gekjh vkijkf/d u;k; vè;k; 6 çncertbooks.prashanthellina.com/class_8.socialscience... · lkekftd...

lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd thou 66

vè;k; 6

gekjh vkijkf/d U;k;ç.kkyhtc ge fdlh dks vijkèk djrs gq, ns[krs gSa rks lcls igysiqfyl dks [kcj djrs gSaA okLrfod thou ;k fI+kQYeksa esa vkiusns[kk gksxk fd iqfyl vI+kQlj fjiksVZ ntZ djrs gSa vkSj vijkfèk;ksadks fxjÝ+ rkj djrs gSaA vijkfèk;ksa dks fxjÝ+ rkj djus esa iqfyl dhtks Hkwfedk gksrh gS mlosQ vkèkkj ij dbZ ckj ,slk yxrk gS ekuksiqfyl gh r; djrh gS fd dksbZ vijkèkh gS ;k ughaA ysfdu ,slkugha gSA tc fdlh O;fDr dks fxjÝ+ rkj fd;k tkrk gS rks vnkyrgh r; djrh gS fd vkjksih okdbZ nks"kh gS ;k ughaA lafoèkku osQvuqlkj] vxj fdlh Hkh O;fDr ij dksbZ vkjksi yxk;k tkrk gS rksmls fu"i{k lquokbZ dk vfèkdkj gksrk gSA

D;k vki tkurs gSa fd fu"i{k lquokbZ dk ekSdk gkfly djus dkD;k eryc gksrk gS\ D;k vkius ,iQ-vkbZ-vkj- osQ ckjs esa lquk gS\;k D;k vki tkurs gSa ljdkjh odhy dkSu gksrk gS\ bl vè;k;esa ge pksjh dh ,d dkYifud ?kVuk osQ ”kfj, ;g le>us dhps"Vk djsaxs fd U;k; ikus dh çfozQ;k fdl rjg pyrh gS vkSjvkijkfèkd U;k; O;oLFkk esa vyx&vyx yksxksa dh D;k Hkwfedkgksrh gSA è;ku j[ksa fd ”;knkrj ekeys mlh çfozQ;k ls xqtjrs gSaftldk geus vius dkYifud mnkgj.k esa f”kozQ fd;k gSA iQyLo:ibu çfozQ;kvksa dks le>uk vkSj vkijkf/d U;k; O;oLFkk esavyx&vyx yksxksa dh Hkwfedkvksa dks le>uk egÙoiw.kZ gksrk gSAvxj dHkh ,slk ekSdk vkrk gS rks ;g tkudkjh vkiosQ fy,mi;ksxh lkfcr gks ldrh gSA

eSa funksZ"k gw¡A vkSjesjh lquokbZ gksA

67

fe- f'kans Fkkus esa igq¡p tkrs gSaA

18-07-06

eqacbZ osQ ,d edku esa Jherh f'kans rS;kj gks jgh gSaA fiNys ,d ?kaVs ls os xys dk gkj <w¡<+ jgh gSaA

'kkafr gseczke fiNys rhu lky ls bl edku esa dke dj jgh gSA

f'kans lkgc 'kkafr osQ cDls dh ryk'kh ysrs gSa ftlesa ,d fyI+kQkI+ksQ esa 10]000 #i,feyrs gSaA og 'kkafr ij fpYykus yxrs gSaA mUgsa ;dhu gks tkrk gS fd 'kkafr us gkj cspfn;k gS vkSj ;g mlh dk iSlk gSA

ugha eSMe] eSauspksjh ugha dhA

f'kans lkgc osQ dgus ij lc&baLisDVj jko ,iQ-vkbZ-vkj- ntZ dj ysrs gSaA

eq>s iDdk irk gS fd;gha j[kk Fkk! dgk¡x;k-----\

eq>s esjh lksus dh tathj ugha feyjgh---A njk”k esa Hkh ugha gS! eq>s yxrkgS 'kkafr us esjk gkj pqjk fy;k gSA esjsdejs esa lI+kQkbZ djrs gq, og ”;knkgh le; yxkrh gSA

tYnh djks HkbZ! gesa nsjgks jgh gS 'kknh osQlekjksg esa tkus osQ fy,A

'kkafr D;k vc rqe pksjh Hkh djus yxh gks\vkSj oks Hkh lksus dk gkj! viuk cDlkykvks µ eSa vHkh ryk'kh yw¡xhA geus iqfyldks cqyk fy;k gSA vxj rqeus gkj fy;k gSrks vHkh ykSVk nksA

lkgc] esjk HkkbZ vkSj eSa fiNys lky Hkjls iSls tek dj jgs gSaA ge xk¡oykSVdj ,d cSy [kjhnuk pkgrs gSaAeSMe] eSa csxqukg gw¡A

vè;k; 6% gekjh vkijkf/d U;k; ç.kkyh

th dfg,A

PoeSa ,iQ-vkbZ-vkj- fy[kkus vk;k gw¡A esjs ?kjesa pksjh gqbZ gSA ?kj dh ukSdjkuh 'kkafr usesjh iRuh dk gkj pqjk fy;k gSA


