genel fizik 1- prof. dr. mustafa polat ders notları

8/10/2019 Genel Fizik 1- Prof. Dr. Mustafa POLAT Ders Notları

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ADIDM EĶPĶO C

HD\Z IKXMG\C

Bgzķrmgygimgr0

Vrke. Hr. Nustgeg VKMGX

. .



LÕMÝN-7

ÕmándLu lõmýn ogpsgnķihg gśgěķhgoc lgśmķomgr ýzdrcihd hurumgjgotķr0

Lcr eczcosdm icjdmc ci õm ýmndsc

Lcrcnmdr, lcrcn scstdnmdrc

Ndogicotd tdndm lcrcnmdr

Lcrcn hõiýśýnmdrc

Õmáýnmdrhdoc huygrmķmķo

(7-7)



Õmánd0 ncotgr ldmcrmdnd cśmdnchcr.

,

icjdmcomdr grgsķihg lcr lgě ourngyg ágmķśķr ķz. Lu lgěmgr adidmmcomd.

– . ,uju grgsķig uyaumgigi pktgiscydm egro cmd cmdtodi ýzdrcihdi gogidmdotrco go ķnķiķi õm ýmndsc dsgsķig hg giķr.

Tyaumgigi pktgiscydm egro (U ) cmd dmdotrco go ķnķ ( C ) grgsķihgoc cmcśocáczacsdmhcr vd gśgěķhgoc ngtdngtcosdm ekrn cmd vdrcmcr

JkistgitU \

sglct

” „

(7-<)

.Dśctmcotdoc \, cmdtodici ”hcrdijc„ hcr.



Lcrcnmdr0 Eczcosdm lcr lýyýomýěý tgn kmgrgo tgiķnmgyglcmndo cáci k lýyýomýěýi igsķm õmáýmdjděcic lcr ourgmg lgěmgng vd lcr lcrcn cmd ceghd

dtndo adrdocr. Lõymdjd lýyýomýomdrc lcr stgihgrhg lgěmgnķś kmuruz.

Xdndm Lýyýomýomdr0 Lýyýomýomdrci týný lcrlcrcihdi lgěķnsķz hděcmhcr.,

týrdtcmncś lýyýomýomdrhcr.

Xdndm lýyýomýomdr cáci lcr stgihgrt sgptgiķr vd hcědr lýyýomýomdr

tdndm lýyýomýomdr jciscihdi lcrcnmdihcrcmcr.

Xdndm lýyýomýomdrci ldmcrmdindsc gngjķ cmd, 7214 yķmķihg ourumgi vd

bgmdi Vgrcs–td lumuigi Tmusmgrgrgsķ Gěķrmķo vd Õmándmdr Lýrksu>

yķmķihg lcr tkpmgitķ ygpnķś vd Xglmk 7–hd vdrcmncś kmgi 1 lýyýomýěý tdndm

y k grg sdán ś r.

(7-:)



Lu 1 lýyýomýo umusmgrgrgsķ lcrcn scstdncic

(Xbd Citdrigtckigm Zystdns ke Ticts > ZC) kmuśturur.

Xglmk 7. ZC tdndm lýyýomýomdrc

Tzuimuo Ndtrd n

Pgngi Zgicyd s

d r g ķnķ npdr

Zķjgomķo Odmvci O

Ng d nc tgrķ Nk nk

Cśķo śchhdtc Ogihdmg Jh

Ndogicotd sghdjd ýá tgid icjdmcěd cbtcygá huyumur.Luimgr uzuimuo, zgngi vd oýtmdhcr .

(7-8)



Ndtrd0

Lgśmgiaķátg ndtrd, ouzdy outlu cmd dovgtkr grgsķihgoc- .

GL

1 7 6 Hýiyg

rg id di dr di õ ýrý g g skirg nd rd, pmgtci-crchyunhgi ygpķmnķś stgihgrt lcr õmáýn áuluěu

tgiķnmginķśtķr.

732:– tdi ldrc ndtrd, 7/<3313<842 s– mco zgngigrgmķěķihg ķśķěķi lkśmuotg gmhķěķ ykm kmgrgo tgiķnmginķśtķr. Lu ydic tgiķnķi sdldlc, ķśķo bķzķiķi áko

(7-4)

.



Zgicyd0

Lgśmgiaķátg sgicyd, Hýiyg–iķi odihc dosdic dtrge ķihgoc tgn lcr hõiýś

sýrdscici (<8x56x56)– tg lcrc kmgrgo gśgěķhgoc aclc tgiķnmginķśtķr.

77 sgicyd

<8 56 56

u giķn g prk dn, śd daõstdrcmhcěc aclc, lcr aýimýo

.

Lu idhdimd 7351– hdi ldrc sgicyd, Jdsscun-7:: dmdnditcici ygyhķěķ

(7-5)

d r g ag- kyui g ķśķ ķi rdś n á i adádi s rdkmgrgo tgiķnmgingotghķr.



Ocmkargn0

ZC lcrcn scstdncihd oýtmd stgihgrhķ kmgi lcr pmgtci-crchyun scmcihcr gśgěķhgvdrcmncśtcr.

u s i r i ýt ds kargn k grg g u d n ś vd gr s tdTmusmgrgrgsķ Oýtmd Õmáýn Lýrksu– ihg tutumngotghķr. Bgssgs okpygmgr ķ

(7-1)

.



Lcrcnhõiý týrnd0

.

ygpngo cáci, coc lcrcn grgsķihgoc hõiýśýn egotõrýiý lcmndncz adrdocr.

ogrg kmu bķz mcnctc kmgi 54 ncm/sggt' c n/s jciscihdi ceghd dhcicz.Õrido0

7 ncm > 7563 n vd 7 sggt > :566 s

Lu hurunhg,

ncm 7563 n n54 54x <3

(7-2)

lumuiur. Lu bķz mcnctcic on/sg jciscihdi lumuiuz.



Õmáýnmdrhdoc Huygrmķmķo 0

Ldmmc lcr icjdmco, õriděci lcr jcsnci uzuimuěu , hděcśco huygrmķmķomgrhg ldmcrmdidlcmcr. M

Huygrmķmķo õmáýn yõitdncid vd õmáýn gmdtcid lgěmķhķr.

> 7.<:8

,

n śdomcihd vdrndo adrdocr. M

uzu u v .

,

' yc n lcácncihd vdrndo gimgnsķz k> 7.< mgjgot5 .:8 ķr M M

> 7.<:8Hcědr tgrgetgi, huygrmķmķěķ 6.7 nn kmgi vdricydmc ounpgs oummgiķykrsgo,

n domcihd vdrcmdlcmcr vd lu hurunhg ld gimgnmķ sg ķ cmd ceghd dhc r 5 mc . M

Bdsgpmgigi icjdmcotdoc gimgnmķ sgyķ, bdsgpmgngmgrhg oummgiķmgi icjdmcomdrci gimgnmķ

(7-3)

sgyķmgr ķihgi egzmg kmgngz.



Zglct bķzķymg bgrdodt dhdi lcr grgá

' '

Õrido0 v

. .

Grgjķi bķzķiķ lumuiuz.

7<: nGrgjķi bķzķ 0 > > 74.4> n/2 s3:4:5

h v

. s

' y g d dtnd á i k uz rg gn u ging gi gn ķ dě r.

Áýioý, ' ici bdsgpmgingsķihg oummgiķmgi vd icjdmcomdrc

v

v h t sghdjd ýá gimgnmķ sgyķ cmd vdrcmncśtcr.

Hkmgyķsķymg ' hd ýá gimgnmķ sgyķ cádrdjdo śdocmhd vdrcmndmchcr0v

> 74.5 s.n/v

(7-76)

Lc c m c mt ý t o tm L lý ýomýom lc c cm ce h hcmhcěc b mh



Lcrcnmdrci gmt vd ýst ogtmgrķ0 Lgzķ lýyýomýomdr gyiķ lcrcn cmd ceghd dhcmhcěc bgmhdsgyķsgm hdědrmdrc lcrlcrcihdi áko egromķ kmglcmcr. Õriděci, lcr gtknui ygr ķágpķ cmd

iyg iķi ygr ķágpķ nd rd k grg g d d r, gijg sgyķsg d dr dr ák gr ķ ķr.

Lu idhdimd ZC lcrcnmdrci gmt vd ýst ogtmgr ķ

iķ

aõstdrdi cśgrdtmdr oummgiķ

mķ

r.

76<8 Skttg S 7 sdptcmyki76<7 Pdttg P 7 sdostcmyki

7674 Vdtg V 7 ogtrcmyki767< Xdrg X 7 trcmyki

765 Ndag N 7 ncmyki

76:

Ocmk o lcidj k y z767 Hdog hg ki76-7 Hdjc h kihg lcr

- di j y z d r

76-: Ncmmc n lcihd lcr 76-5 Ncjrk n ncmykihg lcr

- gik i n ygr g r 76-7< Vcjk p trcmykihg lcr 76-74 Edntk e ogtrcmykihg lcr

- ttk g dit yki g r 76-<7 Pdptk z sdostcmykihg lcr 76-<8 Skjtk y sdptcmykihg lcr (7-77)



(7-7<)



(7-7:)



Udric dmc Oun gs

(7-78)



Ncorkndtrd

(7-74)

LÕMÝN <



LÕMÝN-<d r dr

Eczcotd sghdjd lý ýomýomdrc cmd tgiķnmgigi icjdmcomdrd ”sogmdr„

Lý ýomýo giķihg g r ķjg õi lcm csc c drdi vd g drdotcrdi hc dr eczcosdm

icjdmcomdr hcykruz. Zķjgomķo, oýtmd, didr`c luimgrhgi lgzķmgr ķhķr.

icjdmcomdrd csd ”vdotõrdm„ icjdmcomdr hcykruz. Sdr-hděcśtcrnd, bķz, cvnd, ouvvdt luimgrhgi lgzķmgr ķhķr.

