gender and sexual orientation
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11. Gender and Sexual Orientation. Gender and Sexual Orientation. Gender and Sexual Orientation. Definitions Sex – biological category based on genitals Gender – psychological experience based on one’s sex Gender identity – subjective view of being male or female - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 1
Gender and Sexual Orientation
11
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 2
• Definitions
– Sex – biological category based on genitals– Gender – psychological experience based on
one’s sex– Gender identity – subjective view of being
male or female– Gender role – masculine or feminine behaviors
defined by one’s culture– Sexuality – behaviors to obtain sexual pleasure– Sexual orientation – sexual partner preference
Gender and Sexual Orientation
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 3
Gender Identity and Gender Roles
• Gender identity– Develops in infancy; learned from expectations
• Gender roles – Expectations of culture; feminine and
masculine behaviors and characteristics– Androgynous – a person possessing both
traditional feminine and masculine traits• Those with positive traits – well adapted
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 4
Gender: Similarities and Differences• Different does not mean inferior• Average differences:
– Only women give birth– Women perform better:
• Language skills• Verbal memory• Perceptual speed• Fine motor skills• Reading skills• Spatial memory
Gender and Sexual Orientation
– Men are stronger– Men perform better:
• Mathematics• Science• Social studies• Computer science• Electronics• Automotive
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Slide 5
Gender: Similarities and Differences
• Differences between male and female much smaller than differences within each gender group– Women receive higher school grades in math
courses at all grade levels – suggesting women are better prepared for careers in scientific and technological fields
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 6
Gender Differences
• Emotional and social behavior– Differences tend to be larger than differences in
cognitive performance– Women are more likely than men to be
• Nurturing• Friendly, helpful• Open, trusting• Cooperative
Gender and Sexual Orientation
• Able to hide emotions• Anxious and depressed• Have low self-esteem
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Slide 7
Gender Differences• Emotional and social behavior
– Men are more likely than women to • Be competitive • Be dominant • Be assertive • Engage in risky behaviors• Use physical aggression• Commit more types of crimes
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 8
Gender differences in Mating and Sexual Behavior
• Men – Think about, want sex more often than women– Prefer a younger mate, physically attractive,
with good housekeeping skills– On average, sexually jealous and controlling;
threatened more by sexual infidelity– Comfortable with oneself having casual sex
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 9
Gender differences in Mating and Sexual Behavior
• Women – Prefer an older mate– Prefer mate with high earning potential– Prefer partner of good character– Be threatened by emotional infidelity– Restrict sex to potential long-term partners
• How do women find men of good character?
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 10
Origins of Gender Differences• Differences in brain
– Related to reproduction– Male cerebral cortex 10% larger– Right hemisphere larger than left in adult men– Larger corpus callosum in women; greater
integration of hemispheres– Subcortical area of brain grows more rapidly
and larger in adult men• Biological differences exist but behavior
differences also learned
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 11
Evolutionary Psychology and Gender Differences
• Based on Darwin’s ideas – evolutionary pressure to reproduce– Evolutionary pressures associated with
• Hunting• Selection of dominance, aggression• Created by child care• Gender differences in parental investment• Mate selection
• Critiques of theory
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 12
Social Role Theory: Gender Differences
• Gender differences created by– Society’s division of labor– Social roles created for men and women
• Opportunities• Challenges • Learning experiences • Restrictions
• Critique of social role theory
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 13
Development of Gender Identity and Roles
• By age 2 to 3, child knows self as boy/girl– Differences noticed in their play, toy selection
• At age 7, concrete operational stage reached– Children have stable concept of what it means
to be boys and girls–
• Recognition of differences based on superficial physical features
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 14
Theories of Gender Identity• Psychoanalytic theory
– Same sex identification occurred to win approval of both parents, avoid rejection
– Cannot explain single-parent family occurrence
• Social learning theory– Learned through observation, imitation,
reinforcement and punishment– Parent reinforce identity consistent with
biological sex classification
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 15
Sexual Orientation• Heterosexual preferences • Homosexual orientation or preferences
– Men: gay and Women: lesbian – Women – more likely to identify as homosexual
and return to heterosexual identity• Bisexuality – likes same-sex and opposite
sex partners• Many myths/stereotypes on homosexuality,
bisexuality used to justify discrimination
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 16
2
Since puberty Since 18 Last year
Percent
Females
4
6
8
10
0
Males
