gel 111 intro ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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Welcome to Geology 111
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● Why are we here?● A few ground rules…● Resources for success in Geology 111 ●Stuff about me ● Course exams & grading.● Overarching goals for this course● Prelude: What is Geology?
Today: Course Overview
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Top Five Reasons: ●You absolutely LOVE geology
●You need a science credit to graduate & think geology is easier than physics &/or need it NOW to graduate (I feel your pain)
●Just curious, it seemed like it might be cool
●You have absolutely no idea●You may actually need this stuff for your job/career??W
HY Y
OU A
RE H
ERE?
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● Read the textbook
- Assigned chapters, see Blackboard for weekly assignments
● Attend lectures
- Hear topical overviews & ask questions
- Do in-class assignments and complete all labs and HW
- Exams - will be given after each
● In-class exercises and homework assignments
- Exercises each class.
- Lab reports - typed using Google Docs
GROU
ND R
ULES
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While in lecture, please DO NOT:
➢ Forget to turn off cell phones
➢ Talk and have conversations
➢ Sleep uncontrollably, endangering yourself and others
➢ Break JCC rules/laws (e.g. Don’t cheat, smoke, chew tobacco, etc.)
Required by all students:GR
OUND
RUL
ES
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Required by all students:While in the lecture, please DO:
➢ Ask questions when anything is not clear
➢ Engage in the discussions
➢ Fully participate in class exercises
➢Geology is great! Have fun with it!
GROU
ND R
ULES
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Class Expectations • No cell phones, ipods,
or other electronic communication devices during the instructional class period.
• To save everyone the embarrassment of getting called out……turn your phone OFF – do NOT leave it on vibrate……!
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• We will take a 10 minute break ½ way through the class - if I forget…..please scream, yell and/or do cartwheels.
• Don’t be late to class or from breaks – please…..
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Resources for Success:• YOU and YOUR attitude!
•Blackboard, textbook…...and the Syllabus!• Teacher – Ms. Lori Zimmerman
–Stuff about me….
MINDSHIFT
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Exam
inat
ions
There will be 8 examinations given during the semester. The final exam is given on exam day for the day class and on the final class night for the night class. These examinations will cover all material presented (reading assignments, lecture material, films, etc.). The format may include multiple choice, fill in the blank, matching, short answer, short essay, identification and construction of pertinent diagrams, and identification of various geological sample material/specimens. THERE WILL BE NO MAKEUP EXAMS. A score of 0 will be assigned for missed exams and are averaged in with other grades. The final exam is mandatory. Missing the final exam will result in a failing grade (F) for the course.
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GradingThere will be 8 tests during the semester. Lab grades will be averaged as one test grade. This will result in 9 grades to be averaged for your final grade. Attendance and class participation will be used to influence your final grade. There will be NO extra credit assignments.
Grading Scale: A (90-100)B (80-89)C (70-79)D (60-69)F (below 60)
I will make every effort to return tests within two class meetings and written assignments within two weeks.
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It’s Up to You…..I don’t “GIVE” grades….you EARN
them
• Pay attention• Be engaged• Be Responsible• Complete ALL
work
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GOALSMine - Get you to think about Earth in a new and responsible way.
Knowledge of Earth and the processes that shape it will hopefully make you better stewards of the resources we take for granted.
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GoalsYours??Pass - barelyPass - YESPass - with flying colorsHave fun and learn some cool stuff
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GOAL
S FO
R GE
L 11
1● JCC Course catalog says:
●This course introduces landforms and basic geological processes. Topics include rocks, minerals, volcanoes, fluvial processes, geological history, plate tectonics, glaciers, and coastal dynamics. Upon completion, students should be able to describe basic geological processes that shape the earth. This course has been approved to satisfy the Comprehensive Articulation Agreement general education co-requirement in natural sciences/mathematics.
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● To develop critical thinking skills & a basic understanding of how the science works
● Become familiar with some of the observational methods, reasoning processes and analytical tools used by geologists to understand the Earth and its history● Learn the basic scientific concepts and principles- essentially the current paradigm for how the Earth and its systems interact to produce what we see.