19-07-06

'kkafr dk HkkbZ lq'khy vkrk gS vkSj lc&baLisDVj jko ls fourh djrk gS fd og'kkafr dks NksM+ nsaA

23-08-06

vnkyr us ,d eghus ckn 'kkafr dh tekur dh vthZ ea”kwj rks dj yh] ysfdu dksbZ Hkh 20]000 #i, osQ fy, mldk ”kekurh cuus dks rS;kj ugha FkkA urh”kru”kekur osQ ckotwn og tsy esa gh iM+h jghA og xgjs lnes dh gkyr esa gSA og Mjh gqbZ gS fd eqdnes dk D;k urh”kk fudysxkA

esjk D;k gksxk\ eSaus rks oqQN xyr ughafd;kA flI+kZQ eSMe osQ 'kd dh o”kg ls eSalyk[kksa osQ ihNs vk xbZ gw¡A vkSj ge yksxksa ustks iSlk cpk;k Fkk D;k og dHkh gesa okilfey ik,xk---\

14-09-06

iqfyl us eftLVªsV dh vnkyr esa vkjksii=k nk;j dj fn;k gSA vnkyr dh vksj ls vkjksii=k vkSj xokgksa osQ c;kuksa dh ,d udy'kkafr dks ns nh tkrh gSA 'kkafr vnkyr dks crkrh gS fd pksjh osQ bl >wBs bY”kke ls cpus osQ fy, mlosQ ikl dksbZ odhy ugha gSA

eftLVªsV egksn; 'kkafr dh nyhy lqudj vf/oDrk deyk jkW; dks ljdkjh [kpsZ ij cpko i{k dk odhy cuk nsrs gSaA

lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 22 osQ vuqlkj çR;sd O;fDr dks ,d odhy osQ ”kfj, viuk cpko djus dk ekSfyd vf/dkj çkIrgSA lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 39&, esa ,sls ukxfjdksa dks odhy eqgS;k djkus dh f”kEesnkjh jkT; osQ mQij lkSaih xbZ gS tks xjhch;k fdlh vkSj o”kg ls odhy ugha j[k ldrsA

lc&baLisDVj jko lq'khy dks Hkh nks fnu rd gokykr esa j[krk gSA mls lc&baLisDVj jko ,oa dbZ dkaLVscy ihVrs gSa vkSj xkfy;k¡nsrs gSaA os ml ij ncko Mkyrs gSa fd og bY”kke oQcwy dj ysA os mls ;g ekuus osQ fy, dgrs gSa fd og vkSj mldh cgu'kkafr ?kjsyw ukSdjksa dk ,d fxjksg pykrs gSa vkSj og fxjksg ?kjksa ls xgus pksjh djrk gSA f'kans osQ iM+ksl ls xguksa osQ xk;c gksus dhoqQN vkSj f'kdk;rsa Hkh vk pqdh FkhaA tc lq'khy ckj&ckj ;gh dgrk jgrk gS fd og funksZ"k gS vkSj I+kSQDVjh esa e”knwjh djrk gS rksnks fnu ckn iqfyl mls NksM+ nsrh gSA

f'kans lkgc lc&baLisDVj jko osQ lkFk ?kj vkrs gSaA

vc eSa bl pksjh osQ ckjs esa Jh f'kansvkSj mudh iRuh osQ c;ku ntZ d:¡xkA#i;ksa osQ fyI+kQkI+ksQ dks lhy djosQ lcwrosQ rkSj ij vius lkFk ys tk jgk gw¡AvkSj eSa 'kkafr dks fxjÝ+ rkj djosQ Fkkus ystk jgk gw¡A

esgjckuh djosQ eq>s Fkkus er ystkb,! eSaus gkj ugha pqjk;kA ;g esjhesgur dh dekbZ gS---A

ysfdu eSa odhy dh iQhl dgk¡ lsykmQ¡xk vkSj mlosQ fy, dkSu tekurhcusxk\ vkius gekjh lkjh dekbZ rks lhydjosQ vius ikl j[k yh gS----A

mlus lksus dk gkj pqjk;k gSA rqevnkyr ls tekur dk vkns'kysdj vkvksA

69

11-12-06

vnkyr 'kkafr ij vkjksi yxkrh gS fd mlus Jherh f'kans dk lksus dk gkjpqjk;k gSA vkSj pksjh osQ gkj dks cspdj 'kkafr dks tks 10] 000 #i, feys osmlosQ ikl ik, x,A

eftLVªsV osQ lkeus eqdnek 'kq: gks tkrk gSA

08-03-07

ljdkjh odhy jkT; dh vksj ls eqdnes esa gkftj gksrk gSA og Jherh ,oa Jh f'kans dks eq[; xokg osQ :iesa is'k djrk gSA

blosQ ckn vf/oDrk jkW; Jherh f'kans ls f”kjgdjrh gSaA

vf/oDrk deyk jkW; 'kkafr ls vnkyr esa feyrh gSaA

rks vki ;g dg jgh gSa fd vkius 'kkafrdks pksjh djrs gq, ugha ns[kkA u ghvkidks 'kkafr osQ ikl pksjh dk gkj feykAfiNys rhu lky esa tc ls 'kkafr vkiosQ?kj ij dke dj jgh gS] rc ls dksbZ Hkhph”k vkiosQ ?kj ls pksjh ugha gqb± vkigj eghus mls 1] 000 #i, ixkj Hkh nsrhjgh gSaA

