gender and disaster risk management - guidance notes · 2016-07-11 · gender and disaster risk...
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THE WORLD BANK
E A S T A S I A A N D PA C I F I C R E G I O NS u s t a i n a b l e D e ve l o p m e n t
G u i d a n c e N o t e6G E N D E R A N D D I S A S T E R R I S K M A N A G E M E N T - G U I D A N C E N OT E S
Photo by Sawanpracharak Hospital
Integrating Gender-Sensitive Disaster Risk Management into Community-Driven Development Programs
This note on Integrating Gender-Sensitive Disaster Risk Management in Community-Driven Development (CDD) Programs is the sixth in a series of Guidance Notes on gender issues in disaster risk management (DRM) in the East Asia and the Pacific region. Targeting World Bank staff, clients and development partners, this note gives an overview of the main reasons for incorporating gender-sensitive DRM into CDD programs, identifies the key challenges, and recommends strategies and tools. This note complements Guidance Note 4: Integrating Gender Issues in Community-based Disaster Risk Management
the resulting service provision. CDD fills a critical gap in poverty reduction efforts, complementing market economy and government-run programs. Experience shows that by relying on program beneficiaries to drive development activities, CDD programs have the potential to make poverty-reduction efforts more responsive to demands, more inclusive, sustainable, and cost-effective than traditional centrally-led programs (IDA, 2007). Supporting CDD normally includes activities such as strengthening and financing community groups, facilitating community access to information, and promoting policy and institutional reform. Further information on CDD programs can be found in Community Driven Development - Empowering People to Lead Their Development (IDA, 2010).
Community-driven development (CDD) is an approach that gives communities control over resources and decision-making. Poor communities receive funds, decide on their use, plan and implement local projects, and monitor
WHAT IS COMMUNITY-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT?
WHY INTEGRATE COMMUNITY-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT WITH DRM?
Poor women and men are more at risk from adverse impacts of natural hazards. Vulnerability to the risks and income shocks resulting from natural disasters is one of the fundamental dimensions of poverty (World Bank, 2009). Many of the communities in which CDD programs are being implemented are disaster-prone and sensitive to the impacts of climate change. Initiatives to strengthen the resilience of poor and vulnerable men and women to natural hazard and climate change impacts can not only contribute to improving their livelihoods and safety but also to protecting the substantial investments being made in poverty reduction, infrastructure and services provision.
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2G U I D A N C E N O T E S o n G E N D E R a n d
D i s a s t e r R i s k M a n a g e m e n t
Photo by Sawapracharak Hospital
What is the difference between community-driven development and community-based DRM?
The World Bank recommends the integration of community-based disaster risk management (CBDRM)approachesinto CDD programming in places with high disaster risks. CBDRM is highly complementary to CDD. The main difference is that CBDRM focuses specifically on the factors that make communities vulnerable to the impacts of natural hazard and, increasingly, climate change, while CDD addresses a wider range of socio-economic and governance influences on poverty, such as high food prices or socio-political conflict. CBDRM can be built into CDD programs as a core contributing element to poverty reduction strategies.
Source: World Bank (2009) Building Resilient Communities: Risk Management and Response to Natural Disasters through Social Funds and Community-Driven Development Programs. This source provides detailed information, case studies and examples for implementation.
A number of CDD programs have already been making a significant contribution to disaster risk reduction and recovery. The ability of such programs to strengthen community-government relationships allows them to develop critical linkages in disaster early warning, preparedness and mitigation and response systems (World Bank, 2009). CDD programs support disaster response and recovery as well as pro-active disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation initiatives in disaster-prone countries. They can:
• Strengthen the capacity of communities and governments to reduce and manage the impact of shocks. • Increase access to basic social services (public health, sanitation, education, etc.) and/or micro-finance/
micro-insurance services to build livelihood security, as well as the ability to cope with current and future shocks.
• Develop or strengthening the physical infrastructure to reduce asset losses (e.g. seawalls, irrigation systems, health centers, slope stabilization), including retro-fitting of existing key infrastructure to make it more
hazard-resilient. • Assist disaster-affected communities to protect their income and assets through public works and cash
transfer programs, and supporting longer-term recovery initiatives to restore and improve income and assets.• Contribute trained community facilitators to assist with Social Impact Analysis (SIA) and vulnerability
targeting during government-led post disaster needs assessments.
G u i d a n c e N o t e3 6
Photo by Sawapracharak Hospital
Case Study: The Evolution of Gender-Sensitive DRM/CCA in a CDD Program
The Philippines’ Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social Services Program (KALAHI-CIDSS), started in 2002, has reached over 4,500 of the poorest villages in 200 municipalities, supporting 5,645 sub projects, and benefited around 1.26 million households. As the program has evolved, its understanding and experience of the impacts of gender and disaster risk management / climate change adaptation (DRM/CCA) issues on poverty reduction have also evolved.
