GENDERPREFERREDTRIATSASITAFFECTCASSAVA

PRODUCTIONANDPROCESSINGVALUECHAININIMO STATENIGERIA

TessyMadu,MariaJus>n-OkoroAndrewSmithIkpan,LoriLeonard,BenjaminOkoye,

ChiedozieEgesiandJosephOnyeka

Introduc*on•  CassavaisoneofourmajorstaplefoodsinNigeria

•  “Cassavaisthemainsourceoffoodforusandourchildren.Itiswhatweeateverydayandisveryimportantforusinthisvillage.Onecannotstayinadaywithoutea*ngfufuorgari,thepersonwillfeelveryempty“

•  “Cassavaisourcashcrop;wedependonitandmakealotofmoneyfromcassavafarming”(FGDwomenLogara)

Objec>vesofGenderPreferredTraitsasitaffectCassavaproduc>onand

Processingvaluechain

Collectinforma*onon:q  Genderrolesand

responsibili*esandhouseholddecision-making

q  Varietalpreferences

q  Produc*onprac*ces

q  Seedsourcing

Researchques>ons

Aretheredifferencesbetweenmenandwomenintermsof:

•  Marketorienta>on?Varietal

preferences?

•  Whatarethegender-basedproduc>onconstraints?

•  Whatarethegender-basedconstraintstoaccessingvines?

Methodology

Summary of data collected and tools used

•  Informa*on for the study was obtained throughgroup interviews with male and female cassavafarmers(FGD) using qualita*ve and quan*ta*vestructured ques*onnaire and interviews withfarmerinformants.

•  The team designed a check list which include;varie*es, traits (agronomic and processing) andseedsourcing.

•  The team also interviewed processors andmarketers in the villages on preferences forcassavavarie*esandtraits.

•  Data was analysed by the use of descrip*vesta*s*cs

•  Testsofsampledifferencewereperformedtoestablish any significant difference betweenmeans and frequencies for importantvariables that explain adop*on among maleandfemalefarmers.

Studyloca*on

PalaceoftheKingofNnorie SymbolofLogara

Task Month Whoisinvolved

Landprepara>on JFMApMayJnJyAgSOctND

Men , Women ,Male children, femalechildren, Hired male labour, hired femalelabour

Landclearing J,F,M,A M,MC,HM

Makingmounds A,M,J W,MC,FC,HW

Obtaining cassavastems

A,M.J,J,A,S,O W,MC,FC,

T r a n s p o r > n gcassavastems

A,M.J,J,A,S,O W,MC.FC

Plan>ng A,M,J,J,J,A,S,O W,MC,FC,

Weeding June/Aug/oct/dec/jan W,MC,FC.HW

Harves>ng Allyearround W,MC.FC,HW

Selling Allyearround W,MC,FC

Processing Allyearround W,MC,FC

Table 1: Cassava activity and labour calendar for men and women in Imo State

W=women=men; MC=male children; FC=female children; HM=hired male; HW-hired women

Variable Men women Mean(std.dev) Mean(std.dev) Z-valueAge 41.04(14.59) 35.12(10.95) 2.03*HouseholdSize 3.94(2.58) 4.30(0.98) 2.65*FarmingExperience 12.24(12.95) 23.65(11.94) 10.10***FarmSize 3.85(5.70) 2.45(2.11) 5.91***Quan>tyHarvested(kg) 4,273.91(4,975.89) 6,065.38(5703.14) 3.63***Quan>tyConsumed(kg) 3,365.22(8,318.70) 4,065.38(5,703.14) 3.39**Quan>tyProcessed(kg) 2,806.52(3460.70) 6,644.17(9606.17) 6.55**Distancetofarm(km) 2.78(1.76) 3.02(1.89) 2.14*DistancetoMarket(km) 2.83(1.51) 3.05(1.66) 2.35*Distancetoprocessingcentre 0.62(0.78) 0.91(1.14) 2.08*RoadCondi>onisgood(%) 17.39 11.54 3.81**Ownership of means of communica>on(%)

78.26 88.46 3.84**

Membershipofcoopera>ves(%) 50.00 40.00 3.00**ExtensionContact 52.17 50.00 1.20

Table 1: Average Statistics of the Respondents sampled in the study area

Whocontrolscassavaproduc*on/ProcessingandMarke*ng

Thechainactors

TypologiesofcassavaproducersThreetypologiesofcassavaproducersareiden*fiedbasedonproduc*on,processingandmarke*ng.Ø Producersarefarmerswhospecialisedincassavaproduc*on.Thiscategoryproduceslargequan*tyofroots,processandmarketstherootsandproducts

Ø Producersarefarmerswhoproducecassava,processandmarketasoneofthemaincashcrops

Ø Producersarefarmerswhoproducecassavamainlyforhomeconsump*ons,thoughsomeoftherootsandproductsares*llsoldtogetincome

Varie*esgrown

•  Farmerscul*vatedseveralvarie*es•  22differentnamedvarie*es

–  64%cul*vatedforover20years–  6%cul*vatedforupto5years– Menandwomenaveragelycul*vated3varie*es