Percentage of U.S. persons having a sexual experience with a person of the same sex
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Slide 17
Stigmatization, Stress, and Sexual Orientation
• Strong stigmatization still exists– Gays/lesbians still not comfortable being open– Gays at greater risk of HIV/AIDS– Gay/lesbian teens at greater risk for depression,
suicide, and substance abuse
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 18
Origins of Sexual Orientation
• Do some learn homosexuality?– Sambian people of New Guinea– Social learning plays role in combination with
biological predisposition to homosexuality• Verified by identical twin studies• Prenatal –atypical levels of sex hormones• Gay males more likely to be later-born males• Homosexual brain – real structure difference
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 19
Human Diversity
• Gay and lesbians in the military– Controversy over lifting of ban on service– Government policy denied security clearance
• Herek research – gays/lesbians are security risks and unfit for military service
– History of discrimination in military• African Americans• Females in combat
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 20
Biological and Psychological Aspects of Sexuality
• Sexuality – depicted in art in earliest civilizations– Ellis studied social, cultural influences shaping
sexual behavior; first to study homosexuality• Both sexes have similar sexual desires• Anxiety, depression can affect physical sexual
functioning– Kinsey did large surveys on types of sexuality– Masters and Johnson observed sexual responses
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 21
Sexual Anatomy and Functioning• Females
– Uterus– Fallopian tubes– Cervix– Vulva – Mons– Labia majora – Labia minora– Clitorus – Last 3 play critical role in
sexual response
Gender and Sexual Orientation
• Males– Testes– Epididymis– Vas deferens– Semen– Prostate gland– Seminal vesicle– Penis– Scrotum– Testes affected by,
respond to temperature
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Slide 22
The Sexual Response Cycle
• Predictable biological response; many similarities and differences between cycles of men and women
• Masters and Johnson – four stages– Excitement phase– Plateau stage– Orgasmic phase– Resolution phase
• Refractory period – male is unresponsive
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 23
Sexual Motivation
• Primary motive – survival of the species• Similarities to other primary motives
– Hypothalamic control– Role of external stimuli (incentives)
• Coolidge effect – urge to repeat intercourse– Role of learning (pleasure giving learned)– Role of emotions (sexual passion, anxieties,
and romantic love)
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 24
Differences
• Between sex and other primary motives– Survival value (for species, not individual)– Increases and decreases in arousal– Role of deprivation (arousal almost anytime,
do not need it until one has it)– Decreases in energy
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 25
Hormones and Sexual Behavior• Animals – females in heat, males have
rutting seasons for mating• Humans - females
• Greater sexual interest when ovulating• During ovualtion: find healthy male’s scent,
masculine face, and social dominance more sexually attractive
• Body chemicals detected in nursing moms increased sexual desire of other women
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 26
Patterns of Sexual Behavior• University of Chicago large-scale survey
– Majority over 18 not promiscuous in a year (few of both sexes had multiple partners)
– Marrieds: majority had sex with only spouse– Average American over lifetime – faithful in
relationship called serial monogamy– Most adults have sex less than once a week– Vaginal intercourse preferred but not only one
(oral sex ranks high in preference)
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 27
Number of sex partners for men and women
21+2-4 5+ 01
20
1 2-4 5-9 10-20
Number of sex partners (since age 18)
Number of sex partners (last 12 months)
0
40
60
80
0
20
40
60
Percent
0
80
Percent
FemalesMales
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Slide 28
4+ times a week
Frequency of sex with a partner
Few times a year
Few times a month
2-3 times a week
Not at all
10
20
30
Perc
ent
0
40
FemalesMales
Frequency of sex with a partner over the last year
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Slide 29
Patterns of Sexual Behavior• University of Chicago large-scale survey
– Very few prefer anal sex– Hispanic men and women reported somewhat
higher frequencies of sex– African American males first sex at age 15½
(other groups: first intercourse at 17 years)– Happy sex life is in committed relationships;
sex more frequent than for unhappy persons• Avoid trap of normal or average rating
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 30
Atypical and Abnormal Sexual Behavior
• Atypical, abnormal pattern – if seen as such by those engaging in the behaviors– Transvestism: dress in clothes of opposite sex– Transexualism: feeling trapped in wrong body
• Sex-change operations like Reneé Richards – Fetishism: aroused by inanimate objects
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 31
Atypical and Abnormal Sexual Behavior
– Sexual sadism: sexual pleasure when giving pain to others
– Masochism: receiving pain gives sexual pleasure
– Voyeurism: sexual pleasure from undecteted watching others undressing, in sexual activities
– Exhibitionism: sexual pleasure from exposing genitals to others – most are heterosexual males
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 32
Forced Sexual Behavior• Deviant sexual behavior