20-04-07

vf/oDrk jkW; cpko i{k osQ xokg osQ rkSj ij lq'khyvkSj mlosQ ekfyd ls oqQN loky iwNrh gSaA bu nksuksaosQ c;kuksa osQ vk/kj ij lqJh jkW; ;g lkfcr dj nsrhgSa fd 'kkafr osQ lanwd esa feys 10] 000 #i, lq'khyvkSj 'kkafr dh dekbZ dh jde Hkh gks ldrh gSA

mUgsa 'kkafr osQ cDls esa 10] 000 #i, feysFksA mUgsa yxrk gS fd mlus gkj cspdj gh;s iSlk gkfly fd;k FkkA ysfdu ;g genksuksa dh cpr dk iSlk gSA

eSa funksZ"k gw¡A vkSjesjh lquokbZ gksA

rks vc crkb, Jherh f'kans]vkidk gkj fdl rjg xk;cgqvk\ eSaus lksus dk gkj njk”k esa j[kk FkkA

'kkafr us mls pqjk;k gSA 'kkafr osQ vykokvkSj dksbZ O;fDr esjs dejs esa ughatkrkA fe- f'kans us esjs lkeus mlosQlanwd dh ryk'kh yh FkhA ogk¡ fyI+kQkI+ksQesa 10] 000 #i, ns[kdj ge rks vpEHksesa iM+ x, FksA 'kkafr dks ;g iSlk esjkgkj cspdj feyk FkkA og pksj gSA

;s esjs eqdnes osQ dkx”k gSaA esjsekfydksa us gkj pqjkus dk >wBkvkjksi eq> ij yxk;k gSA



14-05-07

tc eqdnek [kRe gksus osQ u”knhd igq¡p tkrk gS rHkh lq'khy dks irkpyrk gS fd baLisDVj 'kekZ us ;qokvksa osQ ,d fxjksg dk HkaMkiQksM+ fd;k gSAbl fxjksg osQ yksx f'kans osQ eksgYys esa xguksa dh pksjh djrs gSaA Jherhf'kans osQ csVs osQ oqQN nksLr Hkh bl fxjksg osQ lnL; gSaA muosQ ikl lsJherh f'kans dk gkj cjken gks tkrk gSA lq'khy ;g ckr vf/oDrk jkW; dkscrkrk gSA vc vf/oDrk jkW; cpko i{k osQ xokg osQ rkSj ij baLisDVj 'kekZdks vnkyr esa is'k djrh gSaA

15-07-07

U;k;kèkh'k egksn; lkjs xokgksa osQ c;ku lqurs gSaA baLisDVj 'kekZ dk c;ku lquusosQ ckn vf/oDrk jkW; U;k;kèkh'k osQ lkeus ;g nyhy nsrh gSa fd vc 'kkafrfunksZ"k lkfcr gks pqdh gS blfy, mls cjh dj fn;k tk,A

baLisDVj 'kekZ] D;k vki gesafn[kk ldrs gSa fd vkiusD;k&D;k cjken fd;k gS\

th gk¡] Jherh f'kans us viuk ;g gkjigpku fy;k gSA geus yM+dksa dk ,dfxjksg idM+k gS ftlus ;g gkj pqjk;k FkkAmu yM+dksa us viuk bY”kke oqQcwy djfy;k gSA ;g gkj mUgksaus gh pqjk;k FkkA

'kkafr] vkidks pksjh osQ bY”kke ls cjh fd;k tkrk gSA iqfyl us tks10] 000 #i, vkiosQ ikl ls cjken fd;s Fks mUgsa Hkh vkidks ykSVkfn;k tk,xkA eSaus fyf[kr I+kSQlys esa bl ckr ij ”kksj fn;k gS fdrÝrh'k esa lc&baLisDVj jko dh ykijokgh ij [kkl rkSj ls è;kufn;k tk, ftldh o”kg ls 'kkafr vkioQks tsy tkuk iM+kA

bl ?kVuk osQ vk/kj ij vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd iqfyl] ljdkjhodhy] cpko i{k dk odhy vkSj U;k;kèkh'k] ;s pkj vf/dkjhvkijkf/d U;k; O;oLFkk esa eq[; yksx gksrs gSaA bl ekeys esa vkiusbu pkjksa dh Hkwfedk dks Hkh ns[k fy;k gSA vkb, vc mudhHkwfedkvksa dks vkSj O;kid Lrj ij ns[ksaA

vijk/ dh tk¡p djus esa iqfyl dh D;k Hkwfedkgksrh gS\

iqfyl dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ dke gksrk gS fdlh vijk/ osQ ckjs esa feyhf'kdk;r dh tk¡p djukA tk¡p osQ fy, xokgksa osQ c;ku ntZ fd, tkrsgSa vkSj lcwr bd_k fd, tkrs gSaA bl tk¡p osQ vk/kj ij iqfyl viuhjk; cukrh gSA vxj iqfyl dks ,slk yxrk gS fd lcwrksa ls vkjksih dknks"k lkfcr gksrk fn[kkbZ ns jgk gS rks iqfyl vnkyr esa vkjksii=k@pktZ'khV nkf[ky dj nsrh gSA tSlk fd vè;k; dh 'kq#vkr esa gh dgkx;k Fkk fd ;g r; dj nsuk iqfyl dk dke ugha gS fd dksbZ O;fDrnks"kh gS ;k ughaA ;g U;k;kèkh'k dks r; djuk gksrk gSA