Lu lõmýn ogpsgnķihg, gśgěķhgoc okiumgrg hděcidjděcz0

Udotõrmdrc adkndtrco tkpmgng vd áķogrng cśmdnc

Udotõrmdrc lcmdśdimdrcid gyķrng

Lcrcn vdotõr iktgsykiuLcmdśdimdr ygrhķnķymg tkpmgng vd áķogrng

Lcr vdotõrýi lcr sogmdr cmd ágrpķmngsķ

Ķoc vdotõrýi sogmdr (hkt vdyg ikotg) ágrpķnķ

(<-7)

Ķoc vdotõrýi vdotõrdm (jrkss) ágrpķnķ

Lcr dotõrýi ýá dmdngiķ grhķr



Lcr vdotõrýi ýá dmdngiķ vgrhķr.

Tyaumgng Ikotgsķ (lgśmgiaķá ikotgsķ)0 Udotõrdm lýyýomýěýiuyaumgihķěķ ikotgyg uyaumgng yg hg lgśmgiaķá ikotgsķ hdicr.Su gr ķ g vd tõrýi uyau gng ik tgsķ K ik tgsķ ķr.

Udotõrýi sg ķsgm hd drcid k vdotõrýi lý ýomý ý hdicr.Lý ýomý ý0řdocmhd vdrcmdi vdotõrýiýi lýyýomýěý ' hcr.g g GL

Udotõrdm lýyýomýěýi yõiý, hkěru pgrágsķiķi ujuig okiumgi' '

Sõiý0 .

vdyg hkěu yõiýihdhcr.

(<-<)



-vdotõrý G ikotgsķihgi L ikotgsķig áczcmdi lcr komg aõstdrcmcr.

ui uzui u u ydr- d ś rndi i y d krgi ķ ķ ķr.

Koui yõiý csd ydr-hděcśtcrndici yõiý cmd cmacmchcr.

řdocmhd G hgi L yd, G' h di L' id vd G'' ihdi L'' id áczcmdivdotõrmdrci lýyýomýomdrc vd yõimdrc gyiķhķr.

Udotõrmdr, lýyýomýomdrc vd hkěrumtumgr ķ hděcśtcrcmndhdi

cstdicmhcěc aclc ogyhķr ķmglcmcr.

Octgpmgrhg vdotõrmdr sdnlkmco kmgrgo coc śdocmhd aõstdrcmcr0

g

(icjdmcěci ýzdrcid lcr ko áczcmcr)

i jd kyu ygzķ ķr

(<-:)

g gUdotõrýi lýyýomýěý hd vdyg lcácncihd sdnlkmczd dhcmcr.

U otõ c m m c



Udotõr cśmdnmdrc

• Lcr Udotõrýi Idagtcec

• Udotõrýi Xgśķingsķ

• Udotõrmdrci Xkpmgingsķ

•

• Udotõrýi Lcmdśdimdrcid Gyr ķmngsķ

• Udotõrýi Lýyýomýěýiýi Lumuingsķ • d r i r d sdi d ygp ķ ķ gáķiķi u uingsķ

• Udotõrmdrci lcmdśdimdrc jciscihdi tk mgingsķ

hdvgn (<-8)

U otõ c m m c



Udotõr cśmdnmdrc

• Udotõrmdrci Ágrpķmngsķ0

7. Lcr Udotõrýi Lcr Zogmdr cmd Ágrpķmngsķ

<. Ķoc Udotõrýi Zogmdr (hkt vdyg ikotg ágrpķn) Ágrpķmngsķ

.

• Udotõrmdrci Zogmdrd Lõmýindsc

•

(<-4)

Udotõrmdrhd Adkndtrco Xkpmgng 0




s g l

vd r i i gś giaķá ik gsķ vd r i i

ujuig admdjdo śdocmhd vdotõrý ogyhķr ķmķr.

g

l

vdotõrýiýi lgśmgiaķá ikotgsķihgi vdotõrýiýig l

uá ikotgsķig áczcmdi vdotõr vdotõrýhýr. s

< < <

oc vdotõr grgsķihgoc gáķ kmngo ýzdrd, vdotõrýiýi lýyýomýěý,

> + +< jksg l

s

s gl

(<-5)cmd vdrcmcr (oksciýs tdkrdnc).

U otõ m h A t co X m




L

G

\>G+L

L

J H

>

L

H \>G+L+J+H>; L

G

(<-1)



o r m m n c m ncici

"hděcśnd õzd

mmcěc"

vgrhķr0 g l l g

vdotõrýiýi idagtcec (- ),l l

vdotõrý cmd gyiķ lýyýomýotdl

.

(<-2)



kOuzd d hk ru õidmnc <6 on' mco lcr vdotõr cmd 56Õrido 0

ouzdy-lgtķyg hkěru yõidmncś :4 on' mco vdotõrýi lcmdśodscic lumuiuz.

kĶoc vdotõr grgsķihgoc gáķ 56 ' hcr.

Oksciýs tdkrdncid aõrd lcmdśod vdotõrýi lýyýomýěý,

< <+ +< jks s g l gl

< < k <6 + :4 +< <6 :4 jks 56

>

.

s i s i sci sci sci(7<6 ) 6.5<3

82.<l s s

(<-3)

k :2.3

Udotõrmdrhd Adkndtrco Áķogrng0




h g l

.

vdotõrý lumuiur vd vdotõrý

cmd tk mgiķr.

vdotõrýihdil l g

kt0 d tõr dr dśdi dr vgsķtgsķy g tkp gng vdyg áķ grngnýnoýihýr. Tyaumgnghg lu yõitdn áko hgbg oummgiķśmķ vd okmgyhķr.

(<-76)





G -L L

\>G-L>;

G\>G-L

L

J > - + >

\>G-L+J

J

-L

(<-77)

Udotõrýi lcmdśdimdrc vd lcr dosdimd ygptķěķ gáķ0



Udotõrýi lcmdśdimdrc vd lcr dosdimd ygptķěķ gáķ0

L r vd tõrýi r d sdi yõiýi d dśdi , vd tõrýi k d sdi

ýzdrcihdoc czhýśýnýhýr. Õriděci , vdotõrýiýi dosdic xg g x -

ýzdrcihdoc czhýśýnýhýr. Udotõrýi lcmdśdic, lgśmgiaķá vd uá xg

- .

vdotõrýiýi - vd -lcmdśdimdrcg x y

d ctmcomdrc cmd vdrcmcr.

jks sci .vd x yg g g g

vd lcmdśdimdrc lcmcicykrsg, vdotõrýi lýyýomýěý x yg g

vd sķ

rgsķ

ymg vd dosdic cmd ygptķ

ěķ

gáķ

lumuiglcmcr. x y

< < tgi t

gi ?vd y

x x

g gg g g

(<-7<)kmgrgo lumuiur.

x yg g

Lcrcn vdotõrmdr 0



" " " " , .

Lcrcnsczhcr vd sghdjd sghdjd yõi aõstdrndo gngjķymg oummgiķmķr.

-, ,

sķrgsķymg, , vd cmd aõstdrcmcrmdr ˅ ˅ ˅c ` .o

Xýn vdotõrmdr lcrcn vdotõrmdr jciscihdi ygzķmglcmcr.řdocmhdoc vdotõrmd ˅r ˅ ˅ ˅c0 ? ` c ` x y x yg g g l l l

vd yõiýihdoc lcrcn vdotõrmdr0

˅ ˅g l

g l

.

Lu hurunhg vd vdotõrmdrc,g l

> >g l

? lcácncihd hd ygzķmglcmc˅˅ r.g gg l ll

(<-7:)

Lcmdśdimdrc Sgrhķnķymg Udotõrmdrci Xkpmgingsķ0



Lcmdśdimdrc Sgrhķnķymg Udotõrmdrci Xkpmgingsķ0

˅ ˅

;˅ ˅

x yr g l

x y ˅ ˅cr g l g l

˅ ˅cg g g

;˅ ˅c ` h g ll l l

c ` x x y yh g l g l

(<-78)

Lc c c ý h o h ěc tc L m mÕ o



Lcr jcscn ýá grhķśķo ydr-hděcśtcrnd ygpķykr. Luimgr sķrgsķymg,Õrido 0

7 < :

˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅74c :6` 7<o jn, <:c ` 4o jn vd 7:c 74` jn78h > + + h > h > +

k u uig a rd, kp gn ydr- d ś rnd vd r i i dśdi dr i vd

lýyýomýěýiý lumuiuz.

7 < :˅ ˅ ˅74 <: 7: c :6 78 74 ` 7< 4 o \ h h h + + +

˅ ˅ ˅ > <4c :7` 1o jn+ +

<4 jn :7 jn 1 jn \ \

< < << < <

x y z+ + <4 :7 1 86.8 jn \ \ \ \

(<-74)

Õrido0 G śdbrc L śdbrcici 85 on lgtķ vd :4 on aýidycihd ydr



ś ś a y y.

vd yõiýiý lumuiuz.

