gender differences in other countries
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Gender Differences in Other Countries. Gender Differences in Other Countries. Measures which shed light on the differences Women’s LFPR Degree of Occupational Segregation by sex Female-male earning ratios Women’s educational attainment Fertility rate. Gender Differences in Other Countries. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Gender Differences in Other Countries
Gender Differences in Other Countries
Measures which shed light on the differences
Women’s LFPRDegree of Occupational Segregation by sexFemale-male earning ratiosWomen’s educational attainmentFertility rate
Gender Differences in Other Countries
Measures which shed light on the differences (continuation)
The allocation of houseworkWomen’s role in the governmentWomen’s standing before the Law
1990 1995to 1997Women Men Women Men
Africa 59.08 86.12 58.94 84.88
Latin America/Caribbean 41.48 79.61 46.16 78.26
Asia 47.37 81.47 47.71 80.35
Developed regions 52.12 73.19 51.33 70.16
Labor Force Participation Rate
There appears to be a marked difference on the LFPR of women according to the wealth of the Nation
In a work by Kristin Mammen and Christina Paxson (Journal of Economic Perspective Vol. 14, No. 4, Fall 2000 pp. 141-164) they show that LFPR decreases up to about $2,500 per capita GDP and then Increases
Kristin Mammen and Christina Paxson
1990 1995to 1997AFRICA Women Men Women Men
Algeria 19 76 24 76Angola 74 90 73 90Benin 76 85 75 84Botswana 66 84 46 60Burkina Faso 78 91 77 90Burundi 83 93 83 93Cameroon 47 87 48 86Cape Verde 43 88 45 88Central African Rep. 70 89 69 87Chad 66 89 67 88Comoros 63 86 63 86Congo 58 84 58 83Côte d'Ivoire 43 89 44 88
Dem. Rep. of the Congo 62 85 62 85Egypt 27 73 22 73Equatorial Guinea 45 90 46 89Eritrea 76 87 75 87Ethiopia 58 86 58 86
LFPR for Females in Different Countries:
1990 1995to 1997AFRICA Women Men Women Men
Gabon 63 84 63 84Gambia 69 91 70 90Ghana 82 82 81 83Guinea 79 88 78 87Guinea-Bissau 57 92 57 91Kenya 75 90 74 89Lesotho 46 86 47 85Liberia 54 85 54 84
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 21 81 23 78Madagascar 70 90 69 89Malawi 80 88 79 87Mali 73 90 72 90Mauritania 65 87 64 87Mauritius 35 81 39 80Morocco 39 80 40 79Mozambique 84 92 83 91
LFPR for Females in Different Countries:
1990 1995to 1997AFRICA Women Men Women Men
Namibia 54 82 54 81Niger 70 94 70 93Nigeria 47 88 48 87Reunion 45 67 47 68Rwanda 84 94 85 87Senegal 61 86 61 86Sierra Leone 42 85 44 84Somalia 64 88 64 87South Africa 46 80 46 79Sudan 31 87 33 86Swaziland 40 80 41 80Togo 53 88 53 87Tunisia 33 80 35 79Uganda 81 92 81 91United Rep. of Tanzania 83 89 83 89Zambia 66 87 66 86Zimbabwe 67 86 67 86
LFPR for Females in Different Countries:
1990 1995to 1997Latin America/Caribbean Women Men Women MenArgentina 29 79 41 76Bahamas 65 81 67 81Barbados 60 76 62 73Belize 24 86 34 79Bolivia 46 84 56 74Brazil 44 85 51 82Chile 32 75 35 75Colombia 46 80 52 78Costa Rica 33 83 36 81Cuba 42 75 47 77Dominican Republic 34 86 38 86Ecuador 28 85 49 81El Salvador 51 80 41 79Guadeloupe 53 71 55 72Guatemala 28 90 32 88Guyana 37 84 40 85
LFPR for Females in Different Countries:
1990 1995to 1997Latin America/Caribbean Women Men Women MenHaiti 58 82 57 82Honduras 34 87 41 88Jamaica 62 77 69 81Martinique 55 69 57 70Mexico 34 84 39 84Netherlands Antilles 51 74 52 68Nicaragua 40 87 44 86Panama 39 79 43 80Paraguay 51 83 35 87Peru 29 80 55 78Puerto Rico 31 61 35 62Suriname 30 74 33 64Trinidad and Tobago 38 74 47 74Uruguay 44 75 47 74Venezuela 38 82 41 81
LFPR for Females in Different Countries:
Asia Women Men Women Men
Afghanistan 46 86 48 86 34Armenia 63 76 62 74 48Azerbaijan 52 75 53 74 44Bahrain 29 88 31 87 19Bangladesh 66 88 56 89 38Bhutan 58 91 58 90 39Brunei Darussalam 45 82 48 82 34Cambodia 82 84 76 82 53China 74 86 74 86 45 Hong Kong SAR 47 79 48 76 39 Macao SAR 53 84 55 79 44Cyprus 48 81 49 80 38Dem. People's Rep.of Korea 61 79 62 82 44East Timor 76 89 76 89 44Georgia 56 75 55 73 46India 40 86 41 86 31