● But also, we have these goals:GO
ALS
FOR
GEL1
11
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You will be learning a new language!
❖Geology is a broad, interdisciplinary science with a rich vocabulary. The terminology we will use throughout this course will require that you learn a new language.
❖We will all work together to find ways to become familiar with this vocabulary and the ideas it is designed to convey. But more is needed than simply memorizing terms. You also need to develop an understanding of the conceptual framework that the terminology is a part of, and how the words and concepts relate to each other.
GOAL
S FO
R GE
L111
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● Enrich your understanding of the planet we depend upon for our survival.
● Broaden your perspective of the relationship between humans & their environment.
● Become as more responsible citizen and make smart investments in your future, and the future of your children.
● Maybe you will decide to become one of the true, the proud and the brave and go on to major in geology!
Application of this new knowledge:GO
ALS
FOR
GEL1
11
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Lecture style designed to address the fact that different people learn differently:● Seeing/visual learning
● Reading the written word
● Hearing about it
● Engaging through personal inquiry and discovery
● Connecting what we learn in the classroom to what is out there!
GOAL
S FO
R GE
L111
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What methods will we need to succeed in geology?● An innate curiosity and willingness to ask questions
● Good observational skills to recognize basic patterns and spatial relationships
● A systematic approach to documenting, analyzing, and predicting observations
● An ability to visualize in 3-dimensional space, while integrating the 4th dimension, time.
● Willingness to learn and apply basic scientific principles from other sciences (physics, chemistry, math)
GEOL
OGY
111
TOOL
S
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Time…
Geology deals with complex historical systems that have evolved and changed over time.
Time is thus a fundamental variable in geology.
Coupled processes, operating over time produce all that we see.
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Nature of scientific inquiryBasic Concepts:● Scientific method●Observation● Hypothesis● Test● Scientific “certainty”● Paradigms and the nature of scientific revolutions● Theory
Chapter 1
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Nature of scientific inquiry
Science is based on:
assumption that the natural world behaves in a consistent & predictable mannerGoals of science:
understand underlying patterns in nature (from careful observations/measurements) form hypotheses that lead to predictions
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Nature of scientific inquiry
Scientific method
gathering information through careful observation to formulate hypotheses and theories
note: involves insight and creativity to break freefrom conditioned accepted views
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Nature of scientific inquiry
Four basic steps:
1) collect the facts (observation/measurement)
2) develop hypothesis (one or more)
3) test hypothesis
4) accept/modify/reject
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Nature of scientific inquiry
Theory
- well-tested/widely accepted hypothesis that“acceptably” predicts observed facts.
- also: explains additional observations not used
originally to form theory - predictive power
- still testable and subject to disproof!
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A Prelude:
And just what is Geology?
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01.08.a1
Earth’s Place in the Solar System
Mercury
SunVenus
EarthandMoon
Mars
Asteroids
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Other objects
Orbit of planets: nearly circular
Size and proximity of objects are not to scale!
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Prelude: Earth Systems
● Atmosphere - Air
● Hydrosphere - Water
● Cryosphere – Ice
● Lithosphere - Solid Earth
● Biosphere
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01.00.a1
The Nature of Geology
Observe this view of North America and the surrounding ocean floor. What features do you notice?
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01.01.c1
What Controls the Distribution of Resources?
Observe the locations of iron mines (blue) versus copper mines (orange)
Iron mines in very old rocks: record change in Earth’s early atmosphere
Copper mines much younger: related to mountain building in West
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01.02.b1
Observe this scene and note any questions you have about what is here and possible events in the past and in the future
Upper brown cliff
Blocks perched on cliff
Cliff exposing tan, brown, and yellowish layers
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01.02.c
Evidence of Past Global Climate Change
Note how the extent of glaciers and ice sheets has changed since 28,000 years ago. What are some possible factors that could have caused this change?