˅ ˅

85 on85 ‚ :4 \ c `

LL< <(85 on) (:4 on) \

: 4

\ > 41.2 on

o n

\ > ;\ > ;

G G

tgi 85 on

> :1.:6

(<-75)

Õ o Lc o o ě lc o ocmh oc clc <86 I– m o lc o t



Õrido0 Lcr drodo ákjuěu lcr o ķzg, śdocmhdoc aclc, <86 I– muo lcr ouvvdtuyaumgngotghķr. O ķzķi okmu ygtgymg <2 gáķ ygptķěķig aõrd lu ouvvdtci

lcmdśdimdrcic lumuiuz.

EE > <86 I> <86 I

<26

EE EEyyEEyy

EExx

E > - <86 I jks <26 > - <86*6.22> -<7< I Lcrcn vdotõrmdr jciscihdi

E > + <86 I sci <26

><86*6.81> +77: I

˅ ˅<7< 77: I c I `

(<-71)

Õrido0 Lcr ogpmunlgěg gśgěķhg vdrcmdi grhķśķo ýá ydrhděcśtcrnd vd



lu dr hd c tcrndmdrci gtg mg g tķ ķ g ķ vdrcmnc tcr. Og munlg giķitkpmgn ydr hděcśtcrnd vdotõrý \– ici lýyýomýěýiý vd yõiýiý

lumuiuz. > . n

\ G > 4 n, 66

.

<66L > <.7 n, <66

> 6 > n . ,

6 6

Udotõr e R-lcmd dic c S-lcmd dic

. .

G>4 n 66 + 4 n 6

L> .7n + .7 n jks + .7 n sci

J>6.4 n 366 6 + 6.4 n

\ x > G x+Lx+Jx \ y > G y+Ly+Jy (<-72)

Õrido hd gn Udrcmdi ý dotõrýi tk mgnķiķ l m i



Õrido hdvgn0 Udrcmdi ý vdotõrýi tk mgnķiķ lumuiuz. G > 4 n,66? L > <.7 n, <66? J > 6.4 n, 366.

x-lcmdśdic (c) y-lcmdśdic ( `)

x > . y >L > +7.31 n L > +6.172 n

Jx > 6 J > + 6.46 n

G G > 4.66> 4.66 cc + 6+ 6 ` `

LL > 7.31> 7.31 cc + 6.172+ 6.172 ` `>> + .+ .

>> .. + .+ .

(<-73)



r d tõrýi r g dr d grpķnķ 0

lcr sogmdr icjdmco vd ' hg lcr vdotõr kmngo ýzdrd, s g

.

u ydi vd tõrýi ýyý ý ý d vdr r.

6 csd, vdotõrý cmd gyiķ

yõihdhcr.

>

s l g

s g

6 csd, vdotõrý cmd tdrs yõihdhc .r s l g

0 E ngÕrido

(<-<6)

Ķoc Udotõrýi Zogmdr gr ķnķ 0



Ķoc Udotõrýi Zogmdr gr ķnķ 0

vd r i s g dr ág k vdyrpķnķ, ágrpķn k grg g ig ik g r.

>

.

Õrido0 Ķś

Q E x

(<-<7)

Lcm im rc ci ci i o m r r ķn



Lcm im rc ci ci i o m r r ķn

˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ > c ` o c ` o x y z x y zg l g g g l l l

˅ ˅ ˅c ` o kmhuěuihgi,

˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅c ` ` c 6

˅ ˅ ˅ ˅c o o c 6˅ ˅ ˅

.

˅

x x y y z z

` o o ` 6

(<-<<)

˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅<c :` o vd 8c <` o vdotõrmdrc grgsķihgoc> + + L > + Õrido 0



<c :` o vd 8c <` o vdotõrmdrc grgsķihgoc + + L + Õrido 0

gáķyķ lumuiuz.

Lu skruhg, coc vdotõr grgsķihgoc gáķyķ lumngo cáci vdotõrmdrci cocegromķ ykmmg sogmdr ágrpķn cśmdncihdi ygrgrmgigjgěķz. Ķoc skiuju

.

< < < < < <jks > (<) (:) (7) ( 8) (<) ( 7) jks G L GL β β C. Skm 0

x x y y z z. k 0

k: :jks > 6.714 > 766

G Lβ β

(<-<:)

vd vdotõrmdrcici lýyýomýomdrc gyiķ vd 4 lcrcnhcr. G LÕrido 0



y y

˅5 kmhuěuig aõrd, lu coc vdotõr grgsķihgoc gáķyķ lumuiuz. G+ L > c

< < <

Oksciýs tdkrdncid aõrd0 + < jks ' hķr. L G + L + G L

< < <Luig aõrd,

k.jks 6.<2 765.: lumuiur.

<(4)(4) 46

˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅5c 2` ? 2c :` vd <5c 73` vdotõrmdrc vdrcmcykr. G L + J + Õrido 0

6 dśctmcěcic sgěmgygi vd sgyķ

mgr ķ

iķ

bdsgpmgyķ

iķ

z.gG+lL+J > g l

˅ ˅

g g g

5 2 <5g l

(<-<8)

vd u uiur.2 : 73 gg l



vd vdotõrmdrc grgsķ

ihgoc vdotõrdm ágrpng cśmdnc,g l j g l

cmd vdrcmdi ydic lcr vdotõr kmuśturur. vdotõrýiýi lýyýomýěý

cmd vdrcmcr vsc d cmd vdotõrmdrcici kmu tur ui h u

j

j g g ll

sgě-dm-ouhýzmdnd hcotcr. Sõiý " " cmd ldmcrmdrgmķ icr0

Udotõrdm ágrpķn, ágrpķn kmgrgo hg lc"jrkss" mcicr.

Zg ě dm ourgm ķ0

. vdotõrýiý pgrngo uámgr ķiķz kiui yõiýiý aõstdrdjdo cc g

śd d sg gvuá á id yg ķr ķiķz.

. vdotõrýiý oýáýo gáķ yõiýihd 'ccc g l

ici ýzdrcid sýpýrýiýz.

(<-<4). Lgś pgrngěķiķz vdotõrýiýi yõiýiý vdrcr.cv j

Zg ě dm ourgm ķ0



(<-<5)



xUdotõrdm ágrpķnķi õzdmmcomdrc0 j g l

. s i

<. vd lcrlcrcid grgmdm vd g gitc grgmdm csd 6'hķr.

j g

g l j

:. vdotõrý vd 'ici lumuihu u hýzmdnd hcotcr.j g j g l

8. j l

(<-<1)

. .

Lcmdśdimdrc Jciscihdi Udotõrdm Ágrpng 0



p

˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅c ` o c ` o x y z x y zg l g g g l l l

˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅c c ` ` o o 6˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅

?

˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅o c ` ? c o ` kmhuěuihgi

˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ` o c ? o ` c

˅ ˅ c ` o˅ y z z y z x x z x y y xg l g l g l g l g l g l g l

, gśgěķ

hgoc hdtdrncigit ykmu cmd hd ldmcrmdidlcmcr.g lIkt0

?g g g x y z

l l l

g l g l l g Ikt0

(<-<2)

˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅<c :` o, 8c <` o vd 4c <` vdotõrmdrc vdrcmsci. G> + + L > + J Õrido 0



) ; , ) ( + ) kmhuěuiu aõstdrcicz.g G L > l J G L J G+J L

˅ ˅ ˅c ` o ˅ ˅ ˅) < : 7 > 4c < `+75o g G L

8 < 7

˅ ˅ ˅c ` o

˅>+

< 4 6

˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅

c ` o c ` o

˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅4 < 6 > <c 4`+73o vd 4 < 6 > <c + 4`+ <oJ G J L

< : 7 8 < 7

(<-<3) ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅> <c 4`+73o <c + 4`+ <o <7o ( + )J G J L J G L



(<-:6)



(<-:7)



(<-:<)



(<-::)

jks >

LÕMÝN-:Lc H ě L B o t



Lcr Hkěru Lkyuijg Bgrdodt

u n d, j s n dr i r k ru kyuijg grd d i ijd dydjd z.Gśgěķhgoc eczcosdm icjdmcomdrc gyr ķitķmķ lcr śdocmhd tgiķnmgygjgěķz.

Okiun vd Sdr-hděcśtcrnd Krtgmgng Bķz

Krtgmgng Zýrgt Gimķo Bķz

Krtgmgng vd Gimķo vnd

,

vdrdi lgěķitķmgr ķ týrdtdjděcz.Gyr ķjg, ydr yýzdycid ygo ķi ikotgmgrhg ydrádocnc dtocsc gmtķihg jcscnmdrcibgrdodtcic cijdmdydjděcz.

(:-7)

Zki kmgrgo hg, cvndici sglct kmnghķěķ hurunmgrhg, jcsnci bgrdodtcic děrcgmtķihgoc gmgiķi bdsgpmgingsķ yõitdncymd cijdmdydjděcz.

idng j s n dr i grd d i ijd dydi nd gi i r g g ķ ķr



idng , j s n dr i grd d i ijd dydi nd gi i r g g ķ ķr.Lcr jcsnci okiunu zgngimg hděcścykrsg k jcscn bgrdodtmchcr hdrcz.