71

vkidks ,slk D;ksa yxrk gS fd iqfylfgjklr osQ nkSjku viuh xyrh ekurs gq,vkjksih }kjk fn, x, c;kuksa dks mlosQf[kykI+kQ lcwr osQ rkSj ij bLrseky ughafd;k tk ldrk\

loksZPp U;k;ky; us fdlh Hkh O;fDr dh fxjÝ+ rkjh] fgjklr vkSj iwNrkN osQ ckjs esa iqfyl ,oa vU; laLFkkvksa osQ fy,oqQN [kkl 'krZ vkSj çfozQ;k,¡ r; dh gqbZ gSaA bu fu;eksa dks Mh-osQ- clq fn'kkfunsZ'k dgk tkrk gSA buesa ls oqQNfn'kkfunsZ'k bl çdkj gSa&

l fxjÝ+ rkjh ;k tk¡p djus okys iqfyl vf/dkjh dh iks'kkd ij mldh igpku] ukei^h rFkk in Li"V o lVhd:i ls vafdr gksuk pkfg,A

l fxjÝ+ rkjh osQ le; vjsLV eseks osQ :i esa fxjÝ+ rkjh laca/h iwjh tkudkjh dk dkx”k rS;kj fd;k tk,A mlesa fxjÝ+ rkjh osQle; o rkjh[k dk mYys[k gksuk pkfg,A mlosQ lR;kiu osQ fy, de ls de ,d xokg gksuk pkfg,A og fxjÝ+ rkjlnL; osQ ifjokj dk O;fDr Hkh gks ldrk gSA vjsLV eseks ij fxjÝ+ rkj gksus okys O;fDr osQ nLr[kr gksus pkfg,A

l fxjÝ+ rkj fd, x,] fgjklr esa j[ks x, ;k ftlls iwNrkN dh tk jgh gS] ,sls O;fDr dks vius fdlh laca/h ;knksLr ;k 'kqHkfpard dks tkudkjh nsus dk vf/dkj gksrk gSA

l tc fxjÝ+ rkj O;fDr dk nksLr ;k laca/h ml f”kys ls ckgj jgrk gks rks fxjÝ+ rkjh osQ 8&12 ?kaVs osQ Hkhrj mlsfxjÝ+ rkjh osQ le;] LFkku vkSj fgjklr dh txg osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh Hkst nh tkuh pkfg,A

nwljh bdkbZ esa vkius dkuwu osQ 'kklu osQ ckjs esa i<+k FkkA bldk lhèkkeryc ;g gksrk gS fd gj O;fDr ns'k osQ dkuwu osQ v/hu gSA iqfylHkh blh dkuwu osQ rgr vkrh gSA fygk”kk iqfyl dks ges'kk dkuwu osQeqrkfcd vkSj ekuokf/dkjksa dk lEeku djrs gq, tk¡p djuh pkfg,AloksZPp U;k;ky; us fxjÝ+ rkjh] fgjklr vkSj iwNrkN osQ ckjs esa iqfylosQ fy, oqQN fn'kkfunsZ'k r; fd, gq, gSaA bu fn'kkfunsZ'kksa osQ vuqlkjiqfyl dks tk¡p osQ nkSjku fdlh dks Hkh lrkus] ihVus ;k xksyh ekjusdk vf/dkj ugha gSA fdlh NksVs ls NksVs vijk/ osQ fy, Hkh iqfylfdlh dks dksbZ l”kk ugha ns ldrhA

lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 22 vkSj I+kQkStnkjh dkuwu esa çR;sd fxjÝ+ rkjO;fDr dks fuEufyf[kr ekSfyd vf/dkj fn, x, gSa&

l fxjÝ+ rkjh osQ le; mls ;g tkuus dk vf/dkj gS fd fxjÝ+ rkjhfdl dkj.k ls dh tk jgh gSA

l fxjÝ+ rkjh osQ 24 ?kaVksa osQ Hkhrj eftLVªsV osQ lkeus is'k gksus dkvf/dkjA

l fxjÝ+ rkjh osQ nkSjku ;k fgjklr esa fdlh Hkh rjg osQ nqO;Zogkj ;k;kruk ls cpus dk vf/dkjA

l iqfyl fgjklr esa fn, x, bdckfy;k c;ku dks vkjksih osQf[kykI+kQ lcwr osQ rkSj ij bLrseky ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

l 15 lky ls de mez osQ ckyd vkSj fdlh Hkh efgyk dks osQoyloky iwNus osQ fy, Fkkus esa ugha cqyk;k tk ldrkA