LFPR for Females in Different Countries:
1990 1995to 1997Asia Women Men Women MenIndonesia 50 83 53 82Iran (Islamic Rep. of) 21 81 25 79Iraq 15 75 17 75Israel 41 62 46 62Jordan 17 76 22 76Kazakstan 61 78 60 76Kuwait 38 85 39 79Kyrgyzstan 59 74 60 74Lao People's Dem. Rep. 74 90 75 89Lebanon 24 74 27 76Malaysia 45 82 47 81Maldives 66 84 65 83Mongolia 72 85 73 84Myanmar 66 89 66 88Nepal 56 88 57 86Occupied Palestinian Territory 6 66 8 68
LFPR for Females in Different Countries:
1990 1995to 1997Asia Women Men Women MenOman 13 82 16 79Pakistan 29 85 13 82Philippines 48 82 49 82Qatar 34 94 35 92
Republic of Korea 47 74 50 76Saudi Arabia 15 85 18 82Singapore 51 80 51 78Sri Lanka 40 79 41 78Syrian Arab Republic 24 78 26 78Tajikistan 52 74 55 74Thailand 76 88 67 82Turkey 34 80 28 74Turkmenistan 59 78 61 78United Arab Emirates 29 91 31 89Uzbekistan 59 75 61 74Viet Nam 76 85 75 84Yemen 28 81 29 82
LFPR for Females in Different Countries:
1990 1995to 1997
Developed regions Women Men Women Men
Albania 58 83 59 83Australia 52 75 53 72Austria 43 69 46 67Belarus 61 76 59 74Belgium 37 61 41 61Bosnia and Herzegovina 43 76 44 75Bulgaria 60 68 58 66Canada 59 76 57 73Croatia 48 71 48 69Czech Republic 61 74 52 71Denmark 62 75 59 72Estonia 64 77 53 69Finland 64 74 62 71France 46 64 47 62
LFPR for Females in Different Countries:
1990 1995to 1997
Developed regions Women Men Women MenGermany 44 70 47 68Greece 35 66 36 63Hungary 48 68 43 60Iceland 66 82 68 80Ireland 36 69 42 68Italy 36 64 35 61Japan 50 77 50 78Latvia 63 77 52 69Lithuania 60 75 54 70Luxembourg 34 68 38 65Malta 23 73 25 72Netherlands 53 80 51 72New Zealand 54 74 57 75Norway 62 77 68 78Poland 57 75 50 66Portugal 51 74 49 67
LFPR for Females in Different Countries:
1990 1995to 1997
Developed regions Women Men Women MenRepublic of Moldova 61 75 60 73Romania 52 69 58 73Russian Federation 60 76 59 74Slovakia 63 75 51 66Slovenia 55 71 52 65Spain 33 68 38 64Sweden 71 77 65 72Switzerland 49 79 57 79The FYR of Macedonia 49 73 43 67Ukraine 57 73 57 69United Kingdom 53 75 54 72United States 58 76 60 75Yugoslavia 50 72 50 71
LFPR for Females in Different Countries:
Segregation Index
n
iii FMI
121
Segregation Index
Where Mi and Fi represent the percent of males and females working in this job category respectively (see page 389)
n
i
n
iii FandM
thatcall
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Re
Reading and Education also a Factor
Recall that at during the middle ages and well into the XIX century women were not allowed to readMany stories in different cultures of women disguised as man to learn how to readRecall the treatment of women under the Taliban rule where it against their law to teach women to read
Illiteracy Rate (%)
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80
Sub-SaharanAfrica
East Asia andPacific
South Asia Europe andCentral Asia
Middle East andNorth Africa
Latin Americanand Caribbean
Region
Gen
der
and
Year Male-80
Male-98
Female-80
Female-98
FERTILITY
Clearly the more involved the woman is the act procreation the less ability she will have to participate in the labor forceThe cultural aspect of fertility is an important aspect of woman’s LFPR
THE MACHO……
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Ave
rag
e N
um
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r o
f B
irth
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Wo
ma
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Sub-SaharanAfrica
East Asiaand Pacif ic
South Asia Europe andCentral Asia
Middle Eastand North
Africa
LatinAmerican
andCaribbean
High IncomeCountries
Region
Total Fertility Rates 1970 and 1998
1970
1998
Kristin Mammen and Christina Paxson
Women in Government
Golda Mayer, Margaret Thatcher, are rare exceptionThe Dole’sHillary ClintonWomen of the Senate
Women an the Law
Credit LineChild in DivorceProperty Rights
Women In Third World Countries
Women in the Maquila IndustryMicrocreditSex TradeGenital MutilationPhilippine MaidsBirth Control
Regan vs Clinton approach