28,000 Years Ago Present
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Atmosphere
● Protection from Sun’s heat & UV rays
● Weather: due to exchange of energy • between Earth’s surface & atmosph.• between atmosph. & outer space
● Strongly interacts w/ surface
Blanket of gases surrounding the Earth
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Hydrosphere
● Oceans (most prominent)● 71% of surface of Earth● 97% of all water is located in the oceans
● Streams, lakes, glaciers, underground water (3% of all water available)
● Atmosphere
Water portion of Earth
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Cryosphere
● Glaciers
● Permafrost and ground ice
● Polar ice caps
● Frozen polar seas
Icy portion of Earth’s crust
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Biosphere
● Earth’s surface and subsurface to depths of a few kilometers
● Life occupies an extreme range of environments
● Life strongly interacts with the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the solid earth (these interactions are called ecology!)
Earth’s Ecosystems
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01.03.a
What Is Inside Earth?
Thickest layer: mantle
Upper layer is crust (two types): continental oceanic
Deepest layer: iron-nickel core (molten outer core; solid inner core)
Draw and label a sketch showing the crust, mantle, and core
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01.03.b1
Some Layers Are Stronger than OthersOceanic crust
Continental crust
Uppermost mantle
Lithosphere (stronger)
Asthenosphere (weaker)
Asthenosphere: hot and weak; mostly solid
Draw and label a sketch showing the lithosphere and the asthenosphere
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01.03.t1
Observe the relationship between the height of each block and its thickness relative to other blocks
Dense materials (like a more dense wood) are lower
Thick blocks higher than thin blocks
Relationship between crustal thickness and elevation: isostasy
Why Are Some Regions HigherIn Elevation than Others?
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Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education
INVESTIGATING GEOLOGIC QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 2
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Created by: L.Zimmerman
Testing your powers of observation:
1. Use only your sense of sight to make observations to determine:
A. Which of the two center circles is largest or smallest.
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Created by: L.Zimmerman
Do you see a young woman or an old woman?
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Do you see the liar in this picture?
Created by: L.Zimmerman
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http
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.htm • You will be showed a picture
• You have one (1) minute to look at the picture.
• Do this without talking to others.
• List at least four (4) observations!
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M. d’Alessio, 2004
Mur
der M
yste
ry
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Originally Horizontal
OLDER
YOUNGERTiming
Layers on top of layers
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Watching Layers Form
Larry Ridenhour, BLM/Jennifer Loomis, TERChttp://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es2903/es2903page03.cfm
es2903_p03_deposition.swf
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Tilted Layers
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USGS/Jennifer Loomis, TERCTilted limestone beds in the Mojave Desert, Californiahttp://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es2903/es2903page04.cfm.
Watching Layers Tilt
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Unco
nfor
mity
Unconformity
Olympic Coast, Washington: 4th Beach near KalalochCopyright Patti Bleifusshttp://patti.tensegrity.net/album/hoh/images/unconformity.jpg
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FoldFold
Marin Headlands, California -- Image from Roland Bürgmannhttp://www.seismo.berkeley.edu/~burgmann/EPS116/labs/marin2004/Fold%20-%20John%20R%202.JPG
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USGS/Tom Grace, TERCFolded layers in the Sangre de Cristo Range of Colorado.http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es2903/es2903page05.cfm?chapter_no=investigation
Watching Layers Fold
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Cross Cutting
Grand Canyon, Arizona -- Copyright Ramón Arrowsmith http://activetectonics.la.asu.edu/ramon/Images/Grand_Canyon/36grandcanyon.tif.jpg
Cross Cutting
MOST RECENT
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Wind and Process
Death Valley, CACopyright Marli MillerAGI Image Bank photo ha45z2 Zion, Utah
Copyright Marli MillerAGI Image Bank photo ha45jb
http://www.msnucleus.org/membership/html/jh/earth/sedimentary/lesson5/sedimentary5d.html
PROCESS
ANCIENTPRESENT
“The present is the key to the past.”
James HuttonFamous Geologist
(lived 1726-1797)http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10c.html
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Created by: L.Zimmerman
Our powers of observation are limited by our senses.
Instruments – can be used to improve or extend our powers of observation. These devices have been invented by people to extend the human senses beyond their normal limits, and thus enable us to make observations that would otherwise be impossible or highly inaccurate.
