genderwise gender equality in the workplace women and men time use in turin luca palese – time and...

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Gender Equality in the workplace

Women and men time use in Turin

Luca Palese – Time and Motion Department – Turin Municipality

The daily mothers’ experience

Gaudenzia Caselli – La Cicogna Association

TIMES AND PLACES OF CARE

2st Trasnational Workshop Enna 6-7 October 2006

TIMES AND PLACES OF CARE:

Women and men time use in Turin

Luca Palese – Time and Motion Department – Turin Municipality

Time and Motion Department

• 1994: Time and Motion Office

• 2001: Territorial plan of the times of the city

• 2002-2003: Istat research “Time Use”

“Time Use” research

• Istat - april 2002 / march 2003

• Turin and metropolitan area: sample of 1830 families, 4500 people

• Turin is the only italian city having datas about citizens time use

• Comparisons between Turin and:- Europe- Italy- Turin in 1979

Time Use - aims

• To understand citizens and family daily life organization (time balances)

• To point out critical aspects

• To contribute to the definition of more appropriate public policies, meeting citizens needs

Time Use - instruments

• Daily diary (time budget) with recordings every 10 minutes

• Weekly diary of work activities

• Individual questionnaire

Time use in Italy and Europe

Women in Italy are the most weighed down with family work, in Sweden women are those who devote less time to family work

Source: Eurostat Time Use

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

Lavoro retribuito e studio Lavoro familiare

Time devoted to work (paid and family) – female population - 20-74 years old per type of work and country

Time use in Italy and Europe

Italian men devote less time (compared with men in other countries) and more time to paid work: the breadwinner role is emphasizedSource: Eurostat Time Use

0:00

1:00

2:00

3:00

4:00

5:00

6:00

7:00

8:00

Ore

Lavoro retribuito e studio Lavoro familiare

Time devoted to work (paid and family) - male population - 20-74 years oldper country (mean in hours and minutes)

Daily time use in Turin - male and female workers – 25-54 years old (2002/03)

A high gender asymmetry

10,53

11,02

4,48

5,59

3,48

1,31

0,05 2,41

3,31

1,35

1,44

0,04

0.00 3.00 6.00 9.00 12.00 15.00 18.00 21.00 0.00

Donne

Uomini

Attività fisiologiche Lavoro Lavoro familiare Studio/formazione Tempo libero Spostamenti e viaggi finalizzati

Turin 1979 – 2002/03A little revolution in daily life organization (active population 24 – 64 years old)

• The total sample: time of paid work is steady. Time of reproduction is reduced of about 1 hour (from 4:13 to 3:15). The reduction is mostly relative to houseworks (from 3:12 to 2:11)

• Women: paid work is increased of about 1 hour; family work goes from 6:53 to 4:41, whereas child care is increased

• Men: their participation to family work is increased, but in a small degree: from 1:15 to 1:46

• Spare time is strongly reduced for everybody

Time Use –Turin

Daily time devoted to transfers is relevant and tends to increase

Turin: 1979 - 2002/03

• from 1h12' to 1h35'

• from 58' to 1h29' for women

The number of services supporting the family and the timetables of public services are not appropriate to the question of conciliation

Have you any difficulties to conciliate your work time with …?(Time Use - Turin)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Orario di apertura echiusura degli uffici

Orari di inizio e finedella scuola dei figli

Orari di apertura echiusura dei luoghi

di tempo libero

Ore di lavorodel/della partner

Orari di apertura echiusura dei negozi

Orari

Critical points

From the time organizations point of view we found two critical age groups:

- family with women of 25-44 years old - the time of family formation - family with women of 45-64 years old – often sons are still at home but new needs of care begins to come out from the family network

Bearable balances?

• “Dual worker” families (prevailing in Turin) have a instable time–balance

• The system works well thanks to a great number of services, but it is not sufficient

• Expecially thanks to family networks (grandparents), a resource not more available for the next generation

• In the middle-term, the system is unbalanced

TIME USE – Turin 2002/2003

Time use of couples (with women of 25-44 years old, workers or housewives) per main daily activities

couple couple

1,38

0,14

10,53

2,01

5,49

3,24

1,47

0,12

1,27

0,11

11,07

1,36

5,51

3,26

10,58

4,35

4,25

2,23

moving

other

11,36

7,45

0,13

3,05

1,13

0,08

phisyological time

family work

workers men

work time

free time

Housewives men


Daily activities of couples (25 - 44 years old) per gender and type of couple.

Fonte: TIME USE - ISTAT

family timeg.M. 2,18 1,35 2,07 5,59 3,31 5,26s.M. 2,37 1,55 2,26 6,08 3,41 5,35% 88,2 82,7 86,7 97,7 95,6 97,2

work timeg.M. 5,49 5,34 5,44 3,02 4,06 3,17s.M. 8,04 8,27 8,10 6,35 7,47 6,53% 72,0 65,8 70,4 46,3 52,6 47,7

phisyological timeg.M. 10,57 10,59 10,58 11,00 11,37 11,08s.M. 10,57 10,59 10,58 11,00 11,37 11,08% 100 100 100 100 100 100

free timeg.M. 3,09 3,39 3,17 2,30 2,55 2,35s.M. 3,18 3,44 3,25 2,37 2,57 2,41% 95,5 97,7 96,1 95,5 99,2 96,4

movingg.M. 1,35 1,53 1,40 1,19 1,38 1,23s.M. 1,40 1,58 1,45 1,26 1,47 1,31% 95,3 95,4 95,3 90,7 91,8 90,9

couples

without children TOTAL

men women

with children without children TOTAL with children

TIME USE Comparison between:

Italy 1988/89 – Italy 2002/03 – Turin 2002/03.