Q

1- vkb, vc 'kkafr dh dgkuh ij okil ykSVrs gSa vkSj bu lokyksa osQ tokc [kkstrs gSa&

(d) tc pksjh osQ bY”kke esa 'kkafr dks fxjÝ+ rkj fd;k x;k] mlh nkSjku lc&baLisDVj jko usmlosQ HkkbZ lq'khy dks Hkh nks fnu rd iqfyl fgjklr esa j[kkA D;k mldks fgjklr esa j[kusdh dkjZokbZ dkuwuu lgh Fkh\ D;k blls Mh-osQ- clq fn'kkfunsZ'kksa dk mYya?ku gqvk gS\

([k) D;k lc&baLisDVj jko us 'kkafr dks fxjÝ+ rkj djus vkSj mlosQ f[kykI+kQ eqdnek nk;j djus lsigys xokgksa ls i;kZIr loky iwNs vkSj ”k:jh lcwr bd_k fd, Fks\ iqfyl dh f”kEesnkfj;ksaosQ fglkc ls vkidh jk; esa lc&baLisDVj jko dks tk¡p osQ fygk”k ls vkSj D;k&D;k djukpkfg, Fkk\

2- vkb, vc FkksM+h vyx fLFkfr esa ekeys dks ns[krs gSaA eku yhft, fd 'kkafr vkSj mldk HkkbZlq'khy Fkkus esa tkdj ;g f'kdk;r djrs gSa fd f'kans osQ 20 o"khZ; csVs us mudh cpr osQ15]000 g”kkj #i, pqjk fy, gSaA D;k vkidks yxrk gS fd Fkkus dk çHkkjh vf/dkjh I+kQkSju mudh,iQ-vkbZ-vkj- ntZ dj ysxk\ ,sls dkjd fyf[k, tks vkidh jk; esa ,iQ-vkbZ-vkj- fy[kus ;k ufy[kus osQ iqfyl osQ I+kSQlys dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA

çFke lwpuk fjiksVZ@izkFkfedh (,iQ-vkbZ-vkj-)

iqfyl ,iQ-vkbZ-vkj- ntZ gksus osQ ckn gh fdlh vijk/ dhiM+rky 'kq: dj ldrh gSA dkuwu esa dgk x;k gS fd fdlhlaKs; vijk/ dh lwpuk feyus ij Fkkus osQ çHkkjh vf/dkjh dksiQkSju ,iQ-vkbZ-vkj- ntZ djuh pkfg,A iqfyl dks ;g lwpukekSf[kd ;k fyf[kr] fdlh Hkh :i esa fey ldrh gSA ,iQ-vkbZ-vkj- esa vkerkSj ij okjnkr dh rkjh[k] le; vkSj LFkku dkmYys[k fd;k tkrk gSA mlesa okjnkr osQ ewy rF;ksa vkSj ?kVukvksadk fooj.k Hkh fy[kk tkrk gSA vxj vijkf/;ksa dk irk gks rksmuosQ uke rFkk xokgksa dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k tkrk gSA ,iQ-vkbZ-vkj- esa f'kdk;r ntZ djkus okys dk uke vkSj irk fy[kk gksrkgSA ,iQ-vkbZ-vkj- osQ fy, iqfyl osQ ikl ,d [kkl iQkWeZ gksrk gSAbl ij f'kdk;r djus okys osQ nLr[kr djk, tkrs gSaA f'kdk;rdjus okys dks iqfyl ls ,iQ-vkbZ-vkj- dh ,d udy eqÝ+ r ikusdk dkuwuh vf/dkj gksrk gSA

73

ljdkjh odhy dh D;k Hkwfedk gksrh gS\

fdlh vkijkf/d mYya?ku dks turk osQ fo#¼ ekuk tkrk gSA bldkeryc ;g gS fd og vijk/ osQoy ihfM+r O;fDr dks gh uqdlkuugha igq¡pkrk] cfYd iwjs lekt osQ çfr vijk/ gksrk gSA vkidksfiNys vè;k; esa ngst osQ fy, lq/k dh gR;k dh ?kVuk ;kn gS\vkjksih y{e.k vkSj mlosQ ifjokj osQ f[kykI+kQ ;g eqdnek jkT; dhvksj ls nk;j fd;k x;k FkkA blhfy, bl eqdnes dks ^jkT; (fnYyhç'kklu) cuke y{e.k oqQekj ,oa vU;* dk uke fn;k x;k FkkA blhrjg 'kkafr okys eqdnes dks Hkh ̂ Jherh f'kans cuke 'kkafr gseczke* dhctk; ^jkT; cuke 'kkafr gseczke* osQ uke ls tkuk tk ldrk gSA

vnkyr esa ljdkjh odhy jkT; dk i{k çLrqr djrk gSA ljdkjhodhy dh Hkwfedk rc 'kq: gksrh gS tc iqfyl tk¡p iwjh djosQ vnkyresa vkjksii=k nkf[ky dj nsrh gSA ljdkjh odhy dh bl tk¡p esa dksbZHkwfedk ugha gksrhA mls jkT; dh vksj ls vfHk;kstu çLrqr djuk gksrkgSA U;k;ky; osQ inkf/dkjh osQ :i esa mldh f”kEesnkjh gS fd ogfu"i{k :i ls viuk dke djs vkSj vnkyr osQ lkeus lkjs Bksl rF;]xokg vkSj lcwr is'k djsA rHkh vnkyr lgh I+kSQlyk ns ldrh gSA