Gender concerns. Past evaluations and studies have found relatively high participation rates in project activities, including a number of positive benefits for women, which indicate the value of the program’s intensive social mobilization and participatory planning processes. At the same time, women and men who have notattended schools have been less likely to have their preferences represented in the sub-project proposals. Gender concerns have not been fully discussed in project implementation documents and sub-project proposals. Participatory monitoring and evaluation (M&E) processes also have not adequately consulted with male and female beneficiaries nor closely consulted them on the gender impacts of the program. Efforts to address these shortcomings have been underway since 2009-10, including an in-depth analysis of ways to make M&E more gender-sensitive.
Disaster and climate change risk. Many communities in which KALAHI-CIDSS works are vulnerable tonatural disaster and/or climate-related impacts. While some of these communities have identified and implemented DRM sub-projects, such as sea wall construction, a systematic approach was not in place to analyze these risks across the program, raise awareness among communities and local government, and include a range of programming options to build disaster and climate resilience. In 2010, KALAHI-CIDSS engaged in a participatory consultation and planning process to integrate cost-effective DRM/CCA initiatives into the program.
Next steps: Planning for the next phase of KALAHI-CIDSS is underway and builds on this knowledge and experience. The design will incorporate gender-sensitive DRM/CCA strategies, activities and performance indicators to ensure that men and women can equally benefit from, and participate in, building community resilience to disaster and climate-related impacts.
Sources: Eusebio and Bonar, 2010; World Bank, 2011d; World Bank, 2011f.
WHY INCLUDE GENDER NEEDS?
While many CDD programs have been proactive in identifying and addressing gender issues as part of community participation and social inclusiveness strategies, few have addressed the gender-differentiated aspects of disaster and climate risks. The difference is important, as women tend to experience disproportionately higher disaster and climate risks and impacts than men, though men can also be adversely affected (World Bank, 2011c).
4G U I D A N C E N O T E S o n G E N D E R a n d
D i s a s t e r R i s k M a n a g e m e n t
CHALLENGES IN INTEGRATING GENDER-SENSITIVE DRM IN CDD PROGRAMS
HOW TO INTEGRATE GENDER-SENSITIVE DRM IN CDD PROGRAMS
Some of the main challenges in integrating gender-sensitive DRM in CDD programs include:
1. Valuing women’s participation: Women’s priorities for projects, whether in DRM and climate change adaptation (CCA) or in other areas, are often bypassed in decisions to allocate limited community-level project
resources. Similarly, women often are not included in DRM teams and decision-making bodies. Convincing local government officials and community leaders to fully involve both women and men from communities in DRM and CCA activities and decision-making can be challenging.
2. Capacity to integrate DRM/CCA and gender needs: Frequently, the majority of program staff and government or civil society implementing partners of a CDD program will not be familiar with how to integrate
DRM/CCA or gender aspects into their work.
3. Needs assessment, communication, and monitoring and evaluation: Gender-blind assessments, lack of gender-disaggregated data, and robust monitoring and evaluation (M&E) pose problems for developing gender-sensitive programs. See also Guidance Note 8: Gender-Sensitive Post-disaster Assessments, and Guidance Note 3: Gender Informed Monitoring and Evaluation in Disaster Risk Management.
4. Quality of post-disaster response and recovery: In a post-disaster context, the sense of urgency that often pervades relief and recovery efforts can lead to shortcuts in consultative processes. This may sideline
local decision-making structures and/or poor and vulnerable groups, and in turn, often leads to inappropriate or unsustainable results (World Bank, 2006), including elite capture of the benefits of the assistance (Arnold and Burton, 2010).
There are many opportunities to integrate gender sensitive approaches into disaster risk management as part of CDD programs. Key areas are presented below:
Promoting women’s participation: To promote women’s substantive contributions, it is important that relevant decisions or proposals made by women receive funding. Technical assistance may also be required to develop their skills and confidence to prepare solid proposals. Such measures have been introduced into CDD programs like the Lao Poverty Reduction Fund (see Case Study 2 below). Specific targets/quotas for women and other marginalized groups, along with support to develop their skills and confidence to play such roles, can be useful when there are barriers to their participation or access to program resources. Suggested actions include:
• Conduct activities to sensitize local government officials and community leaders to the importance of investing in gender-sensitive DRM in areas at high risk of disaster or climate-related impacts that can be
integrated into the social preparation stage of a CDD program development.• Identify ‘change champions’ - e.g. respected political, community, religious, or entertainment figures - to
carry out advocacy/education activities with community and government partners at every level.• Develop DRM and gender advocacy strategies and messages which are based on sound evidence and are
adjusted to reflect the interests of different stakeholder groups; for instance to demonstrate to health and disaster management authorities how training women in evacuation procedures and first aid can save children’s lives.
