Gender Differences among Hunter-Gatherers

Sexual division of labor, but complementary roles

Mother-goddess figures

Analyzing Secondary Sources

• Argument (main idea)• Interpretation (what the historian says the

evidence means)• Evidence– Specific– “Factual”, something that can be verified– Supports interpretation– Source is identified (cited)

Neolithic Revolution

I. Causes & Effects of Neolithic RevolutionII. Locations & SpreadIII. Consequences of Agriculture

IDs: Göbekli Tepe, pastoralism, Catal Huyuk, Fertile Crescent

Lecture Argument

The most important effects of the Neolithic Revolution were greater surpluses of food, population growth, settlement in villages, and more patriarchy.

I. Causes & Effects of Neolithic Revolution (circa 7000 BCE)

A. Definition of Neolithic Revolution or Agricultural Rev. (first of many)

1. invention of agriculture2. domestication of animals

B. Causes

1. Food shortage for hunter-gatherers

2. Climate change with end of Ice Age (c. 8000 BCE)

3. Observation & experimentationPlants – womenAnimals – men

4. Religion?Göbekli Tepe (Turkey): 10,000 BCE

Göbekli Tepe (red)

C. Effects

1. Population Increase

2. Settlement in villages

3. Other inventions

• Houses• bread• beer• ovens• pottery• textiles???• wheel• plow

4. Two new lifestyles (economic forms)

Agricultural (farming, villages)Pastoral

Pastoralism – Steppe

HerdingHorsesNomadic

II. Locations & SpreadA. Neolithic Rev. happened at different times in different places

Strong Maybes

• South America 6000 BCE

• Africa (Sahel) 2000 BCE

B. Neolithic Rev. spread outward from initial location

• Southwest Asia

• Fertile Crescent (green)

• Zagros Mountains (red)

III. Consequences of Agriculture

A. surplus of food population growth & part-time specialization

2. More work

3. Villages

Göbekli Tepe (red)Catal Huyuk

(purple)Anatolia (Asia

Minor)

4. Land OwnershipCatal Huyuk

5. Growth of Patriarchy

• Plowing• Men control animals, food surplus, and land• Women’s work undervalued

6. New stage in Human Development

Hunter-gathererAgriculture / Pastoralism

Next: Cities (civilization)

Lecture Argument

The most important effects of the Neolithic Revolution were greater surpluses of food, population growth, settlement in villages and more patriarchy.