gene technology chapter 11 p228 - 242

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

1

Vocabulary11.1 Rev11.2 Rev11.3 RevCh 11 Rev

2008-03-14

Gene TechnologyChapter 11

P228 - 242

Vocabulary for Chapter 11

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

2


2008-03-14

Genetic Engineering:A technology in which the genome of a living cell is modified for medical or industrial use.

Recombinant DNA:DNA molecules that are artificially created by combining DNA from different sources.

Restriction Enzymes:Enzymes that destroy foreign DNA olecules by cutting them at specific sites.


Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

3


2008-03-14

vector:In biology, any agent, such as a plasmid or a virus, that can incorporate foreign DNA and transfer that DNA from one organism to another; an intermediate host that transfers a pathogen or a parasite to another organism.

Plasmids:A circular DNA molecule that is usually found in bacteria and that can replicate independent of the main chromosome.


Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

4


2008-03-14

electrophoresis:The process by which electrically charged particles suspended in a liquid move through the liquid because of the influence of an electric field.


Gene cloning:The process of isolating a gene sequence in the genome of an organism and inserting the gene sequence into a plasmid vector for production in large numbers.

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

5


2008-03-14

Probes:Strands of RNA or single-stranded DNA that have been labeled with a radioactive element or fluorescent dye and that is used to bind with and identify a specific gene in genetic engineering.

Human Genome Project:A research effort to sequence and locate the entire collection of genes in human cells.


Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

6


2008-03-14

vaccine:A substance prepared from killed or weakened pathogens and introduced into a body to produce immunity.

DNA Fingerprint:The pattern of bands that results when an individual’s DNA fragments are separated.

Transgenic animals:Animals into which cloned genetic material has been introduced.


Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

7


2008-03-14

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR):A technique used to quickly make copies of selected segments of available DNA.

A billion-fold multiplication can take place in a few hours.


Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

8


2008-03-14Section 11.1: Genetic Engineering.

Review.

Gene TechnologyGenetic Engineering.

Chapter 11.1

P228 - 232

Questions p232

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

9



Review.

1. Apply the four steps commonly used in genetic engineering experiments to describe the cloning of a human gene.

Human and vector DNA are cut and then combined to produce recombinant DNA. The recombinant DNA is inserted into host cells. The host cells reproduce, cloning the human gene. The host cells are screened for the gene.

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

10



Review.

2. Relate the role of DNA “sticky ends” in the making of recombinant DNA.

The bases of the sticky ends are complementary, which allows the DNA from the two different organisms to combine.

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

11



Review.

3. Summarize how cells are screened in genetic engineering experiments.

The plasmids contain the gene for tetracycline resistance. Bacteria with the recombined plasmid are grown in the presence of tetracycline. Only bacteria with the plasmid survive.

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

12



Review.

4. Evaluate the role of probes in identifying a specific gene.

Probes are pieces of single-stranded DNA or RNA complementary to the gene of interest. The DNA fragments on the gel are made single stranded. The probe will bind to any complementary fragments. The genes are ideentified because the probes are made with radioactive or fluorescent-labeled tags.

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

13



Review.

5. A student performing electrophoresis on a DNA sample believes that her smallest DNA fragment is the band nearest the negative pole of the gel. Do you agree with her conclusion? Explain.

No. Disagree. DNA is negatively charged and opposite charges attract. The smallest fragments will move fastest through the gel.

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

14


2008-03-14

Gene TechnologyHuman Applications of Genetic Engineering.

Chapter 11.2

P233 - 237

Questions p237

11.2: Human Applications of Genetic Engineering.Review.

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

15


2008-03-1411.2: Human Applications of Genetic Engineering.

Review.

1. Relate the use of genetic engineering to the treatment of human illnesses such as hemophilia.

Many genetically engineered proteins are used to treat illnesses. For example, factor VIII, a protein that promotes blood clotting, is now made by genetic engineering and sold as a drug to hemophiliacs. Genetic engineers are also attempting to replace defective human genes with healthy ones.

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

16



Review.

2. Relate genetic engineering techniques to the making of vaccines.

Instead of using a killed or weakened pathogen, the genes that code for the proteins found on the surface of the pathogen are inserted into the DNA of harmless bacteria or viruses. People are then vaccinated with the modified virus or bacteria.

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

17



Review.

3. List two ways in which DNA fiongerprinting has been useful to society.

DNA fingerprinting has been useful in forensics, in paternity suits, and in identifying the genes that cause genetic disorders.

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

18



Review.

4. A student states that genetic engineering is “perfectly safe and sound”. What safety and ethical issues do you think might arise over the use of genetic engineering?

Who has access to personal genetic information, how they might use that information, whether gene technologies are safe to individuals and to the human population as a whole.

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

19



Review.

5. One medicine made in bacteria using genetic engineering techniques is insulin. What is insulin used to treat?

B. Diabetes.

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

20


2008-03-1411.3: Genetic Engineering in Agriculture.

Review.

Gene TechnologyGenetic Engineering in Agriculture.

Chapter 11.3

P238 - 242

Questions p242

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

21


2008-03-14

1. List three ways in which food crops have been improved through genetic engineering.

Making food crops more tolerant to drought conditions, different soils, or climates; enhancing their nutritional value; controlling the process by which fruit ripens; making them resistant to the weedkiller glyphosate.

11.3: Genetic Engineering in Agriculture.Review.

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

22


2008-03-14

2. Compare the cloning of sheep through the use of differentiated cells with the cloning of sheep through the use of embryonic cells.

