Genealogy and DNA

Genetic Genealogy Began around 2003

Growing availability of testing Growing affordability of testing

Genographic Project Anthropological 2005 to 2010 Sponsored by IBM, National Geographic,

Waitt Foundation Relies on DNA testing

DNA DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid Each cell in individual contains same

DNA Organized into chromosomes

Humans have 23 pairs Contains genetic instructions

Genes Over time DNA mutates

DNA Testing Applications Forensic Paternity Medical Genealogical Anthropological

Cell Components

Chromosomes

DNA Types Recombining (autosomal)

22 chromosome pairs Non-recombining

Sex determining chromosome (X Y) Y is only passed from father to son

Mitrochrondial DNA Passed from mother to offspring

Both male and female

Both Types

Recombining

Non-recombining

Types of Genealogical Tests Paternal test

Uses yDNA Only passes from father to son

as does surname But other males with same surname should

be the same Uncle, brother, male cousins, etc

Maternal test Uses mtDNA Passes mother to children

Both sons and daughters

Test Types (con’t) Autosomal

Uses parts of 22 chromosomes Can give racial makeup

% of European, African, Asian (Amerindian) CODIS – FBI db – not used in genealogic Can tell degree of relatedness between

two persons for recent generations Family Tree DNA, 23andMe, deCODEme

DNA Testing Services FamilyTreeDNA is largest

www.familytreedna.com Test consists of cheek swab Actual DNA testing is several weeks Results

Generic haplogroup Specific test results Comparison to others results (ongoing) Contact information of matches

DNA Tests yDNA (paternal)

12, 37, 67, 111 marker tests $99 - $339

mtDNA (maternal) HVR1, HVR2, Full Genome Sequence

(FGS) tests $99 – $299

Family Finder (autosomal) - $289 Several other tests

How to Use Results Haplogroup – genetic population Remainder is meaningless without others Collaborate

Make email available Show EKA (Earliest Known Ancestor) Share ancestors (GEDCOM) Join surname project (yDNA only) Enter data in ysearch.org and mitosearch.org Actively try to pull lines together Help achieve critical mass

The Genographic Project Anthropological DNA study Study migration of groups

Based on DNA of isolated groups Over past 60,000 years

Created haplogroups for both yDNA mtDNA