U;k;kèkh'k dh D;k Hkwfedk gksrh gS\

U;k;kèkh'k dh ogh gSfl;r gksrh gS tks [ksyksa esa vaik;j dh gksrh gSA osfu"i{k Hkko ls vkSj [kqyh vnkyr esa eqdnes dk lapkyu djrs gSaAU;k;kèkh'k lkjs xokgksa osQ c;ku lqurs gSa vkSj vfHk;kstu i{k rFkk cpkoi{k dh rjiQ ls is'k fd, x, lcwrksa dh tk¡p djrs gSaA vius lkeusekStwn c;kuksa o lcwrksa osQ vk/kj ij dkuwu osQ vuqlkj U;k;kèkh'k gh r;djrs gSa fd vkjksih lpeqp nks"kh gS ;k ughaA vxj vkjksih nks"kh ik;ktkrk gS rks U;k;kèkh'k mls l”kk lqukrs gSaA og dkuwu esa fn, x,çko/kuksa osQ fglkc ls nks"kh O;fDr dks tsy Hkst ldrs gSa ;k ml ijtqekZuk yxk ldrs gSa ;k ,d lkFk nksuksa rjg dh l”kk ns ldrs gSaA

fu"i{k lquokbZ (fair trial) D;k gksrh gS\

vkb, FkksM+h nsj osQ fy, dYiuk djsa fd vxj U;k;kèkh'k egksn; 'kkafr dkeqdnek fdlh vkSj rjg lapkfyr djrs rks D;k gks ldrk Fkk\ vxjvnkyr us 'kkafr dks vkjksii=k vkSj xokgksa osQ c;kuksa dh udy u nh gksrhrks D;k gksrk\ vxj U;k;kèkh'k fdlh ,slh txg ij eqdnek pykrs tgk¡

lkjs xokgksa osQ c;ku lquus osQ cknU;k;kèkh'k us 'kkafr osQ eqdnes esa D;kdgk\

rks vc crkb, Jherh f'kans]vkidk gkj fdl rjgxk;c gqvk\

eSaus lksus dk gkj njk”k esa j[kk FkkA 'kkafr usmls pqjk;k gSA 'kkafr osQ vykok vkSj dksbZO;fDr esjs dejs esa ugha tkrkA fe- f'kans usesjs lkeus mlosQ lanwd dh ryk'kh yh FkhAogk¡ fyI+kQkI+ksQ esa 10] 000 #i, ns[kdj gerks vpEHks esa iM+ x, FksA 'kkafr dks ;g iSlkesjk gkj cspdj feyk FkkA og pksj gSA



'kkafr vkSj lq'khy] nksuksa gh ugha tk ldrs rks D;k gksrk\ vxj U;k;kèkh'kus 'kkafr dh vf/oDrk jkW; dks vfHk;kstu dh vksj ls çLrqr fd, x,Jherh f'kans vkfn xokgksa ls ftjg djus dk i;kZIr le; u fn;k gksrk vkSjigys gh eku ysrs fd 'kkafr nks"kh gS rks D;k gksrk\ vxj bl rjg dh dksbZHkh ckr gksrh rks bls fu"i{k lquokbZ ugha dgk tk ldrk FkkA bldh o”kg;g gS fd fu"i{k lquokbZ osQ fy, dbZ ckrksa dk ikyu djuk ”k:jh gksrkgSA lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 21 esa thou osQ vf/dkj dk vk'oklu fn;kx;k gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd fdlh Hkh O;fDr osQ thou ;k Lora=krkdks osQoy ,d roZQlaxr vkSj U;k;iw.kZ dkuwuh çfozQ;k osQ ”kfj, gh Nhuktk ldrk gSA fu"i{k lquokbZ esa ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tkrk gS fd lafoèkkuosQ vuqPNsn 21 dk iwjh rjg ikyu fd;k tk,xkA vkb, vc fp=kdFkk&i^esa fn, x, 'kkafr osQ eqdnes ij okil ykSVsa vkSj ,d fu"i{k lquokbZ osQewyHkwr rÙoksa ij è;ku nsa&