Cloning with embryonic cells allows an orgaqnism to develop from cells that have not undergone specialization. Cloning with differentiated cells requires that the cell be manipulated so that the cell cycle is stopped.


Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

23


2008-03-14

3. In the movie Jurassic Park scientists used DNA to bring back extinct species. How is that different from the creation of cloned sheep using differentiated cells?

The DNA used in Jurassic Park was fragmented. The researchers filled it in with DNA from other species. Thus, the dinosaurs had foreign DNA and were not truly clones.


Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

24


2008-03-14

4. List reasons you would or would not be concerned about consuming milk from cows treated with growth hormone.

Whether evidence provided by the milk company indicates the hormone is safe. Whether the hormone may contribute to breast or prostate cancer and whether cows get more infections and have to be given antibiotics, which could enter the milk.


Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

25


2008-03-14

5. Genetic engineering can be used to produce rice with high levels of beta-carotine. This technology would help people who suffer from a deficiency in what substance?

D. Vitamin A.


Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

26


2008-03-14Chapter Review.

Gene Technology

Chapter Review.

P244 - 245

Questions p242

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

27


2008-03-14

1. Gel electrophoresis is used to ______. DNA fragments.

A. separate.B. join.C. cut.D. join.

A. separate.

Chapter Review.

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

28


2008-03-14

2. Which of the following human illnesses can be treated using a product of genetic engineering?

A. malaria.B. hemophilia.C. flu.D. a sinus cold.

B. hemophilia.

Chapter Review.

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

29


2008-03-14

3. Injecting a healthy copy of a gene into a person who has a defective gene is called.

A. probing.B. gene therapy.C. PCR.D. DNA cloning.

B. Gene therapy.

Chapter Review.

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

30


2008-03-14

4. The major effort to map and sequence all human genes is called.

A. the RFLP project.B. the PCR project.C. the Human Genome Project.D. DNA fingerprinting.

C. The Human Genome Project.

Chapter Review.

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

31


2008-03-14

5. A transgenic organism is produced as a result of.

A. hybridization.B. recombinant DNA.C. mutation.D. RFLPs.

B. Recombinant DNA.

Chapter Review.

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

32


2008-03-14

6. The process of making recombinant DNA is least related to.

A. clones.B. DNA fragments.C. restriction enzymes.D. sticky ends.

A. clones.

Chapter Review.

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

33


2008-03-14

7. Genetic Engineers can make plants

A. Resistant to insects.B. more tolerant to droughts.C. that are adapted to different soils.D. All of the above.

D. All of the above.

Chapter Review.

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

34


2008-03-14

8. Describe how molecule A was produced (see diagram on p 244).

Molecule A was produced through genetic engineering. Plasmid DNA and DNAfrom a different organism are cut with restriction enzymes and then combined to produce recombinant plasmid DNA. The recombinant plasmid DNA molecules are then inserted into bacterial cells.

Chapter Review.

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

35


2008-03-14

9. You have discovered a fossilized bone. How can you use PCR to obtain sufficient DNA for DNA analysis?

DNA is extracted from the bone. DNA primers, DNA polymerase, and nucleotides are added. The DNA is heated and then cooled. In a short time the original DNA from the fossilized bone is replicated. The sample is heated again to repeat the process until an adequate sample size is obtained.

Chapter Review.

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

36


2008-03-14

11. In the United States, government regulations require researchers to contain experimental genetically engineered organisms inside a laboratory and to ensure that the organisms could not survive outside the laboratory. Why do you think these strict regulations are necessary?

Chapter Review.

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

37


2008-03-14

The regulations were prompted by concerns that genetically engineered organisms might cause disease or have harmful effects on the environment. By limiting their survival outside the laboratory, scientists are preventing the organism from possibly harming people or other organisms and interfering in food chains.

Chapter Review.

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

38


2008-03-14

12. A judge presiding over a highly publicized murder trial dismissed the prosecution’s request to admit DNA fingerprints as evidence, calling it “unproven”. Do you agree with the judge? Explain your answer.

Disagree. A match of DNA fingerprints from two different samples has only two explanations - the prints are from the same person, or from identical twins.

Chapter Review.

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

39


2008-03-14

1. What term describes a molecule containing DNA from two different organisms?

A. Plasmid.B. Probe.C. Recombinant DNA.D. RFLP DNA.

C. Recombinant DNA.

FCAT Prep.

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

40


2008-03-14

2. Two pieces of DNA have been cut by restriction enzymes. The first piece of DNA has a sticky end with the nucleotide sequence TGGCCA. What nucleotide sequence must the sticky end of the second piece of DNA have if it is to bond with the sticky end of the first piece of DNA?F. ACCGGT.G. CTTAAG.H. TCCGGA.I. UGGCCU.

F. ACCGGT.

FCAT Prep.

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

41


2008-03-14

3. What agent allows genetic engineers to cut DNA at specific sites??

A. DNA ligase.B. DNA polymerase.C. Plasmid DNA.D. restriction enzyme.

D. Restriction enzyme.

FCAT Prep.

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

42


2008-03-14

4. What technique is used to identify individuals in paternity cases and criminal cases?

F. DNA fingerprinting.G. Gene therapy.H. Genomic imprinting.I. Vaccination.

F. DNA fingerprinting.

FCAT Prep.

Gene Technology

R. H. Beeman

43


2008-03-14

TitleObjectiv

esVocabula

ryLessonHomeworkAnswers

Ω

gene technology chapter 11 p228 - 242

Documents