gender inequality in us. copyright © allyn & bacon 2008 2 what is some proof that biology is...
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Gender Inequality in US
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
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What is some proof that biology is the most important determinant in gender?
Sociology?
Gender Differences In Behavior --Biology or Culture?
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Origins of Patriarchy: a theory Early On, Life was Short Females Limited by
Childbearing Men Became Dominant as
Hunters and Warriors, Women developed agriculture
How Females Became a Minority Group
Weapons, Trade, and Knowledge gained from Contact with Others Gave Men Power Power yields privilege
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“Unequal Access to Power, Prestige,
and Property on the Basis of Sex.”
How did Gender Stratification show itself a
hundred years ago?
What’s Gender Stratification?
Feminism the view that
biology is not destiny and that gender stratification is wrong and should be resisted.
First Wave Feminism 1848-1920
The Seneca Falls Convention
Elizabeth Cady Stanton – “Declaration of Sentiments”
First Wave Feminism 1848-1920
Suffragists (Suffragettes)
19th Amendment – ratified 1920
Suffrage March
Declaration of Sentiments
Married women were legally dead in the eyes of the law Women were not allowed to vote Women had to submit to laws when they had no voice in their formation Married women had no property rights Husbands had legal power over and responsibility for their wives to the extent
that they could imprison or beat them with impunity Divorce and child custody laws favored men, giving no rights to women Women had to pay property taxes although they had no representation in the
levying of these taxes Most occupations were closed to women and when women did work they were
paid only a fraction of what men earned Women were not allowed to enter professions such as medicine or law Women had no means to gain an education since no college or university
would accept women students With only a few exceptions, women were not allowed to participate in the
affairs of the church Women were robbed of their self-confidence and self-respect, and were made
totally dependent on men
How did women fight for their rights?
Speaking around the country Stanton, along with Susan B. Anthony, Lucy
Stone, Lucretia Mott, Sojourner Truth, Frederick Douglass, etc. traveled the country for the next 40 years. The Civil War slowed down the movement, but it picked up again afterwards.
Volunteering during WWI, campaigning for war bonds, etc During WWI women helped a great deal in the
war effort, filling in at some jobs when men went to war, but also campaigning for war bonds and other patriotic things.
How did women fight for their rights?
Demonstrating and parades Hunger strikes and civil disobedience
Susan B. Anthony kept illegally trying to vote – and was tossed in jail for doing so
Especially picked up steam after some British women go the vote (women over the age of 30 who were: householders, the wives of householders, occupiers of property with an annual rent of £5, or graduates of British universities.)
Post WWI demonstrations featured massive marches and demonstrations; women circled the white house in a human chain (some chained themselves to the White House fence– when they refused to stop, many were arrested and went on hunger strikes.
Despite great opposition from many, and only hesitant support from Woodrow Wilson, the 19th Amendment would be ratified in 1920 and women would have the right to vote!
Second Wave Feminism– 1960s-70s
Betty Friedan The Feminine Mystique
Goals: end sex discrimination in the workplace and society
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Second Wave Feminism– 1960s-70s
1964 Civil Rights Act – prohibited
employment discrimination on the basis of sex as well as race, religion, and national origin.
Successes of Feminist Movement If you're female and... ...you get paid as much as men doing the same job, thank a feminist. ...you went to college instead of being expected to quit after high school
so your brothers could go because "You'll just get married anyway", thank a feminist.
...you can apply for any job, not just "women's work", thank a feminist. ...you can get or give birth control information without going to jail,
thank a feminist. ...your doctor, lawyer, pastor judge or legislator is a woman, thank a
feminist. ...you play an organized sport, thank a feminist. ...you can wear slacks without being excommunicated from your church
or run out of town, thank a feminist. ...your boss isn't allowed to pressure you to sleep with him, thank a
feminist. ...you get raped and the trial isn't about your hemline or your previous
boyfriends, thank a feminist. ...you are on trial and are allowed to testify in your own defense, thank a
feminist. ...you own property that is solely yours, thank a feminist.
...you have the right to your own salary even if you are married or have a male relative, thank a feminist.
...you get custody of your children following divorce or separation, thank a feminist.
...your husband beats you and it is illegal and the police stop him instead of lecturing you on better wifely behavior, thank a feminist.
...you are granted a degree after attending college instead of a certificate of completion, thank a feminist.
...you marry and your civil human rights do not disappear into your husband's rights, thank a feminist.
...you have the right to read the books you want, thank a feminist.
...you can testify in court about crimes or wrongs your husband has committed, thank a feminist.
...you can see yourself as a full, adult human being instead of a minor who needs to be controlled by a man, thank a feminist.
Third Wave Feminism - present
While women enjoy more rights today, gender inequality still exists. (Education)
Long term results of different thinking? Despite evidence of educational gains made by women—more
females than males are enrolled in U.S. colleges and universities and females earn 57 percent of all bachelor’s degrees—some traditional male-female distinctions persist.
At college males and females are channeled into different fields; 87 percent of library science degrees are awarded to females; 82 percent of engineering degrees are awarded to males.
The proportion of females decreases in post-graduate work. There is gender stratification in both the rank and pay within higher
educational institutions. Women are less likely to be in the higher ranks of academia, and at all levels are paid less than their male counterparts.
Changes are taking place; the proportion of professional degrees earned by women has increased in recent years.
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Gender Inequality in Education
Science and Math? Yuck!
Less women in higher level math courses
Women are socialized out of math and science – its not seen as for girls, or too hard.
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Differences between females and males
Much debated: Are there differences between male and
female brains? Maybe
Regardless: There is evidence that stereotypes do long-
term damage
Gender Inequality in Healthcare
Doctors sometimes dismiss complaints (because women are hypochondriacs)
Unnecessary treatments Hysterectomies
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Gender Inequality in the Workplace
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Gender Inequality in the Workplace
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Problems in the Workplace
The Glass Ceiling For women
The Glass Escalator For men
Sexual Harassment and Worse
Violence-some statistics
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Women Less Likely to have Supportive Spouse
Men Reluctant to Incorporate Women in Decision Making
Changing Face of Politics
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Structural Barriers Coming Down
Abandoning Stereotypes
New Consciousness
Change in Relationships
Glimpsing the Future With Hope
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It doesn’t make sense…
Women Majority in
Population Women Underrepresented
in Law and Business Careers Irregular Hours
Incompatible with
Role as Mother
Mic
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http://mjperry.blogspot.com/2010/04/update-on-increasing-college-degree-gap.html (graph data from Dept. of Ed.)