G u i d a n c e N o t e5 6
Strenghtening capacities: The staff and implementing partners need to be sensitized to gender and DRM and CCA issues and skilled in gender analysis, particularly, the community facilitators. Gender and DRM/CCA expertise should be provided by the program team through staff/consultant roles and/or CSO/NGO partners. Gender responsibilities need to be incorporated into job descriptions and performance review systems, and senior program management also needs to demonstrate a clear commitment to gender equality. Case Study 3 shares the experience of the Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund (PPAF) following the 2005 Pakistan earthquake, highlighting the need to ensure that the personnel deployed or recruited by partner organizations receives adequate training and on-the-job technical support for gender analysis. See also recommendations in the Guidance Note 8: Gender-Sensitive Post-disaster Assessments.
Case Study: Enhancing Women’s Participation in the Lao Poverty Reduction Fund
The Lao Poverty Reduction Fund (PRF) seeks to promote the equitable involvement of women in decision-making and the implementation of its sub-projects. When the operations of the Phase I began in 2003, the focus was on ensuring women’s opportunity to express their preferences for the sub-projects. At the village level, men and women would participate in separate meetings where they each identified three proposed priorities for the use of PRF funds. A village needs priority assessment (VNPA) meeting of both genders created a combined list of three priority sub-projects for the village. However, none of the proposals had to reflect the preferences that women had expressed in their single-sex meetings, and women’s priorities were receiving less support than those of men. A review of the procedures in 2007–08 led to several important changes that have increased women’s roles and opportunities. The single-sex meetings continue (each group proposes three infrastructure sub-projects and two priorities for training) but participants at the VPNA meetings must now select two of the three infrastructure proposals and one of the two training proposals from the women’s list. A recent Independent Completion Report found that the PRF is successfully reaching the poorest women in the Laos PDR, with 91% of the approved sub-projects coming from the women’s lists.
Phase II (2011-16) of the PRF has a gender action plan in place which seeks to integrate gender across the project components. The project will incorporate specific gender equality actions into the program, based on the lessons learnt from Phase I, including stronger women’s participation in DRM programs, through meetings and trainings, and other means. In 2009, Typhoon Ketsana crossed Vietnam and hit southern part of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic before moving to Cambodia. Increasing women’s engagement in DRM through PRF and other projects can help increase their resilience towards external shocks, including disasters.
Sources: World Bank, 2011e, p 6; J Plummer, 9 May 2012.
Case Study: Expanding Post-Disaster Community Outreach
The PPAF’s Earthquake Relief, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Program (E3RP) deployed Social Mobilization Teams (SMTs) through its partner organizations (47 in Azad Jammu Kashmir and 60 in North West Frontier Province). Each team was designed to include an engineer and a male and female social organizer and had responsibility for 800–1,000 households. The SMTs played a critical role in housing reconstruction by carrying out damage assessments, social mobilization, training, and quality control activities.
A constraint faced by the operation was the lack of sufficient female team members for some of the SMTs, despite the requirement to include women. This reduced the capacity of PPAF to work with vulnerable families, particularly those headed by women. Partner organizations did not appear to understand gender issues or disabled-friendly housing design. The PPAF concluded that, in the future, it would be desirable to train and monitor partner organizations on vulnerability and gender issues.
Source: World Bank, 2009.
6G U I D A N C E N O T E S o n G E N D E R a n d
D i s a s t e r R i s k M a n a g e m e n t
Engaging male and female staff and volunteers from marginalized groups: Working with CBOs/NGOs that represent these groups, where they exist, can contribute to improved outreach to women in contexts where their mobility or male-female interactions are restricted. The salaries of male and female staff should be equal, and the conditions of service should accommodate their different circumstances. For instance, the Indonesia National Community Empowerment Program in Urban Areas (PNPM-Urban) has included improvements in maternity leave provisions for its female community consultants and facilitators in the program’s gender strategy, along with recruitment targets for women.
