gender: from gender analysis to transforming gender norms: using empowerment pathways to enhance...

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From gender analysis to transforming gender norms: using empowerment pathways to enhance gender equity and food security in Tanzania Alessandra Galiè, Gender Scientist, ILRI Paula Kantor, Senior Gender Scientist, World Fish Jemimah Njuki, Senior Program Officer, IDRC International Food Security Dialogue 2014, May 2 Enhancing Food Production, Gender Equity and Nutritional Security in a Changing World

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Page 1: Gender: From gender analysis to transforming gender norms: using empowerment pathways to enhance gender equity and food security in Tanzania

From gender analysis to transforming gender norms: using empowerment pathways to enhance

gender equity and food security in TanzaniaAlessandra Galiè, Gender Scientist, ILRI

Paula Kantor, Senior Gender Scientist, World FishJemimah Njuki, Senior Program Officer, IDRC

International Food Security Dialogue 2014, May 2Enhancing Food Production, Gender Equity and Nutritional Security in a Changing World

Page 2: Gender: From gender analysis to transforming gender norms: using empowerment pathways to enhance gender equity and food security in Tanzania

Presentation overview

-Research focus and key concepts

-Overview of the ‘Crops and Goats’ project

-Research methodology

-Main findings

-Discussion

-A methodology to operationalize GTA

Page 3: Gender: From gender analysis to transforming gender norms: using empowerment pathways to enhance gender equity and food security in Tanzania

Overall research focus

Background: -Persistent gender disparities in access to agricultural resources, markets and technologies

-Agricultural development to address the fundamental causes and consequences of gender inequality, how?

Focus:

-Linkages gender analysis, GTA and empowerment

-Option for operationalizing GTA in AR4D

In the framework of the Crops and Goats project

Page 4: Gender: From gender analysis to transforming gender norms: using empowerment pathways to enhance gender equity and food security in Tanzania

Key concepts

EmpowermentReplacing the domination of circumstances and chance by the domination of individuals over chance and circumstances Sen (1990)

The expansion of people’s ability to make strategic life choices in a context where this ability was previously denied to them Kabeer (1999)

Gender transformative approaches (GTA)Women and men critically examine unequal gender roles and norms and act to challenge the underlying social structures, policies and norms that perpetuate them

Page 5: Gender: From gender analysis to transforming gender norms: using empowerment pathways to enhance gender equity and food security in Tanzania

The Crops and Goats project (CGP): overview

Title: ‘Integrating Dairy Goat and Root Crop Production for

Increasing Food, Nutrition and Income Security of

Smallholder Farmers in Tanzania’

Partners: Sokoine Univ. of Agriculture, TZ; Univ. of Alberta; ILRI

Project duration: 42 months (February 2011 - August 2014)

Donors: IDRC, CIDA

Page 6: Gender: From gender analysis to transforming gender norms: using empowerment pathways to enhance gender equity and food security in Tanzania

CGP’s objective and outcomes

Objective: Improve household income, food security and wellbeing

of 112 poor and women-headed hhs in agro-pastoral communities

through a community-based crossbreeding program for dairy goats,

and participatory trials for cassava and sweet potato varieties

Gender-related expected outcomes:

• Increased ability of women to participate in value chains•More equitable social relationships between men and women • Enhanced gender relations and empowerment

Page 7: Gender: From gender analysis to transforming gender norms: using empowerment pathways to enhance gender equity and food security in Tanzania

Project villages

Kunke

Wami Luhindo

MasinyetiIhanda

Page 8: Gender: From gender analysis to transforming gender norms: using empowerment pathways to enhance gender equity and food security in Tanzania

Goat houses

Page 9: Gender: From gender analysis to transforming gender norms: using empowerment pathways to enhance gender equity and food security in Tanzania

Cassava and sweet potato fields

Page 10: Gender: From gender analysis to transforming gender norms: using empowerment pathways to enhance gender equity and food security in Tanzania

Main research question

Is the CGP project’s approach to gender

integration sufficient to progress towards

‘transformative outcomes’?

