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GEM4 Summer School OpenCourseWare http://gem4.educommons.net/ http://www.gem4.org/ Experimental Methods notes Please use the following citation format: Notes from Lang, Matthew, C.T. Lim, Scott Manalis, Taher Saif, Peter So, and Krystyn van Vliet. “General Tutorial session #3: Experimental Methods.” Lecture series, GEM4 session at MIT, Cambridge, MA, August 10, 2006. http://gem4.educommons.net/ (accessed MM DD, YYYY). License: Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike. Note: Please use the actual date you accessed this material in your citation.

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GEM4 Summer School OpenCourseWare httpgem4educommonsnet httpwwwgem4org

Experimental Methods notes

Please use the following citation format

Notes from Lang Matthew CT Lim Scott Manalis Taher Saif Peter So and Krystyn van Vliet ldquoGeneral Tutorial session 3 Experimental Methodsrdquo Lecture series GEM4 session at MIT Cambridge MA August 10 2006 httpgem4educommonsnet (accessed MM DD YYYY) License Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike

Note Please use the actual date you accessed this material in your citation

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