:Simplified Inflatable habitat complemented by water shielding
Susanna Guatelli SPENVIS and Geant4 Workshop
First resultsFirst results
• Calculation of the dose in the anthropomorphic phantom
Preliminary
Preliminary
Preliminary
Susanna Guatelli SPENVIS and Geant4 Workshop
ConclusionsConclusions
Customized Phantom
• Novel approach to model anthropomorphic phantoms
• Voxel phantoms
• Analytical phantoms
Mix and match voxel/analytical
in the same simulation environment
• Analytical anthropomorphic phantoms have been implemented in Geant4
– Further developments in progress
• The MIRD and ORNL analytical models will be released in a Geant4 advanced example in December 2005
• The G4 anthropomorphic phantom is easy to integrate in Geant4 applications
Voxel phantoms(DICOM interface)
Analytical phantoms