Cassavavarie*esgrown

A B C D E F G H I J

Cassava Varieties Grown In Nnorie

Cassava Varieties

Per

cent

age

010

2030

40

WomenMen

A=ChinazuB=NwageriC=NwaochaD=DurungwoE=LongjohnF=NwabekeG=WorldbankH=YellowCassavaI=AdaberechiJ=Otorokwe

A B C D E F G H I J K L

Cassava Varieties Grown In Logara

Cassava Varieties

Per

cent

age

010

2030

40

WomenMen

A=ChinazuB=NwageriC=NwaochaD=AdaNwankwoE=DurungwoF=ImobestG=LongJohnH=NwabekeI=NwojiJ=WorldbankK=YellowCassavaL=Nwaonuhe

Text box 1 womenFGD(Nnoria)

Womandidnotownalandinthiscommunitybecauseithadbeentheirtradi*onforawomannottoownland.Awomanmanagedorlookedaferthefarmfortheman.Thewomandecidedonthecassavavarietytoplant.However,theyhadtotelltheirhusbandsbeforetheymadeuseofthemoneyrealizedfromthesalesofproduce.Thiswasbecausetheydidnotowntheirseparatefarms,theyfarmedtogether.Thefamilyhead,thefather,madethedecisiononwhouseswhichplotforcassavaproduc*on.Ifawomanwantedtoplantanewcassavavariety,shewouldnotconsultanyoneexpressedinaquotefromthediscussions.“Wedoourthingourselves.Weknowitverywell,thatiswhywedonotconsultanybody.Menhavenocassavafarms”.

Ren*ngoflandforcassavacul*va*on

Renting Land For Planting Cassava:Women`s Response

25%

44.4%

30.6%

BothMenWomen

Renting Land For Planting Cassava: Men`s Response

80%

13.3%

6.7%

BothMenWomen

Varie*esandtheirLocalTransla*onsIndica*ngPreferredTraits

Nnorie Variety Direct English Translation

Logara Variety Direct English Translation.

chigazu God will sustain me

Chigazu God will sustain me

Nwageri My child must eat Nwageri My child must feed

Nwaocha Light skinned child

Ada Nwankwo Girl Child born on nkwo market day

Durungwo

Tall raffia palm

Imo best Best variety from Imo state

longjohn Tallstem Nwaocha Light skinned child

Nwabeke Lightskinnedchild Nwaonuhie Child with red lips

World bank Distributed by world bank project

Durungwo Tall raffia palm

Yellow cassava Cassava roots has yellow colour

Longjohn Tall stem

Adaberechi Depend on God Nwoji Dark skinned child

Otorokwem Stand erect Yellow roots

Alloca*onofcassavarootsharvested

Femalefocusgroup

Foodsold

90%

Malefocusgroup

food

sold

80%

Toptraitsforcassavapreferences•  Highyielding•  Producesmanyroots•  Earlymaturing•  Branchingabilitytosmotherweeds•  Longshelflifein-situ(“Wedonothavebankshere,ourbankisinthesoil”)•  Marketable(highprice)•  Highstarchcontent(“solidlikeyam”)•  Drawswhenpreparedintogariandfufu•  Increasesinquan*tywhenpreparedintogariandfufu•  Goodcolourappearance•  Poundability(wetcassavamashcookedandpreparedintofufu)•  Swellingability•  Ratooningability•  Easeofpeeling(couldbedependentonseason)MenandwomencouldhavesimilarpreferredtraitsWomenhadaddi*onalpreferredtraits(foodquality,easeofpeelingandweedcontrol)Menhadaddi*onalpreferredtraits(earlymaturing,marketable)

Cassavavarie*es•  Thevarie*esplayimportantsocialfunc*onnotonlyfoodtobegrownthroughthenamesgiveneg.Nwaocha“lightskinnedchild”,Adanwankwo“girlchildbornonnkwomarketday”Durugwo“astallasrafiapalm”

•  Someofthenamesportraythedesiredtraitinthevarietyeg.Chigazu“myGodwillprovideforme”Adaberechi“DependonGod”bothvarie>esindic>nghighrootyield.

•  WomenpreferredingroundstoragetraitofNwageri(foodsecurityandreadycash)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

OwnFarm

Giffromotherfarmers

Buyfromsamevillage

Buyfromothervillage

SourceofCu`ngsinImoStateNigeriaFGD

Men

Women

Conclusion•  Theresultsshoweddominanceoffourlocalcassavavarie*esgrownbythefarmerswithfarmerresponsesshowingnostrongorcleargenderdifferencesinvarietalpreferences.

•  Thereisneedtoencourageyoungerfarmerstoincreasedadop*onofimprovedcassavavarie*es.

•  Thereisalsoneedforlandre-formpoliciesbygran*ngmoreaccesstolandespeciallytothewomenfarmerstoenhancetheadop*onandpreferenceforimprovedvarie*es.

•  Provisionofins*tu*onalandinfrastructuralfacili*esespeciallyincreasedextensioncontacts,forma*onofcoopera*vesandgoodruralroadnetworkstoenhanceincreasedyieldandreducethetransac*oncostsonmovingcassavafromthefarmgatetothemarket.

•  Provisionandaccesstoprocessinginputstodrivetheadop*onofimprovedcassavavarie*esbyfarmersinthestudyarea.