Bgrdodtmc jcscnmdrci ikotgsgm pgrágjķomgrhgi kmuśtuěuiu vd bdpscici hdg iķ docmhd bgrdodt dttc cic oglum dhdjd cz.

Lu lõmýnhd, bgrdodtd idyci sdldp kmhuěuymg cmacmdindydjděcz.

x-dosdic lkyuijg bgrdodt dhdi lcr jcscn hýśýidmcn.

Bdrbgiac lcr t giķ

ihg, krc`cid aõrd jcsnci okiunu x(t ) cmdtgiķnmgiķr. x-dosdicici bgiac tgrge ķihg lumuihuěuig aõrd,jcsnci okkrhcigtķ idagtce vdyg pkzctce kmglcmcr.

OKITN0 Lcr jcsnci ydrcici lcr rdedrgisg aõrd ldmcrmdindschcr.

Lcr jcsnci ”okiun vdotõrý„, lumuihuěu okkrhcigtscstdncici krc`cicihdi jcsnci lumuihuěu ikotgyg áczcmdi

(:-<)

vd r r.

Ikt0 Sdr-hděcśtcrnd cmd achcmdi tkpmgn ykm gyiķ śdy hděcmhcr !!



L

G

(:-:)

L



L Skm>766 n

46 n

Sdr hděcśtcrnd

G

rido0 x7 4 n okiunuihgi pkzctce yõihd x< <66 n okiunuigachdi vd krghgi tdorgr lgśmgiaķátgoc okiunuig hõidi lcr jcscnś id n.

Jcscn tkpmgn kmgrgo :36 n ykm gmhķěķ bgmhd,

dr-hd c tcrndsc Θ x 6– hķr.

(:-8)

Sdr-hděcśtcrnd Udotõrý0 Lcr jcscn x7 okiunuihgi x< okiunuig-, .



ydr hděcśtcrnd ski okiun cmo oki

7

un

<

ZC scstdncihd lcrcnc (n)

rid i, kiunu x7 n vd ski kiunu x< n k gi r j sn i ydr-hděcśtcrndsc Θ x 7<‚4 1 n kmgjgotķr. Θ x– ci pkzctce kmngsķ, ydr-

hd c tcrndici + x õiýihd kmhu uiu õstdrcr.

Jcscn x7 4 n okiunuihgi x< 7 n okiunuig bgrdodt dtsdyhc, ydr-d ś rnd x ‚ ‚ n k ur u. x i idag k ngsķ, ydr-

hděcśtcrndici ‚x yõiýihd kmhuěuiu aõstdrcr.

Sdr-hděcśtcrnd, bdn lýyýomýěý bdn hd yõiý kmgi vdotõrdm lcr icjdmcotcr.

(:-4)

d kyuttg grd dt ijd d n z u õ ýn d, ydr- d śt rnd yõiýkmgrgo Θ x– c i cśgrdtcic oummgigjgěķz.

Okiun-zgngi Argecěc vd Krtgmgng Bķz0



Lcr jcsnci bgrdodtcic tgiķnmgngiķi lcr ykmu, jcsnci okiunuiu zgngig

lg mķ kmgrgo czndotcr.

Bdrbgiac lcr t 7 giķ cmd t < giķ grgsķihg, jgimķiķi x7 okiunuihgi x< okiunuig id

Okiun-zgngi rgec cihd t x ikotgsķihgi t x ikotgsķig czcmdi hk ruiui

g gr ķz ķ a kiusui g kr g gng ķz zd r r vdrdjd r.

děcnc, jcsnci t 7 vd t < grgmķěķihgoc vkrt bķzķig dścttcr.

< 7krt

x x xv

t t t

krtgmgng bķz

(:-5)

-



x

t

Jcsnci bgrdodtcic tgiķnmgyķiķz. Hurgi lcr jcsnci okiun-zgngig argecěc.

s n uruykr.

(:-1)

-



x

sn i grd d i giķn gyķiķz.

Jcscn +x yõiýihd sglct bķzmg achcykr.Hděcśdi lcr bķzmg bgrdodt dhdi

lcr jgimķiķi okiun-zgngi

(:-2)



x L

xG

t

Lcr jcsnci okiun-zgngi argecěcrgecotd vdrcmnc tcr. Lu jcsnci/krt v x t krtgmgng bķzķ bdsgpmgyķiķz.

krt . .

(:-3)

> >7 <

8 < –hc



x7 > 8 n v d x< > < n–hcr.

.

< 7krt

< ( 8) 5 n< n/s

x xv

< 7

(:-76)

Krtgmgng Zýrgt (vsýrgt[krt)0 sýrgt[krt

tkpmgn ykmv



Krtgmgng sýrgt,Θt zgngi grgmķěķihg gmķigi ”tkpmgn ykm„ jciscihdi tgrce dhcmcr.

,

ikotgmgr ķ grgsķihgoc, krtgmgng bķzķiķ

>

> :6 n ? > 46 s vd > 4: n). G E E x t x

krt 46 6E G

E G

x xv

t t

2: 7.55 n/s

46

sýrgt[krt

<<+4<+4:

46 46 GL LH HE x x x

v

(:-77)7<1 <.48 n/s46

-dosdic lkyuijg bgrdodt dhdi lcr jcsnci xÕrido 0

okiun-zgngi argecěc ygihg vdrcmncśtcr.



Jcsnci 6 < s ? 6 8 s ? 6 1 s ? 6 2 s grgmķomgr ķihg krtgmgng bķzķiķ lumuiuz.

6 2 s grgmķ ķihg jcsnci bķz-zgngi rge c cic czcicz.

Okiun-zgngi argecěcihdi?

krt(6-<) krt(6-8)

76 6 4 64 n/s ? 7.<4 n/s

< 6 8 6v v

krt(6-1) krt(6-2)

4 6 6 66.178 n/s ? 6

1 6 2 6v v

(6-<) (<-8)76 6 4 76 4 n/s ? <.4 n/shxv v v

(8-4) (4-1)

4 4 4 4 6 ? 4 n/s

4 8 1 4v v

(:-7<)(1-2)

6 ( 4) 4 n/s2 1

v

Gimķo Bķz0

r g gng ķz, r j sn i t 7 vd t < zgngi grg ķ ķi g



id oghgr bķzmķ kmhuěu lcmacscic cádrcr. Bdrbgiac lcr ”

bķz„ tgiķnķymg vdrcmcr.

Gimķo bķz, krtgmgng bķzķi Θt ↜6hurunuihgoc mcnctchcr.

mcn

x hxv

u tgiķn gi gi ķ ķz, j sn i x kiunuiui

zgngig aõrd lcrcijc týrdvchcr.Sgic, okiun-zgngi argecěcici bdrbgiac lcr gihgoc děcnchcr.

(:-7:)Gimķo sýrgt gimķo bķzķi lýyýomýěýhýr.

-dosdic lkyuijg bgrdodt dhdi lcr jcsnci okiunu xÕrido 0<( ) 8 +<x t t t



( ) 8 +< x t t t

, .

.

. s giķi g ķzķiķ u uiuz.t

krt(6-7)

8 < 6) < n/s

7 6g v

) ( ) 8 8 n/s

hxl v t + t

ht

7< 72 8 < <.4 8 8 <.4 5 n/sv + krt(7-:) 8 n/s

: 7v

(:-78)

Krtgmgng Ķvnd0

7 vd < gi gr ķ grgsķi g kr g gng vnd0



v v v krt

< 7

n sgt t t

Gimķo Ķvnd0

Gimķo cvnd, krtgmgng cvndici Θt ↜6hurunuihgoc mcnctchcr vd bdrbgiac lcr t giķihg

<v hv hv h hx h x

.

<6

t t ht ht ht ht ht

u giķn gi gi ķ vnd, j sn i ķzķiķi zgngigaõrd lcrcijc týrdvchcr. Sgic, bķz-zgngi argecěcicibdrbgi c lcr gihgoc d cnchcr.

(:-74)

Zglct Ķvndmc Bgrdodt 0



' 6 6 .v t t

hv

6

6

6 6

ś-v

g v g v g g v v g

ht

x t t hx

6

6 6

6 6 xht

<

6 6 ( ) (Dś-<)< x t x v t gt

< <6 6Lu coc dśctmcotdi yko dhcmcrsd0 < (Dś-:)t v v g x x

(:-75)

Okiun ( ), bķz ( ) vd cvndici ( ) zgngimghděcścnmdrc0 x t v t g t

ec c h c h o lc



Okiun-zgngi argecěc, hýśdyc x x6

– hg odsdi lcr .

<76 6

<

x x v g

Bķz-zgngi argecěc, hýśdyc v v6– hg odsdi vd

d cnc cvnd d g d ct lcr hk ruhur.

Lurghg cvnd (g) sglcttcr.

(:-71)

Zglct Ķvndmc Bgrdodt Hdiomdnmdrc 0



7. v v gt v v

<7

gt

6 6.

<

< <6 6:. < ( )v v g x x

6 68. ( )

<krt x x v t v v t

(:-72)

-dosdic lk uijg cmdrmd di lcr sýrýjý, 76 s cácihd bķzķiķ hýz ýi x t Õrido 0

kmgrgo 76 n/s' hdi :6 n/s' yd áķogrķykr.



kmgrgo 76 n/s hdi :6 n/s yd áķogr ķykr.

.