Balanced needs assessment, communication, and monitoring and evaluation: Gender-sensitive analysis of current and future hazard risks needs to be incorporated into participatory planning processes and poverty reduction strategies. Joint male and female public meetings and events usually need to be supplemented with separate focus group discussions or in-depth interviews with female as well as male household members. In some contexts, women may need to interview women due to restrictions on male-female contact. Women and men may also feel more comfortable to discuss sensitive issues such as reproductive health or gender-based violence with members of the same sex. For post-disaster situations, the World Bank has recently begun to support affected governments to conduct social impact analysis (SIA) - incorporating gender analysis - as part of post-disaster needs assessments (see Guidance Note 8: Gender-Sensitive Post-disaster Assessments).
Robust participatory M&E systems: Incorporating specific gender performance indicators can contribute to better and more gender-sensitive outcomes. A number of CDD programs have well-developed systems for community level accountability; however, not all account for gender differences. Approaches should recognize the differences between men and women in their access to information and the channels by which it is given and received. Guidance Note 3: Gender Informed Monitoring and Evaluation in Disaster Risk Management provides further information on how to develop gender-sensitive M&E systems. Guidance manuals have also been developed for the design of gender-sensitive M&E in the Philippines and Lao PDR CDD programs which can be applied to DRM activities.
Community outreach mechanisms need to be designed to be accessible to all: Whether or not women and men have high illiteracy levels, the complaints procedures should not rely solely on written submissions; socially-marginalized groups should be provided with separate opportunities to give their views as part of public/separate meetings. The social impact and gender analyses conducted during the design of the program, and consultations with CSOs that represent these groups, should identify the most effective methods of local outreach. Gender audits are another practical tool used by CDD programs to assess whether the specific actions taken ensure equitable male-female programming outcomes. For example, the World Bank-financed Mongolia Sustainable Livelihoods Project, a CDD project with a strong DRM focus, has carried out a gender audit of its activities.
Assuring quality in post-disaster response and recovery: CDD programs in disaster prone areas should develop preparedness plans to ensure fast and efficient responses, while ensuring that the relevance, effectiveness and responsiveness to gender-differentiated needs and priorities is not unduly compromised. To achieve this, consultations should be undertaken with staff, implementing partners, and male and female members of the participating communities to identify the appropriate systems and procedures for emergency response andrecovery needs assessments, scaling up operations, community facilitation/monitoring, procurement, and fiduciary safeguards. Based on these consultations, the proposed amendments and technical assistance requirements for the repair and reconstruction works need to be incorporated into the post-disaster plans. Specific actions that can positively influence gender-sensitive disaster response include the following:
• Temporary redeployment of community facilitators and recruitment and training of additional facilitators for post-disaster needs assessment and recovery programming can help authorities and organizations facing capacity and time constraints.
• Involvement of local partner CSOs and NGOs in the response can: provide rapid, accurate information about disaster impacts, and support effective outreach to affected communities; allow authorities to benefit from local knowledge to identify vulnerable people for assistance; as well as facilitate the re-establishment of social cohesion following disasters (World Bank, 2009).
TOOLS
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
Annex 1 summarizes the options available for Integrating Gender-Sensitive DRM into CDD Programs, listing areas for both DRM and gender action steps. The table is complementary to Guidance Note 7: Integrating Gender-Sensitive Livelihoods and Social Protection into Disaster Risk Management Programs which identifies issues and options for integrating gender-sensitive initiatives into programs designed to strengthen livelihoods and social resilience to disaster impacts.
Annex 2 lists the entry and actions points for integrating gender-sensitive DRM into a CDD project cycle. Additional information on gender and DRM project cycle entry points can be found in Guidance Note 2: Integrating Gender Issues in Disaster Risk Management Policy Development and in Projects.
World Bank. 2012. What Have Been the Impacts of CDD Programs. By Susan Wong. Washington DC: World Bank.
World Bank. 2011. Analyzing the Social Impacts of Disasters, Volumes I and II. Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Bank. 2011. Gender Dimensions of Community Driven Development Programs: A Toolkit for Practitioners. Washington, DC: World Bank. World Bank. 2011. Climate Resilience and Social Change: Operational Toolkit. Washington, DC: World Bank.
1 Module 4 of the World Bank Building Resilient Communities: Risk Management and Response to Natural Disasters through Social Funds and Community-Driven Development Programs provides detailed information on the issues and options for more effective disaster response.
G u i d a n c e N o t e7 6Case Study: Gender-Sensitive Disaster Response in Indonesia
Following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, Indonesia’s Kecamatan Development Program recruited 28 sub-district information facilitators in addition to its existing network of male and female village technical and empowerment facilitators to support post-disaster response efforts. The responsibilities of the information facilitators covered most aspects of gender-disaggregated data collection, information sharing, and communication with stakeholders and external partners (NGOs, donors, etc). The facilitators were also responsible for dissemination of information about the program to local stakeholders, documenting program activities, and interacting with the media. The facilitators contributed to the high level of participation of villagers at all stages of the relief and recovery process, an important factor in the overall reconstruction and recovery process.