igyh ckr] 'kkafr dks vkjksi i=k vkSj mu lHkh lk{;ksa dh ,d&,d çfrnh xbZ Fkh tks vfHk;kstu i{k us mlosQ f[kykI+kQ vnkyr esa is'k fd, FksA'kkafr ij pksjh dk vkjksi yxk;k Fkk tks dkuwuu ,d vijk/ gSA ;geqdnek turk osQ lkeus [kqyh vnkyr esa pyk;k x;kA 'kkafr dk HkkbZlq'khy vnkyr dh dkjZokb;ksa esa ekStwn FkkA eqdnek vkjksih dhmifLFkfr esa pyk;k x;kA 'kkafr dk ,d odhy us cpko fd;kA 'kkafrdh vf/oDrk jkW; dks vfHk;kstu i{k dh vksj ls is'k fd, x, lkjsxokgksa ls f”kjg djus dk ekSdk fn;k x;kA vf/oDrk jkW; dks'kkafr dh vksj ls xokg is'k djus dk vfèkdkj fn;k x;kA

gkyk¡fd iqfyl us 'kkafr osQ f[kykI+kQ pksjh dk ekeyk ntZ fd;k Fkkysfdu U;k;kèkh'k us mls funksZ"k ekurs gq, eqdnek pyk;kA vcvfHk;kstu i{k dks fu.kkZ;d :i ls fl¼ djuk Fkk fd 'kkafr ghnks"kh gSA bl eqdnes esa vfHk;kstu i{k ,slk ugha dj ik;kA

egÙoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS fd U;k;kèkh'k us vnkyr osQ lkeus is'k fd, x,lk{;ksa osQ vk/kj ij gh eqdnes dk I+kSQlyk lquk;kA U;k;kèkh'k us'kkafr dh de”kksj fLFkfr osQ vk/kj ij fcuk lksps&le>s ;g I+kSQlykugha ys fy;k fd og lpeqp pksj gSA bldh ctk; U;k;kèkh'k dkvkpj.k yxkrkj fu"i{k jgk vkSj pw¡fd lk{;ksa ls ;g fl¼ gks x;k fd'kkafr dh ctk; oqQN ;qodksa us pksjh dh Fkh] blfy, mUgksaus 'kkafr dksvk”kkn dj fn;kA 'kkafr dks blfy, U;k; feyk D;ksafd mls fu"i{klquokbZ dk ekSdk fn;k x;k FkkA

;s esjs eqdnes osQ dkx”k gSaAesjs ekfydksa us gkj pqjkus dk>wBk vkjksi eq> ij yxk;k gSA

mUgsa 'kkafr osQ cDls esa 10]000 #i, feys FksAmUgsa yxrk gS fd mlus gkj cspdj gh ;s iSlkgkfly fd;k FkkA ysfdu ;g ge nksuksa dh cprdk iSlk gSA

rks vki ;g dg jgh gSa fdvkius 'kkafr dks pksjh djrs gq,ugha ns[kkA u gh vkidks 'kkafrosQ ikl pksjh dk gkj feykAfiNys rhu lky esa tc ls'kkafr vkiosQ ?kj ij dke djjgh gS] rc ls dksbZ Hkh ph”kvkiosQ ?kj ls pksjh ugha gqb±vki gj eghus mls 1]000 #i,ixkj Hkh nsrh jgh gSaA

75

Qi`"B 74 ij eksVs v{kjksa esa tks çfozQ;k,¡ fy[kh xbZ gSa os lHkh fu"i{k lqukbZ osQ fy, cgqr ”k:jh gSaA 'kkafrosQ eqdnes osQ bl fooj.k osQ vk/kj ij vius 'kCnksa esa fy[ksa fd fuEufyf[kr çfozQ;kvksa dk vki D;keryc le>rs gSa&

1- [kqyh vnkyr&

2- lcwrksa osQ vk/kj ij&

3- vfHk;kstu i{k osQ xokgksa ls ftjg&

viuh d{kk esa ppkZ djsa fd vxj 'kkafr osQ eqdnes esa fuEufyf[kr çfozQ;kvksa dk ikyu u fd;k tkrk rksD;k gks ldrk Fkk\

1- vxj mls vius cpko osQ fy, odhy u feyrkA

2- vxj vnkyr mls funksZ"k ugha ekurs gq, eqdnek pykrhA

bl vè;k; esa geus ftu yksxksa dk f”kozQ fd;k gS lafo/ku vkSj dkuwu]nksuksa esa ;g dgk x;k gS fd mu yksxksa dks viuh f”kEesnkjh lgh <axls fuHkkuh pkfg,A bldk eryc gS fd çR;sd ukxfjd pkgs ogfofHkUu oxZ] tkfr] /eZ vkSj oSpkfjd ekU;rkvksa osQ gksa] mUgsa fu"i{klquokbZ dk vf/dkj fn;k tk,A dkuwu dk 'kklu dgrk gS fd dkuwuosQ lkeus gj dksbZ cjkcj gSA vxj çR;sd ukxfjd dks lafo/ku osQekè;e ls fu"i{k lquokbZ dk vf/dkj u fn;k tk, rks bl fl¼kar dkdksbZ [kkl eryc ugha jg tk,xkA