) Lu cvndmdind sýrdjcici cmo ygr ķsķihg ktknklcm id ogl

hgr ykm gmķr;

) Lu cvndmdind sýrdjcihd ktknklcm id oghgr ykm gmķr;j

<krt

:6 76) < n/sg g

< <7 7

< <s c c

< <) 76 76 (<) (76) <66 n< <s c cj x x x v t gt

(:-73)

Huraui bgmhdi bgrdodtd lgśmgygi lcr jcsnciÕrido 0

cvnd-zgngi argecěc ygihg vdrcmncśtcr.



) 76 s vd <6 s gimgr ķihg jcsnci bķzķ idhcr;g t t ) Ķmo <6 s cácihd jcscn id oghgr ykm gmnķśtķr;l

6) 6 76 s < n/s <6 n/s

76-74 s grgmķěķihg 6 kmhuěuihgi bķz sglcttcr vd <6 n/s' hcr .

g t g v v gt v

g

<74-<6 s grgmķěķihg : n/s vd cmo bķz <6 n/s' hcr.g

< << < (<6) (6)

> >

6 <6 ( :) (4) 4 n sv v gt v

6 6 7-<(<)

< 76-74 s grgmķěķihg0 6 vd <6 n/s ><6 (4)>766 ng v x

< <

< <6 6 :

(4) (<6) 74-<6 s grgmķěķihg0 < > > 5<.4 n

< :v v g x x x

(:-<6)7 < : <5<.4 n x x x x

Zdrldst Hýśnd0

Hýiyg yýzdycici ygo ķimgr ķihg týn jcscnmdr lýyýomýěý 3.2 n/s< vd yõiý



hýiygiķi ndrodzcid hkěru kmgi lcr cvndici dtocscihd bgrdodt dhdrmdr.Zdrldst hýśndhd jcscnmdrci cvndsc sdnlkmco kmgrgo ” a„ cmd aõstdrcmcr.

y-dosdic hýśdyhd vd yuogr ķ yõihd gmķiķrsg,sdrldst hýśndhd jcsnci cvndsc g >

a kmur.

6

<

-7

6 6

< <

<

- 6 k

(:-<7)

46 n yýosdomcěcihd lcr lcigiķi tdpdscihdi lcr tgś hýśdyÕrido 0

k ru u g yu gr ķ k ru n s ķz g ķr g ķ ķykr. n

) X o c ýo omcě o h h o ;

a s



) Xgś ngoscnun yýosdomcěd id oghgr zgngihg áķogr;g

) Lu ikotg ydrhdi id ogl hgr yýosdotdhcr;

) Xgś e ķrmgtķmhķěķ sdvcydyd id oghgr zgngihg admcr; Lu ikotghg bķzķ id kmur;j

) 4 s giķ

ihg tgśķ

i bķ

zķ

vd okiunu idhcr;h t

6g s nun y sd d j sn i ķzķ sķ ķr ķr0 sg v v a

< <

k k

<7 7 < (<6) 6 6 8 sj v t t t v t t

6

< < 76

<6 76 (8) <6 n/sv v at

6

< <

) <6 76 (4) :6 n/sh v v at

(:-<<)

6 46 <4 n <4 n< (76) <6 y y

<

Lcr bdmcokptdrci ydrhdi yýosdomcěc : cmd vdrcmcykr. Lurghg sgic d vd ndtrd jciscihdihcr. < s giķihg bdmcok tdrhdi lcr godt

y t t t

Õrido 0

sdrldst lķrgo ķmķykr.



y

g d id g gr zgngi g ydrd u gśķrg n

) Vgodt ydrd umgśtķěķ gihg bķzķiķi lýyýomýěý ogá n/s'hcr;

a s

l

) Vgodtci cvndsc cáci id sõymdydlcmcsrcicz;j h 6 pg d sdr ds ķrg ķ ķ ķ gi g ķzķ n s

vd drhdi ýosdomc c 7< n' hcr.

g v vht

y

< <6 6

7 7< :286 7< 7< 4 :.75 s y y v t at t t t

) Vgodtci bķ

zķ

iķ

i zgngig lgěmķ

ekioscykiu0 ( ) 7<l v t at

. .

<hv

(:-<:)

.ht

Hurgi lcr jcsnciokiun-zgngi, bķz-zgngi, cvnd-zgngi argecomdrc0



, , a

x v g

t t t

Okiun-zgngi - Ķvnd-zgngi

(:-<8)

Zglct bķzmg bgrdodt dhdi lcr jcsnciokiun-zgngi, bķz-zgngi, cvnd-zgngi argecomdrc0



a

x v g

t t t

Okiun-zgngi - -

(:-<4)

Zglct cvnd cmd bgrdodt dhdi lcr jcsnciokiun-zgngi, bķz-zgngi, cvnd-zgngi argecomdrc0



x v g

t t t

-Bķz-zgngiOkiun-zgngi

(:-<5)

Ķvndici Zglct Kmnghķěķ Hurun 0sn i vnds sg d sd, j sn i ķzķiķ vd kiunuiu

citdargsyki ykmuymg lumglcmcrcz

v t x t



citdargsyki ykmuymg lumglcmcrcz.

7 7 7 7

Ķitdargsyki gigmctco kmgrgo vdyg argeco ygomgśķnķ cmd ygpķmķr.v t t t

6 6 6 67 6 7 6

v t t t

vg hv ght hv ght v v ght v v ght

ht

7

( ) argecěcihd děrc gmtķihg ogmgi gmgit

ght g t t 6t

7 7 x t

hxv hx vht hx vht

7t

6 6

7 7

x t

t t

kt

(:-<1)6 6

7 6 7 6t t

,



t g

Xýrdv

t

vXýrdv

x t

Ķitdargm Ķitdargm

t

ht v 6

6

x t x t v

hv

t

t h 6(:-<2)

-Ķoc vd Ýá Lkyuttg Bgrdodt



vd Ýá kyuttg g d dt

Lu lõmýnhd, tdo lkyut o ķsķtmgngsķ kmnghgi, lcr hýzmdnhd vd uzgyhg.

ýz dn d grd d d õrid k grg d g ķś vd za i g rdsdbgrdodt„ gyr ķitķmķ lcr śdocmhd cijdmdidjdotcr.

,

scstdnmdrcid aõrd lcr jcsnci bgrdodtc cijdmdidjdotcr. (Lgěķ

m bgrdodt)

(8-7)

Okiun Udotõrý

Lcr pgrágjķěķi okiun vdotõrý , lumuihuěu okkrhcigt scstdncicir



.

řdocmhd V ikotgsķihg lumuigi jcsnci okiun vdotõrýÕrido 0

c ` o r x y z

˅ ˅ ˅:c < ` 4o (n)r

V

(8-<)

Sdr-hděcśtcrnd Udotõrý

7 <okiunuihgi okiunuig bgrdodt dhdi lcr jcsnci ydr-hděcśtcrnd vdotõrý,r r



lc cncihd tgiķnmgiķr. vd okiun vdotõrmdrc lcmd dimdrc jciscihdir r r r r

7 7 7 7 < < < <

˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅c ` o vd c `r x y z r x y z

o˅ lcácncihd ceghd dhcmcrsd, ydr-hděcśtcrnd

vd r d dśdi dr j is i di

˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅

< 7 < 7 < 7

kmur.

< 7 x x x

< 7 y y y

< 7

(8-:)

Krtgmgng vd Gimķo Bķz

Lõmýn :– hd tgiķnmgihķěķ aclc,



Sdr-hděcśtcrndKrtgmgng Bķz > lcácncihd vdrcmcr.

Pgngi

˅ ˅ ˅c ` o ˅ ˅ ˅r x y z x y z

krtt t t t t

Gimķo bķz csd, krtgmgng bķzķi 6t urunui g n r.

6mcn

t

r hr v

(8-8)

ici sķe ķrg actndsc hurunuihg0t '

< 7

7. vdotõrý vdotõrý ýzdrcid hkěru ogygr vd 6 hurunu adrádomdścr.r r r



krt<. vdotõrý (ygic ), "7" ikotgsķihg yõrýiadyd áczcmdi tdědt yõiýihdhcr.r

v

t

. krt

˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅c ` o c ` o

˅ ˅ ˅

v x y z ht ht ht ht

x y z

hx hy hz

ķz dśdi dr śu dś dr d vdr r0

hr

(8-4)

x y z ht ht ht

vht

Krtgmgng vd Gimķo Ķvnd

< 7krt

Bķzhgoc hděcścnKrtgmgng cvnd

v v vg



,

˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅mcn c ` o c ` o c ` o y x z hvhv hvv hv h g v v v g g g

t t t t t t t

, , .Ķvnd lcmdśdimdrc śu dśctmcomdrmd vdrcmcr0

hvhv hvhv

? ? x z x y z

g g g ght ht ht ht

(8-5)

6 6Lcr jcscn, cmo bķz lcmdśdimdrc <6 n/s vd 74 n/s kmgjgo x yv v Õrido 0

śdocmhd, 6 giķihg krc`cihdi bgrdodtd lgśmķykr. -hýzmdncihd bgrdodtt xy



< ' .)

y

g Jcsnci bdrbgiac lcr gihgoc bķzķiķ lumuiuz.

sn i dr gia r gi g kiunu id r

6 6) <6 8 n/s ? 74 n/s

˅ ˅

x x x y y yg v v g t t v v g t

6 60l t x

< <6 6

<

7( ) <6 << ˅ ˅

x x x t x v t g t t t

<6 6

n7

( ) 74<

y y

r

y t y v t g t t

(8-1)

Děco Gtķś

Lcr jcsnci ydr-ádocnc ouvvdtcici dtocsc gmtķihg hýśdy hýzmdnhdoc bgrdodtcķķ ķ ķ ķ



”děco děco gt śgt ś„ bgrdodtc kmgrgo ghmgih r m r.