Family work activities - Fathers, 25 - 44 years old, with at least one child 0-13 years old per type of activity.

Fonte: TIME USE - ISTAT

g.M. 1:23 1:44 2:22s.M. 1:53 2:11 2:39% 73,2 79,5 89,3asymmetry index 84,9 78,3 73,0




ITALY 2002/2003

TORINO 2002/2003

FAMILY TIME

of which: sons' care

of which: shopping - services

of which: domestic time

ITALY 1988/1989


Child care activities – couples with woman 25 – 44 years old

0- 5 years old 6- 13 years old total 0- 5 years old 6- 13 years old totalSPECIFIC MEDIAchildren's care 2,57 1,19 2,08 1,40 1,11 1,26physic care 1,53 0,29 1,11 0,32 0,12 0,22talking or playing w/children 0,51 0,58 0,32 0,57 0,22 0,41homework 0,00 0,15 0,10 0,00 0,14 0,13others care 0,13 0,14 0,15 0,10 0,22 0,16

PARTECIPATION FREQUENCYchildren's care 92,60 82,20 87,10 78,80 60,20 68,90physic care 92,60 70,00 79,50 53,80 23,80 36,90talking or playing w/children 58,30 47,60 47,30 66,70 21,50 44,00homework 0,00 24,40 15,10 0,00 11,20 8,90others care 92,60 70,00 79,50 53,80 23,80 36,90

mothers fatherschildren age

Change stimulus

• Service policy for the family

• Reform of work timetables (personalization, family friendly flexibility)

• Cultural change: a new men’s role, care rights

TIMES AND PLACES OF CARE:

The Daily mothers’ experience

- an alternative way of nursing -

Gaudenzia Caselli – La Cicogna Association

Associazione LA CICOGNA Aims:

To improve quality of life from childhood to adulthood

To support mothers and children paying attention to the freedom of choice and the needs of both

To prevent psychological problems or risky behaviours in second childhood and in adolescence

To promote, in parents, role and educational functions consciousness, child care skills

To promote self-help networks formation between women, men, families different in age and culture

Associazione LA CICOGNA

Projects:

- Accompanying to birth

- Assistance to active birth in hospital and at home

- Promotion of healthy behaviours

- Promotion of breast-feeding

- Promotion of self-help networks

- Support to parenthood

- Micro-nurseries

The Daily mothers’ project

The history

• 1996: Self-help network Project “Daily mothers”

• 1999-2001: Law 285/97 Support from the municipality

24 micro-nurseries - 90 childrenDifficulties in mantaining a voluntary engagement

• 2004: Transformation of voluntary engagement in a “work” form

• 2005: Collaborations in a network with other associations and the territory

The Daily mothers’ project

- A nursery form for children of 3 – 36 months- A mother’s home- 5 hours a day, small group (maximum 4 children)

ADVANTAGES FOR THE CHILD: A more familiar and comprehensible place Small group Less intrusive stimulus Respect of personal times in discovering activities Limited time, more tolerable Relationship more adjusted on child needs More parents involvement

ADVANTAGES FOR THE DAILY MOTHER: Possibility to work without leaving her child To create new relationships with other parents To be part of a self-help network

The Daily mothers’ : a woman’ s witness

Elena – promoter and co-ordinator of the projectMother of three children, psychologist

Subjects of the interview:

A. The men’s role in the promotion and maintenance of the network B. The men’s role in supporting the family micro-nursery

C. Which forms of participation of men?


Promoting networks

Emotional support to women

Advantages for men: - improvement in the couple relationship and in the family atmosphere - opportunities to meet other men with similar problems

and needs- opportunities to participate actively


The men’s role in promoting a family micro-nursery

Advantages:- to meet other fathers and parents- opportunities to exchange experiences and difficulties- opportunities to give and to receive help

Disadvantages:- spare and personal times and places are reduced- collaboration in the management of the house- to share places with the children of the micro-nursery


Some examples of man’s participation:

“Sometimes he had to sleep during the hours of the micro-nursery opening ...During the micro-nursery activities he played with children, so as he usually did with his own children, sometimes he made little house repairings …Children loved him, asked of him when he was not there.Often he stayed with us during lunch time. Although he had a little presence, he had an important role of help and support. He was very pleased and happy to participate.”


Role confusion:

“The work of the daily mother is often confused with a non-work, something very similar to the normal house management usually undertook by woman.House work is usually seen as a woman task.During the micro-nursery activities you could do some little house work, but, since they have an educational aim, not always they can be concluded. Often, when children go home, you have lot of things to do and a great tiredness. Sometimes men help the daily mothers, but more often they think it is a woman task, their job ...”


Forms of participation ot the other fathers:

- In general, there has been a good participation

- In some cases, the total absence of the father

- Micro-nursery as a good meeting and supporting place for separated fathers

Breadwinner

Caregiver

Personal sphere

1

Breadwinner

Caregiver

Personal sphere

2

Breadwinner

Caregiver

Personal sphere

3

Breadwinner

Caregiver

Personal sphere

4

FAMILY MODELS

To get nourishment

To get care

To play and to learn

5

Some considerations

It is very important to get a good quality of care and a good resources distribution.This is possible optimizing resources through the functions integration

The three stages of the association:

- Aggregation (meeting, exchange, objectives)

- Immediate responses to emerging needs (little projects, spontaneous initiatives)

- Transfomation of good ideas and voluntary commitment in more stable forms of work/service

genderwise gender equality in the workplace women and men time use in turin luca palese – time and...

Documents

work time

time use turin slide

daily time use

men time use

eurostat time use time

time organizations

time of reproduction

spare time