ihlySaM uked 'kgj esa fiQ,Lrk iqQVckWy Vhe osQ leFkZdksa dks irk pyrk gS fd ikl osQ ,d 'kgj esa tks ogk¡ ls yxHkx40 fd-eh- gS] tqcyh iqQVckWy Vhe osQ leFkZdksa us [ksy osQ eSnku dks [kksn fn;k gSA ogha vxys fnu nksuksa Vheksa osQ chpvafre eqdkcyk gksus okyk gSA fiQ,Lrk osQ leFkZdksa dk ,d >qaM ?kkrd gfFk;kjksa ls ySl gksdj vius 'kgj osQ tqcyhleFkZdksa ij èkkok cksy nsrk gSA bl geys esa nl yksx ekjs tkrs gSa] ik¡p vkSjrsa cqjh rjg t[eh gksrh gSa] cgqr lkjs ?kj u"Vgks tkrs gSa vkSj ipkl ls ”;knk yksx ?kk;y gksrs gSaA

dYiuk dhft, fd vki vkSj vkiosQ lgikBh vkijkf/d U;k; O;oLFkk osQ vax gSaA vc viuh d{kk dks bu pkj lewgksaesa ck¡V nhft,&

1- iqfyl 2- ljdkjh odhy 3- cpko i{k dk odhy 4- U;k;kèkh'k

uhps nh xbZ rkfydk osQ nk,¡ dkWye esa oqQN f”kEesnkfj;k¡ nh xbZ gSaA bu f”kEesnkfj;ksa dks ckb± vksj fn, x, vf/dkfj;ksadh Hkwfedk osQ lkFk feyk,¡A çR;sd Vksyh dks vius fy, mu dkeksa dk pquko djus nhft, tks fiQ,Lrk leFkZdksa dhfgalk ls ihfM+r yksxksa dks U;k; fnykus osQ fy, vko';d gSaA ;s dke fdl ozQe esa fd, tk,¡xs\

vc ;gh fLFkfr ysa vkSj fdlh ,sls fo|kFkhZ dks mijksDr lkjs dke djus osQ fy, dgsa tks fiQ,Lrk Dyc dk leFkZd gSA;fn vkijkfèkd U;k; O;oLFkk osQ lkjs dkeksa dks osQoy ,d gh O;fDr djus yxs rks D;k vkidks yxrk gS fd ihfM+rksadks U;k; fey ik,xk\ D;ksa ugha\

vki ,slk D;ksa ekurs gSa fd vkijkf/d U;k; O;oLFkk esa fofHkUu yksxksa dks viuh vyx&vyx Hkwfedk fuHkkuh pkfg,\ nksdkj.k crk,¡A

vH;kl

iqfyl xokgksa dks lquuk

ljdkjh odhy xokgksa osQ c;ku ntZ djuk

cpko i{k dk odhy xokgksa ls cgl djuk

U;k;kèkh'k tys gq, ?kjksa dh rLohjsa ysuk

lcwr ntZ djuk

fiQ,Lrk leFkZdksa dks fxjÝ+ rkj djuk

I+kSQlyk fy[kuk

ihfM+rksa dk i{k çLrqr djuk

;g r; djuk fd vkjksih fdrus lky tsy esa jgsaxs

vnkyr esa xokgksa dh tk¡p djuk

I+kSQlyk lqukuk

geys dh f'kdkj efgykvksa dh MkWDVjh tk¡p djkuk

fu"i{k lquokbZ djuk

vkjksih O;fDr;ksa ls feyuk

dk;ZHkwfedk,¡

77

vkjksih& bl vè;k; osQ lanHkZ esa ,sls O;fDr dks vkjksih dgk x;k gS ftl ij vnkyr esa fdlhvijk/ osQ fy, eqdnek py jgk gSA

laKs;& bl vè;k; esa mu vijk/ksa dks laKs; vijk/ dgk x;k gS ftuosQ fy, iqfyl fdlh O;fDr dksvnkyr dh vuqefr osQ fcuk Hkh fxjÝ+ rkj dj ldrh gSA

f”kjg&tc dksbZ xokg vnkyr esa viuk c;ku nsrk gS rks nwljs i{k dk odhy Hkh mlls oqQN lokyiwNrk gS ftlls mlosQ fiNys c;ku dks lgh ;k xyr lkfcr fd;k tk losaQ bls f”kjg dgrsgSaA

fgjklr (detention)& iqfyl }kjk fdlh dks xSj dkuwuh <ax ls vius dC”ks esa j[kukA

fu"i{k& bldk eryc gS Li"V ;k U;k;laxr O;ogkj djuk vkSj fdlh ,d i{k dk leFkZu u djukA

fdlh vijk/ dk vkjksi yxkuk& tc U;k;kèkh'k vkjksih dks fyf[kr :i ls lwfpr djrk gS fd mlij fdl vijk/ osQ fy, eqdnek pyk;k tk,xk rks bls vijkèk dk vkjksi yxkuk dgk tkrk gSA

xokg& tc fdlh O;fDr dks vnkyr esa ;g c;ku nsus osQ fy, cqyk;k tkrk gS fd mlus ekeys osQlaca/ esa D;k ns[kk] lquk ;k tkuk gS rks mls xokg dgk tkrk gSA

'kCn ladyu


gekjh vkijkf/d u;k; vè;k; 6 çncertbooks.prashanthellina.com/class_8.socialscience... · lkekftd...

Documents