6Jcscn bgrdodtcid cmo bķzķymg lgśmgr.v

ķzķi yg gy vd śdy dśdi dr śu g d drd sg p r0

civ v v v

x y

Děco gtķś bgrdodtc, x-dosdic vd y-dosdic lkyuijg gyr ķ gyr ķ cijdmdidjdotcr. Lucoc bgrdodt lcrlcrcihdi lgěķnsķzhķr. x-dosdic yõiýihdoc bgrdodtci cvndsc

sķe ķr, y-dosdic yõiýihdoc bgrdodtci cvndsc csd gg a a– hcr.(8-2)

6' hķr vd -dosdic yõiýihdoc bķz hděcśndz. g xSgtgy Bgrdodt 0

6 6 6 6 6jks (Dś-7) vd jks (Dś-<) xv v x x v t



' hcr vd -dosdicihdoc bgrdodt sdrldst hýśndhcr. yg a y Hýśdy Bgrdodt 0

6 6 6 6 6sci (Dś-:) vd sci (Dś-8)

<

yv v at y y v t at

<<- ' - ' 6 6 6

lgěķitķsķ dmhd dhcmcr.

y

6 6Lu dśctmcomdrhdoc vd , jcsnci bgrdodtd x y

gś g ķ ķ ik giķi kkr ig gr ķ ķr.

6 6

krc`ci kmgrgo gmķiķr ( 6 ? 6). x y

(8-3)

Sõrýiad hdiomdnc 0



- -6 6 6 6

<

7

x

- -6 6 6 6

<

y

Dś-<' hdi ádocmcp Dś-8' td oummgiķmķrsg,t

6 <

6 6

tgi< jks

y x xv

lumuiur vd lu dśctmco jcsnci czmdhcěc yõrýiadici hdiomdnchcr.

Sõrýiad hdiomdnc ekrnuihghķr vd lcr pgrglkmý tgiķnmgr.< y > gx + lx

(8-76)

<6 6sci<0

v \

Sgtgy Ndizcm ( ) \



-6

ýzdrcihdysd ( 6), jcsnci ygtgyhg gmhķěķ ykm ( ) ndizcm

- '

y y \

<6 6 6 6

.

7sci 6 sciv t at t v 6 6< sci7 6 v at t

6 6 lumuiur. , jcsnci uáuś sýrdschcr vd Dś-< _ jks ^' hdt x v t

<6

6 6

<sci jks lumuiur.

v \

<6 <

6v sci β

\ >

6Jcscn ygtgymg 84 ' mco gáķ ygpgjgo śdocmhd gtķmķrsg K G

\

ngoscnun ndizcmd umgśķr.<6

n gx

v \ >

a

(8-77)

Ngoscnun Sýosdomco ( B )0< <6 6sciv

B



6 6

ikotgsķihg, 60

y

y G v

6 66 6 scisci 6 vv at t

<

( ) y t

< 6 6 6 66 6 6 6sci sci

< < B v t at v a

a a

< <6 6sciv

B

a (8-7<)

Lcr tgś, yýosdoměc 84 n kmgi lcr lcigiķiÕrido 0k

6

tdpdscihdi ygtgymg :6 gáķ ygpgjgo śdocmhd

<6 / ' mco cmo bķ

m eķ

mķ

mķ



6 <6 n/s' mco cmo b zmg e rmgt m ykr.v) Xgś, id oghgr sýrdhd ydrd hýśdr;

) Xgś, gtķmhķěķ ikotghgi id oghgr u

g

l

zgotg ydrd hýśdr;

) Xgś, ydrd bgiac bķzmg ágrpgr;j

6 6) 4 <6 sci(:6) 84 6 8.<< s< yg y y v t at t t t

<6 6) <6 jks(:6) 1: n

<

x xl x x v t g t x t

6

6

) <6 jks(:6) 71.: n/s

<6 sci(:6) (3.2) (8.<<) :7.8 n/s x xj v v

v v at

(8-7:)˅ ˅ 71.:c :7.8` n/sv

Lcr ourtgrng uágěķ ydrhdi 766 n yýosdomcotd, 86 n/s ygtgy bķzmg achdrodi,Õrido 0

ng sur g nķś r aru ui u ui u u ik gyg ygr ķn pg d u gś ķrng s ykr.

) Vgodtci arului lumuihuěu ikotgyg hýśndsg c cáci adádi sýrd idhcr;

ķ ķ ķ ķ ķ



gia yg gy uzg ķ gi ķrg ķ ng ķ ķr ) Vgodt bgiac bķzmg ydrd ágrpgr;j

< <6 6) 766 (3.2)

< < 8.4< s

yg y y v t at t

t

<6 6 6

7) 86 (8.4<) 727 n

< x x xl x x v t g t x v t

6) 86 n/s x xj v v 6 (3.2) (8.4<) 88.: n/s

˅ ˅ 86c 88.:` n/s

y yv v at

v

(8-78)

Lcr ogygoáķ, śdocmhdoc aclc <4 n/s' mco ygtgy lcr bķzmg gtmgyķś ygpķykrÕrido 0

vd rgnpgiķi g ujuig ś ykr. gnpgiķi d n gáķsķ r.

) Ogygoáķ id oghgr sýrd bgvghg ogmķr;g

ķ ķ



gnpgiķi uzui u u id g gr ķr

) Ogygoáķ rgnpgyg bgiac bķzmg ágrpgr;j

< <6

7) <4 jks(:4) ? 8.3 sci(:4)<

xg x v t t h y at t h

8.3 <4 tgi(:4) tgi(:4) :.41 s

<4 8.3

t t

t

<4 (:.41)) <4 jks(:4) 763 nl t h h

6

(3.2) (:.41) :4 n/s

˅ ˅

x x

y yv v at

(8-74)

n sv

Hýzaýi Hgcrdsdm Bgrdodt0

Sgr ķágpķ r kmgi ádnldrsdm lcr yõrýiadhd sglct vbķzķymg bgrdodt dhdi jcscn ”hýzaýihýzaýi hgcrdsdmhgcrdsdmb o tb o t„ h c Sõ ý c b



bgrdodtbgrdodt„ ygpķykr hdicr. Sõrýiadici bdr ikotgsķihg jcsnci bķzķiķi lýyýomýěý gyiķ egogty i gr ķ ķr.

Hýzaýi hgcrdsdm bgrdodttd cvnd śu õzdmmcomdrc tgśķr0

7. Ádnldr ýzdrcihdoc bdr ikotghg ádnldrci ndrodzc kmgi J ikotgsķighkěruhur vd lu idhdimd ”ndrodzjcmndrodzjcm cvndcvnd„ kmgrgo ghmgihķr ķmķr.

<vg

r <. Lýyýomýěý lgěķitķsķ cmd vdrcmcr.

Jcscn lcr tgn turuiu lcr pdrcyktmuo sýrdhd (X ) gmķr vd

cmd ceghd dhcmcr.r

X v(8-75)



˅ ˅ ˅ ˅c ` sci c jks ` x yv v v v v

ikotgsķihg okiun, bķz vd cvnd 0

sci , jks V V

V

y r x r

˅ ˅ ˅ ˅c ` ? > c ` V V V V y x hy hxhv v vv v v g

< < << <˅ ˅jks c sciv v vg g g g

<

x yr r r

(8-71)tgi

y

xg < tgi cvnd, J' yd hkěruhur./ jksv r



LcrLcr LkyuttgLkyuttg LgěķmLgěķm BgrdodtBgrdodt00

r j sn i i, r r id a rd grd d vd a z dn ádrádvd dr id a rdõmáýmdi bķzmgr ķ lcrlcrcihdi egromķhķr. L aõzmdnjcscici huraui kmgi G

LG



LG . lcr gihg G vd L aõzmdnjcmdrc, sķrgsķymg, V jcsncici okiunuiu x VG vd x VL

kmgrgo õm sýimdr. x –hd õzmdnjcscici õzmdnjcscid õrd okiunu kmsui.

h h h VG VL LG VG VL LG VG VL LG

ht ht ht

6 LG G VL

h

vg g

Ikt0Ikt0 vd õzmdnjcmdrcjcsncici bķzķiķ egromķ õmádrmdregogt cvndscic gyiķ õmádrmdr.

(8-73)

Ķoc Lkyuttg Lgěķm Bgrdodt 0

aõzmdnjcscici aõzmdnjcscid aõrd hýzmdncihd sglct lcr bķ

zķ

cmd LGL G xy v



aõzmdnjcscici aõzmdnjcscid aõrd -hýzmdncihd sglct lcr b z cmd L G xy vbgrdodt dttcěcic vgrsgygmķn. Bdrbgiac lcr gihg, vd aõzmdnjcmdrc G L V

, , .

aõzmdnjcscici aõzmdnjcscid aõrd okiun vdotõrý kmsui.