– Rape – forced sexual act, majority raped are women (1 raped every 6 minutes in U.S.) • Most by someone they knew well• Similar patterns across age, ethnic groups,
places of residence, levels of education, and marital groups
– Rape trauma syndrome: serious psychological effects; society blames victims, promotes myths
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 33
Facts– Nothing implied; rapists
distort perceptions to fit their beliefs
– Women rarely report false rape; it’s traumatic
– Rapes are brutal and violent; resistance may worsen event
– No victim asks for it; rapists responsible for own action
Gender and Sexual Orientation
Myths– Going to man’s place
on first date implies wanting sex
– Women report false rapes for attention
– Healthy woman can resist rapist
– Women going braless or wearing short skirts are asking for trouble
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Slide 34
Sexual Abuse of Children• Many sexually assaulted and exploited
– Incest: sexual contact between family members– Child rape: use or threat of force– Child molestation: no use or threat of force,
typically most are heterosexual males with young girl victims
– Pedophilia: sexual pleasure from primarily from contact with children
– Most rapists, molesters known to child and have violated hundreds before being caught
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 35
Sexual Harassment
Definition– Unwanted sexual advances – Requests for sexual favors– Unwanted touching– Sexually suggestive words– Any form of coercive
sexual behavior by others• Leering looks causing
discomfort
Gender and Sexual Orientation
– Men are victims, too (but less common)
– Occurs anywhere, based on power differences
– Psychological effects can cause harm
– Hill-Thomas case– Laws and policies
exist to protect
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Slide 36
Sexual Dysfunction
• Problems that interfere – Sexual dysfunctions – disturbances in any
phase of sexual response cycle• Classified according to phase disrupted• Dysfunctions of sexual desire
– Inhibited: infrequent/no desire– Sexual aversion disorder: fearful, avoids
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 37
Sexual Dysfunction
– Dysfunction of sexual arousal• Female sexual arousal disorder: dry vagina,
lack of excitement– Vaginismus: too narrow for sex comfort– Dyspaeunia: pain during intercourse
• Male sexual arousal disorder– Erectile dysfunction: impotence
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 38
Sexual Dysfunction
– Orgasm dysfunctions• Inhibited female orgasm: sexual
stimulation and arousal fail• Premature ejaculation• Retarded ejaculation: orgasm is rare
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 39
Health Problems• Sexually transmitted
diseases (STDs)– Syphilis: caused by bacterium
• 3 stages of infection– Gonorrhea: bacterial infection– Chlamydia: organisms invade
several types of body cells– Pubic lice or crabs
Gender and Sexual Orientation
• Cancers– Breast– Cervix– Uterus– Ovaries– Prostate– Testes
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Slide 40
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)– Genital herpes: type 1 and type 2– Genital warts: human papilloma virus– Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
(AIDS) caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)• HIV transmitted through blood, semen and
vaginal fluids, breast milk• Current stats show worldwide pandemic –
highest rates in Africa, Asia, S. America
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 41Homosexual sexInject drugsHomosexual sex and inject drugs
Blood recipient Heterosexual sexOther
6.6%
59.4%21.2%
7.6%
1.8%3.4%
WomenMen
3.8%
13.4%
44.8%37.9%
Cases of AIDS and acquisition
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Slide 42
AIDS Facts and Prevention
• Overall, men more likely to get infected• Women infected most by heterosexual sex• Other risks with infected person
– Sharing drug needles– Homosexual, oral, anal sex
• There are ways to lower risks of infection
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 43HIV/AIDS virus is found in blood,
semen, and vaginal fluids
Yellow light activities with some risk• Vaginal and anal intercourse with condom• Oral sex with condom• Oral sex without condom, stopping before orgasm
Green light: little or no risk• Hugging, holding hands• Body rubbing, massage, touching• Mutual masturbation, no contact of fluids on cuts
Red light activities with very high risk• Vaginal and anal intercourse without condom• Oral sex to orgasm• Sharing sex toys and devices
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Slide 44
Application of Psychology• Date rape
– Most victims are female with males offenders– Common on college campuses: about 1/3 of
all women estimated to have experienced it– Many begin with miscommunication: female
friendliness mistaken for sexual advances due to differing beliefs and attitudes about sex
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 45
Application of Psychology• Date rape
– Perpetrator: usually well-liked, did not stop sexual advances or became angry at rejection
– Alcohol plays a part: • Lowers inhibitions • Often increases sexual interest• Affects choices made; allows avoiding of
personal responsibility
Gender and Sexual Orientation
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Slide 46
Guidelines• For women
– Communicate your wished clearly and early
– Alcohol mixed with sex is dangerous
– Even nice guys can commit rape
– If at risk of being raped, get help
Gender and Sexual Orientation
• For men– It is rape when she
says no– If it is not clear that
she consented, she has not consented
– If she is drunk or high, she cannot consent
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Slide 47
The End
11Gender and Sexual Orientation