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Created by: L.Zimmerman
Inference An interpretation or a
conclusion (educated guess) based on observations.
They may or may not be true.
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M. d’Alessio, 2004
Murder Mystery
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02.01.a1
Observe this landscape, noting different types of features (e.g., fractures) and examples of each type of feature
Hill has different parts
Various colors Ledges that reflect layers
Some color looks to be a stain on outside of rock
Fractures
Loose pieces versus solid bedrock
Loose pieces cover reddish rocks in slope
Rounded versus angular corners
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02.01.a2
Layers
Fractures
Loose pieces covering slope
Observe this version, where similar features are colored alike
Colors show main rock units
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02.01.b1
• Sketch and label the main features on this photograph• Using your powers of observation to describe what you
see• Can you make any inferences??
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Examine how this sketch portrays the previous photograph
Does the sketch change the way you look at the photograph? 02.01.b2
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02.02.b
Interpreting Evolution of LandscapesObserve these three different models, which show how a landscape changes over time
Mesa Butte Knobs
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02.02.c1
Determining Sequences of Events:Position of Layers
Lower layers deposited first
Principle: the youngest layer is on top
Upper layers deposited later
Oldest rock is on the bottom
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Mapping
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Created by L. Zimmerman
Introduction to Maps
S Maps are an extremely useful tool for many science and non-science disciplines.
S They provide “pictures” of areas/regions/land surfaces!
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Types of Maps
Topographic map with elevation contours
Shaded-relief map02.03.a
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Types of Maps
Geologic map (types and ages of rocks and features)
Satellite image02.03.a
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Review (or new?) Coordinates
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Latitude (parallels)
S Describe positions North and South of the equator. Parallels run east to west around the world.
S Parallels are measure in degrees from 0 to 90. Those that are above the equator are labeled North; those below are labeled South.
S Each degree of latitude consists of 60 equal parts called minutes. o Each minute is divided into 60 seconds
S Example: 38o 53’ 51”
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Longitude (meridians)
S Describes positions East and West of the Prime Meridian. Meridians run north and south around the world.
S The 0o meridian is called the Prime Meridian and runs directly through Greenwich, England.
S Locations east of Prime Meridian have longitudes between 0 and 180o E. Locations west of the Prime Meridian have longitudes between 0 and 180o W.
S Longitude can also be broken down into minutes and seconds.
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Smaller units of Latitude/Longitude
•The Latitude/Longitude grid system can be broken into smaller units of measure called “arc degrees” – there are 60 minutes of arc degrees between 2 lines of latitude/longitude. •This system makes it possible to measure positions more accurately!
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North Carolina (and ALL states) is divided into QUADRANTS which are 30’ x 30’
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30’ x 30’ are further subdivided into 15 minute and 7.5 minute quadsEACH new quadrangle providing more and more detail with each subdivision
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Reading a Map
Legend - list of symbols and their meaningsScale – indicates the relationship (a ratio) between
the distances on the map and the actual distance
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02.04.a1
Referring to Differences in TopographyExamine this figure and the different ways you could convey differences in topography from one place to another
Relief: elevation difference between two places
Elevation: height above sea level
Steepness of slope
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Features of Topographic Maps
Elevation – height above sea levelSea level – point between the highest and lowest tide
levels (elevation at sea level = 0)Contour lines – used to show elevation and connect all
points on the map with equal elevationContour interval – difference in elevation between one
contour line and the nextRelief – difference in elevation between the highest and
lowest pointsIndex contour – every 5th line is BOLD and its
elevation is labeled
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Contour Lines: Connect all points on a map that have the same elevation above sea level.
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Topographic Maps
S There are many symbols used on the map. These are explained in the legend.
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Topographic Maps
Contour lines spaced close together indicate a steep slope.
Contour lines spaced far apart indicate a gentle slope.
Contour lines that form a closed loop indicate a hill.V-shaped contour lines indicate a valley and the “V”
will point upstream. (Rivers flow DOWNHILL)
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