Source: World Bank, 2009.
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rote
ct c
omm
unity
asse
ts a
nd h
ouse
hold
inco
me
(e.g
. m
arke
tpla
ces,
acc
ess
road
s, r
ubbl
e cl
eara
nce,
dro
ught
m
itig
atio
n w
orks
, et
c).
• Pr
ovid
e ca
sh,
cred
it,
and/
or i
n-ki
nd a
ssis
tanc
e to
re-
esta
blis
h sm
all bu
sine
sses
(re
plac
e to
ols,
res
tock
, et
c.)
and
repl
ace
lost
as
sets
(e.
g. li
vest
ock,
etc
.) t
hrou
gh e
stab
lishe
d ch
anne
ls/p
art-
ners
. •
Red
irec
t a
port
ion
of c
omm
unity
bloc
k gr
ant
reso
urce
s to
com
-m
unity-
leve
l lon
ger-
term
rec
onst
ruct
ion
activi
ties
.•
Sup
port
com
mun
ity-
base
d an
d/or
ow
ner
self-
build
hou
sing
and
se
ttle
men
t re
cons
truc
tion
, if
appr
opriat
e.
Act
ion
PU
BLI
C S
ER
VIC
ES
EM
PO
WER
MEN
T
Ph
ase
AN
NEX
1 S
um
mar
y -
Inte
gra
tin
g G
end
er-S
ensi
tive
DR
M in
to C
DD
Pro
gra
ms
Pre
ven
tion
, M
itig
atio
n
and
Pre
par
edn
ess
Pre
ven
tion
, M
itig
atio
n
and
Pre
par
edn
ess
Res
pon
se a
nd
Rec
ove
ry
Res
pon
se a
nd
Rec
ove
ry
• In
volv
e m
en a
nd w
omen
fro
m d
iver
se g
roup
s ac
tive
ly i
n th
e se
lect
ion,
des
ign,
con
stru
ctio
n, a
nd m
aint
enan
ce o
f risk
mitig
a-tion
wor
ks.
• Req
uire
tha
t so
me
sub-
proj
ects
iden
tifie
d as
prior
itie
s by
wom
-en
be
supp
orte
d, a
long
side
tho
se o
f m
en.
• Tr
ain
wom
en,
as w
ell
as m
en,
in h
azar
d-re
silie
nt c
onst
ruct
ion
and
envi
ronm
enta
l m
anag
emen
t te
chni
ques
ac
coun
ting
fo
r th
eir
diff
eren
t tim
e co
nstr
aint
s, w
orkl
oads
, ed
ucat
ion
leve
ls a
nd
pref
eren
ces.
• Ass
ess
the
gend
er-s
ensi
tivi
ty o
f pr
opos
ed c
hang
es t
o, o
r de
vel-
opm
ent
of la
nd u
se p
lans
, en
viro
nmen
tal l
egis
lation
and
bui
ld-
ing
code
s.
• Ta
ke g
ende
r risk
pro
files
int
o ac
coun
t in
DRM
act
ivity
desi
gn,
e.g.
the
hig
h-risk
nat
ure
of s
ome
resc
ue m
etho
ds a
nd s
afer
al-
tern
ativ
es, m
ay n
eed
to b
e em
phas
ized
with
men
, w
hile
wom
en
may
nee
d gu
idan
ce o
n sa
fe e
vacu
atio
n of
dis
able
d/ o
lder
fam
ily
mem
bers
.•
Ensu
re d
esig
n/te
stin
g of
ear
ly w
arni
ng s
yste
ms
incl
udes
bot
h m
en a
nd w
omen
fro
m a
ll pa
rts
of c
omm
unity
to a
ccur
atel
y de
term
ine
info
rmat
ion
diss
emin
atio
n/ t
imin
g/m
obili
ty s
uppo
rt
need
s.•
Put in
pla
ce tar
gets
/quo
tas
for ba
lanc
ed rep
rese
ntat
ion
of w
om-
en a
nd m
en f
rom
div
erse
gro
ups
in d
isas
ter
resp
onse
tea
ms
and
DRM
dec
isio
n-m
akin
g bo
dies
/com
mitte
es.
• En
sure
the
equ
itab
le p
artici
pation
of
men
and
wom
en f
rom
di-
vers
e gr
oups
in t
hese
act
ivitie
s (d
escr
ibed
und
er L
ivel
ihoo
ds).