VG VL LG

G

VG VL LG VG VL L VG L VL Gr r r vr r r ht

v vht ht

6 LG

VG VL

hvg g

(8-<6)



v lgogi lcrmdśtcr, lgogihgi lgo ķmgig vdotõr ácz.

czhc ci lu vdotõr lg ķm vdotõrhýr

v lgo ķmgi

v lgěķm



czhc ci lu vdotõr lg m vdotõrhýr.

,

admndotd kmgi O , M, N vd I grgámgr ķ aõrýmndotdhcr.

M

g ) O – hgi lgogi M– yc igsķm aõrýr;

vv

M < MO v v

v

– –

v N v O

ON

(8-<<)

kmgi lcr grgjķi cácihdoc ykmju ydrd hýśdiygěnur hgnmgsķiķ aýidyd v bķzķymg

v yg ě nur-ydr >;

achcykrnuś aclc aõrýykr Luig aõrd v



achcykrnuś aclc aõrýykr. Luig aõrdygěnur hgnmgsķiķi ydrd aõrd bķzķ idhcr;

vgrgá-ydr

v lgogi vgrgá-ydr > v> <v

v lgo ķmgi v lgěķm vygěnur-ydr vygěnur-grgá> v

yg nur-ydr

˅ ˅> + ` c HS HG GS HS v v v v v v y

< < 7 k> < ? tgi 84 HS

vv v v v

v

x

(8-<:)

Õrido0 Hk u g hk ru ctndotd kmgi R grgjķihgoc õzmdnjc S grgjķiķ

hkěuyg hkěru, P grgjķiķ lgtķyg hkěru achcykrnuś aclc aõrýykr. Luig aõrd,S vd P grgámgr ķiķi bgrdodtmdrc bgoo ķihg idmdr sõymdidlcmcr;



S odscimcomd hkěuyg hkěru achcykr vd bķzķ R–cibķzķihgi lýyýotýr.

Luig aõrd,

7) P, R– ci bķzķihgi hgbg hýśýo lcr bķzmg hkěuyg achcykr kmglcmcr.

uraui k g r.

: P lgtķ g hk ru chc kr kmglcmcr.

(8-<8)

-mh ě b h



kmhuěu bķzhķr.

<- Ogyķěg aõrd bķz0 Ogyķo huraui codi ogyķěķi cácihdoc

bgrdodtmcici bķzķhķr.

:- Sdrd aõrd bķz0 Zuyg aõrd bķz cmd go ķitķ bķzķiķi vdotõrdm

. .

IKX0 Idbcr rklmdnmdrcihd drd õrd bķz cmd c mdn g ķmķr.

(8-<4)

Õrido0 Go ķitķ bķzķiķi 4 n/s kmhuěu lcridbcrhd, lcr ogyķo O ikotgsķihgi Mikotgsķig, suyg aõrd sglct bķzmg 76 s–hd

vsu>4 n/s

a ykr vd s d adr õiýykr. uig vogyķo



a y a yaõrd O-M uzgomķěķ ogá jn–hcr; O M

OM>MO ( 4) 76 ( 4) <6

74 n/s

ogyķo ogyķo

ogyķo

v v

v

OM ( 4) 76 (74 4) 76 <66 nogyķo v

(8-<5)

Ķoc Lkyuttg Idbcr Vrklmdnmdrc0

v



vsu

vogyķo-ydr

O

gyķ -su

Ikt 70 Bdr bķz odihc ykmuiu gmķr.

Ikt <0 Ogyķo ogr śķ o ķyķyg bdr zgngi ydrd aõrd bķzķ hkěrumtusuihg áķogr.

OM>(vogyķo-su) t

> vsu t

ON> v - t

(8-<1)

LÕMÝN-4Ouvvdt vd Bgrdodt C

, .Jc c B o c c l mh ě m cm cm hco



,Jcsnci Bgrdodtcid idyci sdldp kmhuěuymg cmacmdindhco.Lu vd skirgoc lõmýnhd csd omgsco ndogic ci tdndmc kmgi vd dic lcr grgmķotg pdo áko eczcosdm kmauyu gáķomgygi Idwtki ygsgmgr ķiķ õěrdidjděcz.

rid i, yķ ķz vd adzdadi dr i grd d dr dw ki ygsg gr ķig uygr.Gijgo, gśgěķhgoc coc okśumhg lu ygsgmgr ķi adádrscz kmhuěuiu go ķmhg

7. Jcscnmdrci bķzmgr ķiķi ķ ķo bķzķig ko go ķi kmhu u hurunmgrhg % 33

.

vdyg ýzdrc). K zgngi Dcistdci– ci õzdm aõrdmcmco tdkrcscic (7364)

oummgingnķz adrdodjdo.

<. Ķijdmdidi jcsnci lkyutmgr ķiķi áko oýáýo kmhuěu hurunmgrhg

(4-7)

, , . ,

ndogicěcic (73<5) oummgingnķz adrdodjdo.

Idwtki–ui Lcrcijc Sgsgsķ > Dymdnsczmco Sgsgsķ

Idwtki– hgi õijd, lcr jcsnci sglct lcr bķzmg bgrdodt dtndsc cáci lcr ouvvdtcidtocndsc adrdotcěc hýśýiýmýykrhu. Lcr jcsnci huraui kmngsķ kiui ”hkěgmhurunu„ kmgrgo lcmcicykrhu. Gijgo lu bgtg, ”sýrtýind„ ici hd lcr ouvvdt



y ,kmhuěuiui gimgśķmngsķihgi õijdyhc.

Õriděci, lcr jcscn pýrýzmý ygtgy lcr hýzmdnhd v6 cmo bķ

zķ

ymg bgrdodtd lg mgrsg lcr sýrd skirg hurgjgotķr.

Hcědr ygihgi, gyiķ jcscn gyiķ cmo bķzmg hgbg pýrýzsýz lcr yýzdyhd.

Idwtki lu ecorc gy vd adzdadimdrci bgrdodtmdrcid uyaumghķ. Tzgyhg”,

ygsgsķ„ krtgyg áķonķś kmhu. Luig aõrd,

Lcr jcsnd idt lcr ouvvdt dtocncykrsg, jcscn hurunuiu okrur.Hurauisg hurngyg, bgrdodtmcysd gyiķ bķzmg hýzaýi hkěrusgm

(4-<)bgrdodtcid hdvgn dhdr.

uvvd 0 L r j snd dt ydi uvvdt, sd dpkmhuěu cvndici õmáýmndsc cmd ldmcrmdidlcmcr.



Zýrtýindscz lcr yýzdy ýzdrcid oýtmdsc n > 7 oa kmgi lcr jcscn okygmķnvd uyaumgigi lcr E ouvvdtcici kmuśturhuěu g cvndscic õmádmcn.

Ouvvdt, jcsnci cvndsc g > 7 n/s< kmgjgo śdocmhd gygrmgiķrsg,uyaumgigi ouvvdt, E > 7 idwtki (I)– hur hdicr.

(4-:)

g6

n6 Oýtmd0 Jcsnd õzaý lcr sglcttcr vd jcscnhdoc

nghhd ncotgr ķiķi lcr õmáýsýhýr. Lcr jcsnci

Eoýtmdsc, jcsnd dtoc dhdi E ouvvdtc cmd lu ouvvdtci



E

n R

sdldp kmhuěu g cvndscic lcrlcrcid lgěmgygi jcsnd

g R za r i jd r.

ds n6 > a k gi r j snd > uvvd uyau gyg ķn.Lu ouvvdt jcsnd g6 >7 n / s< cvndscic ogzgihķr ķr.

Gyiķ ouvvdtc, oýtmdsc n R kmgi lcr jcsnd uyaumghķěķnķzhg jcsndogzgihķrgjgěķ cvnd hd g R kmsui. Lu hurunhg,

6 6

6

R

R

g gnn n

n g g

lumuiur. Lõymdjd, g R cvndsc õmáýmdrdo bdrbgiac lcr jcsnci n R oýtmdsc

ldmcrmdidlcmcr.(4-8)

Idwtki–ui Ķocijc Sgsgsķ

Lcr jcsnd dtoc dhdi idt ouvvdt (E idt), lu ouvvdtci jcsnd ogzgihķrhķěķ cvnd(g) vd jcsnci oýtmdsc (n) grgsķihgoc cmcśoc ”Idwtki–ui cocijc ygsgsķ„kmgrgo ghmgihķr ķmķr vd śõymd tgiķnmgiķr0



Lcr jcsnd dtoc di idt ouvvdt cmd jcsnd ogzgihķrhķ ķ cvnd

Eidt

n

hkěru krgitķmķhķr vd krgitķ sglctc hd k jcsnci oýtmdscid

dścttcr. g

idtE ng

Jcsnd , vd aclc áko sgyķhgouvvdt dtocykrsg, idt ouvvdt

G L J E E E Ikt 0

luimgr ķi vdotõrdm tkpmgnķhķr vd

Ýá lkyutmu uzgyhg ( xyz-okkrhcigt scstdnc) lcmdśdimdrc jciscihdi Idwtki– ui

idt . G L J

cocijc ygsgsķ

0 idt, idt , idt , ? ? x x y y z zE ng E ng E ng (4-4)

Ndogico Vrklmdnmdrcihd Áko Zķomķomg Ogrśķmgśgjgěķnķz Ouvvdtmdr

Sdr- docnc Ouvvdtc0 Lcr jcsnd Hýi g tgrge ķ

ihgiuyaumgigi ouvvdttcr. Hýiygiķi ndrodzcid hkěruhur vd



ya y ě Idwtki– ui cocijc ygsgsķig aõrd śõymd vdrcmcr.