Page 11: Gender: From gender analysis to transforming gender norms: using empowerment pathways to enhance gender equity and food security in Tanzania

Methodology

1. Review of project’s gender strategy

2. In-depth interviews with involved livestock keepers:

• Aug 2013 Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) study 27 women and 23 men

• Jan 2014 Semi-structured interviews on changes in gender relations 17 women and 17 men

Page 12: Gender: From gender analysis to transforming gender norms: using empowerment pathways to enhance gender equity and food security in Tanzania

Fieldwork in Kunke village

Page 13: Gender: From gender analysis to transforming gender norms: using empowerment pathways to enhance gender equity and food security in Tanzania

Project’s gender strategy

-Gender analysis to assess the situation overtime

-Integration of gender in project activities & evaluation

Gender-specific activities:

• Gender transformative and awareness raising trainings

• Secure co-ownership of goats and access to seed

• Facilitate women’s participation in technical trainings

• Ensure women and men have the same access to and control of resources, technologies, opportunities

Page 14: Gender: From gender analysis to transforming gender norms: using empowerment pathways to enhance gender equity and food security in Tanzania

Main findings from in-depth interviews

Division of labour: many farmers emphasized that all activities are shared; dairy goats are mostly looked after by women and children (after school)

Decision-making: mostly rests with the men although some mentioned increased consultation

Independence: women mostly, and also men felt milk (sold or consumed) reduced reliance on loans

Nutrition and food security: women in particular valued the reliable access to milk and their control of its consumption in the household

Page 15: Gender: From gender analysis to transforming gender norms: using empowerment pathways to enhance gender equity and food security in Tanzania

Discussion

1. Do gender trainings provide a space to question

gender norms or only a language of equity?

2. Is women’s increase economic independence

strategic or adds a further burden?

3. Is gender equity about sameness or enabling

choices and opportunities?

Page 16: Gender: From gender analysis to transforming gender norms: using empowerment pathways to enhance gender equity and food security in Tanzania

Discussion continued

4. Who decides what are desirable gender relations?

5. Is a non-participatory approach to empowerment

intrinsically disempowering?

6. What is the potential for larger-scale impact when

wider gender norms are not addressed?

Page 17: Gender: From gender analysis to transforming gender norms: using empowerment pathways to enhance gender equity and food security in Tanzania

A methodology to operationalize GTA

Individual level: Participatory empowerment pathways

Aim: question assumptions and practices; develop aspirations for self-determination; enhance capabilities to define needs, voice them and act

Societal level: Engage with media for social change; leverage collective action through groups

Aim: catalyze questioning of gender norms towards less strict normative frameworks to allow adoption of more gender equitable behaviors

Page 18: Gender: From gender analysis to transforming gender norms: using empowerment pathways to enhance gender equity and food security in Tanzania

Proposed approach at individual level: Participatory empowerment pathways

Participatory action research with value chain actors to:

-Define empowerment

-Formulate individual empowerment goals

-Identify opportunities and threats to achieving goals

-Diagnose constraints & solutions in value chains

-Define key indicators to monitor progress towards goals

-Learn from the outcomes of the actions

Page 19: Gender: From gender analysis to transforming gender norms: using empowerment pathways to enhance gender equity and food security in Tanzania

Proposed approach at societal level:Media and collective action for social change

Media: Engage with innovative media for social change

Package messages interesting for youth as stories for TV and radio, distributed as comics and on social media

Foster social acceptance of new behaviours

Collective action: leverage groups

Build solidarity, reach ‘critical mass’ to challenge existing norms, avoid punitive sanctions

Page 20: Gender: From gender analysis to transforming gender norms: using empowerment pathways to enhance gender equity and food security in Tanzania

This work acknowledges the sponsor and host

Acknowledgements

Page 21: Gender: From gender analysis to transforming gender norms: using empowerment pathways to enhance gender equity and food security in Tanzania

The presentation has a Creative Commons licence. You are free to re-use or distribute this work, provided credit is given to ILRI.

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