• Te
mpo
rarily
re
depl
oy
gend
er-
and
dive
rsity-
bala
nced
te
am
com
mun
ity
faci
litat
ors/
cons
ulta
nts
to
supp
ort
post
-dis
aste
r ne
eds
asse
ssm
ent
and
reco
very
pro
gram
min
g.•
Act
ivel
y pr
omot
e th
e pa
rtic
ipat
ion
of l
ocal
par
tner
s w
ith
ex-
perien
ce i
n w
orki
ng w
ith
wom
en/v
ulne
rabl
e an
d m
argi
naliz
ed
grou
ps.
• Pu
t in
pla
ce t
arge
ts/q
uota
s fo
r ge
nder
- an
d di
vers
ity-
bala
nced
pa
rtic
ipat
ion
in r
elie
f an
d re
cove
ry d
ecis
ion-
mak
ing
bodi
es.
• Id
entify
opp
ortu
nities
to
impr
ove
gend
er e
qual
ity
whe
n re
build
-in
g lo
cal g
over
nmen
t.
• Sup
port
ha
zard
-pro
ofing
/ret
rofit
ting
of
ke
y ‘li
felin
e’ fa
cilit
ies
(e.g
. ac
cess
roa
ds,
hosp
ital
s, s
choo
ls,
etc)
and
key
pub
lic a
s-se
ts (
e.g.
lan
d te
nure
rec
ords
) fr
om d
isas
ter/
clim
ate
chan
ge
impa
cts.
• Pr
ovid
e te
chni
cal/
finan
cial
ass
ista
nce
for
cons
truc
tion
of
haz-
ard-
resi
lient
inf
rast
ruct
ure;
avo
id c
onst
ruct
ion
of k
ey f
acili
ties
in
haz
ardo
us lo
cation
s, s
uch
as fl
oodp
lain
s.•
Str
engt
hen
loca
l cap
acity
in h
azar
d-re
silie
nt c
onst
ruct
ion.
•
Sup
port
act
ivitie
s to
lim
it t
he im
pact
of na
tura
l haz
ards
and
en-
viro
nmen
tal d
egra
dation
, e.
g. s
lope
sta
biliz
atio
n; r
efor
esta
tion
; se
awal
l/dy
ke c
onst
ruct
ion;
wat
er a
nd s
oil c
onse
rvat
ion;
etc
.•
Sup
port
co
mpl
emen
tary
ac
tivi
ties
to
ph
ysic
al
infr
astr
uctu
re
cons
truc
tion
, e.
g. p
ublic
hea
lth,
adu
lt e
duca
tion
, et
c.•
Adv
ocat
e an
d pr
ovid
e te
chni
cal
assi
stan
ce t
o go
vern
men
t to
de
velo
p/ i
mpl
emen
t la
nd u
se z
onin
g/pl
anni
ng,
envi
ronm
enta
l le
gisl
atio
n, a
nd h
azar
d-re
sist
ant
build
ing
code
s.
• Pr
ovid
e te
chni
cal a
nd fi
nanc
ial a
ssis
tanc
e to
loca
l gov
ernm
ents
an
d co
mm
unitie
s to
des
ign
and
impl
emen
t D
RM
and
CCA p
lans
an
d m
echa
nism
s.
• Cre
ate
oppo
rtun
itie
s fo
r th
e po
or a
nd v
ulne
rabl
e to
dev
elop
po-
litic
al c
apital
to
dem
and
acce
ss t
o D
RM
and
CCA i
nstr
umen
ts,
e.g.
thr
ough
pub
lic e
duca
tion
, CBD
RM
act
ivitie
s, p
artici
pation
in
loca
l dis
aste
r risk
man
agem
ent
bodi
es,
etc.
• Bui
ld c
apac
itie
s of
loc
al i
nstitu
tion
s to
coo
rdin
ate
effe
ctiv
ely
with
the
nation
al g
over
nmen
t to
mitig
ate
risk
s an
d fa
cilit
ate
coor
dina
ted
disa
ster
res
pons
e du
ring
tim
es o
f em
erge
ncy.
• Con
trib
ute
to r
esto
ration
of
publ
ic g
oods
and
ser
vice
s, w
ith
at-
tent
ion
to d
isas
ter
risk
red
uction
mea
sure
s.
• Pr
ovid
e te
chni
cal s
uppo
rt a
nd c
omm
unity
data
to
loca
l and
na-
tion
al g
over
nmen
ts t
o de
velo
p fr
amew
orks
for
pos
t-di
sast
er
entitlem
ents
/ass
ista
nce
and
shel
ter/
hou
sing
pol
icie
s th
at m
eet
the
need
s of
all
vuln
erab
le g
roup
s in
the
affec
ted
popu
lation
. •
Use
est
ablis
hed
com
mun
ity
deci
sion
-mak
ing
mec
hani
sms
and
inst
itut
ions
to
part
icip
ate
in d
eliv
ery
of r
elie
f/re
cove
ry a
ssis
-ta
nce,
i.e
. to
avo
id b
ypas
sing
loc
al g
roup
s/in
stitut
ions
in
the
urge
ncy
to r
espo
nd a
nd h
arne
ss w
ell-
test
ed p
artici
pato
ry c
om-
mun
ity
enga
gem
ent
and
mon
itor
ing
met
hodo
logi
es.
• Con
trib
ute
to r
esto
ration
of lo
cal g
over
nmen
t ca
paci
ty.
Act
ion
Pro
ject
cyc
leP
hase
AN
NEX
2 C
DD
Pro
ject
Cyc
le E
ntr
y P
oin
ts f
or
Gen
der
-Sen
siti
ve D
RM
Soci
al P
rep
arat
ion
Pro
ject
Id
enti
fica
tion
, S
elec
tion
an
d P
lan
nin
g
Imp
lem
enta
tion
Mon
itori
ng
an
d
Eva
luat
ion
• Soc
ial I
nves
tiga-
tion
and
Ass
ess-
men
t•
Part
icip
ator
y Situ
a-tio
n Ana
lysi
s•
Soc
ial M
obili
zatio
n an
d Com
mun
ity
Org
aniz
ing
• Com
mun
ity O
rien
-ta
tion/
Com
mun
i-ca
tion
Act
iviti
es
• Set
ting
Sub
-Pr
ojec
t Sel
ectio
n Crite
ria/
Proc
ess
• Pr
opos
al D
evel
op-
men
t
• Sub
-pro
ject
Im
ple-
men
tatio
n M
an-
agem
ent
• Pa
rtic
ipat
ory
M&
E
• Pa
rtic
ipat
ory
Com
mun
ity H
azar
d M
appi
ng
• Vu
lner
abili
ty
and
Cap
acity
Ass
essm
ent
• H
azar
d/ C
limat
e Ris
k Sce
nario
Dev
elop
men
t•
Educ
atio
n/
Adv
ocac
y on
DRM
/CCA
• In
clus
ion
of D
RM
/CCA in
Sub
-pro
ject
M
enu
• D
esig
n an
d App
rova
l of Sub
-Pr
ojec
ts
• Cap
acity
Bui
ldin
g an
d Tr
aini
ng•
Com
mun
ity
Man
aged
Im
plem
enta
tion
• D
esig
n an
d im
ple-
men
tatio
n of
DRM
an
d CCA p
erfo
r-m
ance
indi
cato
rs
• Fu
lly c
onsu
lt m
en a
nd w
omen
, bot
h se
para
tely
and
tog
ethe
r, in
the
dev
elop
men
t of
com
mun
ity
leve
l haz
ard
map
s an
d vu
lner
abili
ty a
nd c
apac
ity
profi
les.
• Ta
ke g
ende
r di
ffer
ence
s in
liter
acy,
mob
ility
and
acc
ess
to p
ublic
ven
ues,
pro
-du
ctiv
e/do
mes
tic
labo
r sc
hedu
les
and
pref
eren
ces
into
acc
ount
in d
esig
n of
par
-tici
pato
ry p
lann
ing/
cons
ulta
tion
/soc
ial m
obili
zation
act
ivitie
s.•
Con
duct
a s
elf-
stan
ding
gen
der
anal
ysis
: Id
entify
wom
en’s
and
men
’s p
rodu
c-tive
/fam
ily c
are
role
s an
d ac
cess
to/
cont
rol ov
er r
esou
rces
and
ben
efits
withi
n pa
rtic
ipat
ing
hous
ehol
ds a
nd c
omm
unitie
s an
d ho
w the
se i
nflue
nce
risk
, vul
ner-
abili
ty a
nd t
he a
bilit
y to
par
tici
pate
in p
roje
ct d
ecis
ion-
mak
ing
and
bene
fits.
• Ex
plor
e st
ruct
ures
bey
ond
the
com
mun
ity
that
aff
ect
gend
er e
qual
ity
and
how
th
ey m
ay b
e in
fluen
ced
by t
he p
roje
ct.
• Pr
omot
e eq
ual pa
rtic
ipat
ion
of w
omen
in
deci
sion
-mak
ing
at a
ll le
vels
: se
t ta
r-ge
ts/q
uota
s fo
r ba
lanc
ed m
ale/
fem
ale
repr
esen
tation
on
DRM
-rel
ated
tea
ms
and
bodi
es a
nd f
or c
omm
unity
faci
litat
ors/
cons
ulta
nts.
• Tr
ain
and
coac
h/m
ento
r w
omen
to
build
con
fiden
ce a
nd b
e ab
le t
o fu
lly p
artici
-pa
te in
the
se b
odie
s.
• Bui
ld g
ende
r aw
aren
ess
amon
g pr
ojec
t st
aff/
part
ners
; pr
ovid
e ge
nder
ana
lysi
s tr
aini
ng t
o st
aff
at a
ll le
vels
.•
Wor
k w
ith
and
stre
ngth
en e
xist
ing
loca
l or
gani
zation
s th
at r
epre
sent
wom
en
and
dive
rse
grou
ps in
ord
er to
enco
urag
e br
oad
com
mun
ity
part
icip
atio
n in
DRM
an
d CCA.
• D
evel
op a
dis
aste
r pr
epar
edne
ss p
lan
for
the
proj
ect
that
spe
cifie
s ex
pedi
ted
deci
sion
-mak
ing,
com
mun
ity
faci
litat
ion,
pro
cure
men
t, fi
nanc
ial ad
min
istr
atio
n an
d ot
her
proc
edur
es.
• D
esig
n co
mm
unic
atio
n st
rate
gies
to
resp
ond
to m
en’s
/wom
en’s
diff
eren
t w
ork-
load
s, tim
ing
cons
trai
nts,
ed
ucat
iona
l le
vels
an
d pr
efer
red/
mos
t ac
cess
ible
m
etho
ds o
f co
mm
unic
atio
n.•
Inco
rpor
ate
gend
er e
qual
ity
cons
ider
atio
ns i
nto
all
DRM
and
CCA c
omm
unic
a-tion
s ev
ents
and
mat
eria
ls (
e.g.
orien
tation
vid
eos,
bro
chur
es,
thea
tre
play
s,
soci
al m
edia
, et
c).
• D
evel
op c
hapt
er o
n D
RM
and
CCA in
oper
atio
ns m
anua
l an
d sp
ecify
how
DRM
an
d CCA g
ende
r co
nsid
erat
ions
will
be
addr
esse
d w
ithi
n it.
• Req
uire
gen
der-
diff
eren
tiat
ed d
isas
ter
and
clim
ate
chan
ge r
isk
anal
ysis
for
al
l su
b-pr
ojec
ts a
nd r
equi
re t
hat
som
e su
b-pr
ojec
ts i
dent
ified
as
wom
en b
y su
ppor
ted,
alo
ngsi
de t
hose
of
men
.•
Prov
ide
gend
er e
xper
tise
to
supp
ort de
velo
pmen
t an
d ap
prai
sal o
f DRM
and
CCA
sub-
proj
ects
.
• En
sure
tha
t w
omen
’s a
nd m
en’s
par
ticul
ar n
eeds
are
add
ress
ed e
qual
ly in
DRM
/CCA in
itiat
ives
.•
Des
ign
capa
city
de
velo
pmen
t st
rate
gies
to
re
spon
d to
m
en’s
an
d w
omen
’s
differ
ent w
orkl
oads
, tim
ing
cons
trai
nts,
edu
catio
nal l
evel
s an
d pr
efer
red/
acce
ssib
le
com
mun
icat
ion
met
hods
.•
Inco
rpor
ate
gend
er e
qual
ity c
onsi
dera
tions
into
all
DRM
and
CCA tr
aini
ng m
ater
ials
.
• D
evel
op
gend
er-s
ensi
tive
ou
tcom
e in
dica
tors
an
d in
clud
e th
em
in
resu
lts
fram
ewor
k.•
Dis
aggr
egat
e da
ta a
nd a
naly
sis
by g
ende
r an
d ag
e in
pro
ject
rep
orting
and
ev
alua
tion
s.
En
try
Po
int
Act
ion
G U I D A N C E N O T E S o n G E N D E R a n dD i s a s t e r R i s k M a n a g e m e n t 6
THE WORLD BANK
©2012 The World Bank
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
The World Bank Group 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433, USA
October 2012
CONTACTS
Helene Carlsson Rex, Senior Social Development Specialist ([email protected])Zoe Trohanis, Senior Infrastructure Specialist ([email protected])East Asia and Pacific Disaster Risk Management Team ([email protected]) East Asia and the Pacific Region (www.worldbank.org/eap)
Disclaimer: This report is a product of the staff of the World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent, or those of the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID).
Acknowledgement: The team wishes to acknowledge the generous support from the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) provided through the World Bank East Asia and Pacific Infrastructure for Growth Trust Fund (EAAIG) which enabled the technical work to take place.