˅`a aE ng na E na

Idwtki–ui dvrdisdm oýtmd ádocn ygsgsķiķi

ndogiczngsķ? lcr ikotg oýtmd (n7) hcědr lcr ikotgoýtmdyc (n<), coc oýtmdici ágrpķnķ cmd hkěru,

kmgjgo lýyýomýotdoc lcr E ouvvdtc cmd ádodr.

d dr di vd u d dr i grg gr ķi guzgomķotgi lgěķnsķz kmgrgo |E 7| vd |E <|ouvvdtmdrcici lý ýomýomdrc bdr zgngi lcrlcrcid

A, oýtmd ádocn sglctchcr.

(4-5)dścttcr.

ěķrmķo0 Lcr jcsnci gěķrmķěķ, jcsnci sdrldst hýśndscicdiadmmdydjdo ouvvdtci lýyýomýěý kmgrgo tgiķnmgiķr.

ya Q



y a Q

na

6E ng Q n Q n ,

Ikt0 Gěķrmķo vd oýtmd egromķ icjdmcomdrhcr. Sdr-ádocnciciegromķ kmhuěu ydrmdrhd (õriděci gyhg, an > 7.1 n/s<),

oýtmd hděcśndzodi gěķ

rmķ

o hděcścr. (4-1)

Hděnd Ouvvdtc0 Ķsncihdi hd gimgśķmgjgěķ aclc, lu ouvvdtmdr lcrlcrmdrcymdtdngs bgmcihdoc ýzd mdr grgsķihg kmu ur. Ķoc týr tdngs ouvvdtc vgrhķr.Lcrcijcsc tdngs yýzdycid hco yõihdoc ”ikrngm ouvvdt„, cocijcsc hd tdngsyýzdycid pgrgmdm kmgi ”sýrtýind ouvvdtc„ hcr.



,hdekrnd kmur vd jcsnd, tdngs yýzdycid hco yõihd, csncid ”ikrngm ouvvdt„

hc djd cncz lcr ouvvdt u umgr. Lcr ngsg ýzdrcihd hurgi oýtmdsc n kmgi lcr lmko hýśýidmcn.

6E ng E n E n

lumuiur.

id , y y

(4-2)

Zýrtýind ouvvdtc0 Lcr jcsnc lumuihuěu yýzdy

ýzdrcihd bgrdodtd zkrmgrsgo lcr hcrdi md ogr ķ

mg ķ

r ķ

z.Lu hcrdiá ”sýrtýind„ kmgrgo lcmcicr vd ogyng



děcmcncid tdrs yõihdhcr.

(4-3)

dr nd0 L r j snd gě ķ k gi ptd k uśgi r uvvdtt rvd śu õzdmmcomdrd sgbcptcr0

7. Bdr zgngi cp lkyuijg yõidmcr.



7. Bdr zgngi cp lkyuijg yõidmcr.<. Bdr zgngi jcsnc dodjdo õihdhcr. :. Ķ p ýzdrcihd G vd L ikotgmgr ķihg gyiķ lýyýomýotdhcr.

řu oglummdindmdr ygpķmgjgotķr0

g. Ķ pci oýtmdsc, lgěmķ kmhuomgr ķ jcscnmdrci oýtmdscidaõrd ák ýáý týr.

. .

j. Ngogrg oummgiķmngsķ hurunuihg ngogrg

(4-76)sýrtýindsczhcr vd oýtmdsc cbngm dhcmdlcmcr.

Idwtki ygsgmgrķiķ uyaumgrodi tgocp dhcmdjdo ykm07. Ķijdmdidjdo scstdnci lgsct lcr śdomcic áczci.

<. Vrklmdnd uyaui lcr okkrhcigt scstdnc sdáci.



. -

hcygargnķ

ýzdrcihd aõstdrci.

8. Idwtki ygsgmgr ķiķ scstdnd uyaumgyķi.

(4-77)

Oýtmdsc 6.: oa kmgi lcr bkody hcsoc sýrtýindscz lcr yýzdy ýzdrcihdÕrido 0

7 <gyng g ķr. s d, śd d a vd u uvvd

dtocndotdhcr.

> >

) Hcsoci cvndscici lýyýomýěýiý vd yõiýiý lumg uiuz.

) c oc c c c e o o m m hl



) Hcsoci cvndscic sķe ķr ygpgjgo ýáýijý ouvvdt id kmngmķhķr;l

<4 jks(<6) 2 jks(56)) <3 n/s x x

E g g

<

.

4 sci(<6) 2 sci(56) 71.8 n/s

6.: y

y

E g

n

< << < < <3 71.8 ::.2 n/s

x yg g g

˅ ˅

7 k. tgi ( ) :7

<3

) 6 6 4 jks(<6) 2 jks(56) 2.1 I

6 4 jks(<6) 2 jks(56) 4.< I

x y x 7x <x :x :x

y 7y <y :y :y

g g +g E E E E E

E E E E E

: :xE E

˅ ˅ ˅ ˅c ` 2.1c 4.<` I:y+E (4-7<)

Gěķrmķěķ 7<4 I kmgi trgeco ķśķomgr ķ śdocmhdoc aclcÕrido 0

k k

cpmdrmd gsķmķ hurngotghķr. Ýsttdoc oglmkmgr ķi ygtgymg

ygptķomgr ķ gáķmgr :1 vd 4: kmhuěuig aõrd, bdr ýá tdmhdoc

adrcmnd ouvvdtmdrcic bdsgpmgyķiķz. Bgiac hurunhg



kmur;X X

: aZcstdn hdiadhd kmhuěuig aõrd, X E 7<4 I lumuiur. 7 <

7 < :

jks(:1) jks(4:) 6 (Dś-7)

sci(:1) sci(4:) X 6 (Dś-<)

x

y

E X X

E X X

7 < <

jks(4:) 6.2Dś-7' hdi0 > lumuiur .X X X

.

7 7 7

6.5Luiu Dś-<' hd ydrcid okygrsgo0 (6.5) 7<4 6 14.7 IX X X

< 7

.6.5

33.3 I lumuiur.X X

(4-7:)7 <

.

Dś-7' d aõrd, cpmdrci ygtgymg ygptķomgr ķ gáķmgr gyiķ kmsgyhķ, kmurhu.X X

Oýtmdsc kmgi lcr sgihķo, děcn gáķsķ kmgin Õrido 0

sýrtýindscz děco lcr hýzmdn ýzdrcihdi sdrldst lķrgo ķmķykr.

Zgihķ ķ

i cvndscic lumuiuz.g

) Zgihķo děco hýzmdnci tglgiķig id oghgr sýrdhdl



) ě

u gśķr vd u gi g ķzķ id k ur

) sci > sci x x xg E na ng g a

jks 6 yE I na

<7 <h 6 .< sci

< <

a

. s c x s

(4-78)

Idwtki–ui Ýáýijý Sgsgsķ0 Dtoc-Xdpoc Sgsgsķ

Ķoc jcscn grgsķihgoc dtocmdśnd ouvvdtmdrcici lýyýomýomdrc gyiķ, hkěrumtumgr ķtdrs yõihdhcr.

řdocmhdoc aclc lmkěuig ygsmginķś lcr jcsnc hýśýidmcnJ L



řdocmhdoc aclc lmkěuig ygsmginķś lcr jcsnc hýśýidmcn.J L

lmkěuiui jcsncid uyaumghķěķ ouvvdtc , ldizdr śdocmhd

jcsncici lmkěuig uyaumghķěķ ouvvdtc hd cmd aõstdrdmcn.

LJ

JL

J L E

L J E

Idwtki' ui ý ýijý gsgsķ drd c kmur.E E

Ķocijc lcr õrido csd ygihgoc śdocmhd vdrcmncśtcr.dwtki' ui ýáýijý ygsgsķ adrděc,

kmur.E E

(4-74)

Idwtki Sgsgmgrķiķi Tyaumgingsķ/Zdrldst-Jcscn Hcygargnmgrķ0 Idwtki ygsgmgr ķiķ uyaumgygrgo ndogico prklmdnmdrcici áõzýnýsdrldst-jcscn hcygargnķiķ áczndomd lgśmgr.

Lu, cijdmdidi scstdn lcr lýtýi kmgrgo vdyg bdr jcscn cáci gyr ķ gyr ķ ygpķmķr.



.

Gśgěķhg vdrcmdi õriděc aõzõiýid gmgmķn. Zýrtýindscz lcr scstdn

hķśvd aclc coc lmko vd lmkěuig dtocydi lcr ouvvdtc cádrndotdhcr. G L G E

řõymd "scstdn" mdr hýśýidlcmcrcz0

hķś

hķś

. s dn > k kj . g gy uvvd .

. Zystdn > lmko . Jcsnd dtocydi coc ygtgy ouvvdt vgrhķr0 vd . GL

g

l G E E

(4-75). Zystdn > lmko . Jcsnd dtocydi ygtgyj L ouvvdt . LGE

Oýtmdmdrc vd kmgi coc lmko ygtgy sýrtýindscz lcr7 <n nÕrido 0

hýzmdnhd tdngs bgmcihdhcr. oýtmdscid sglct lcr ouvvdtc uyaumgiķykr.7n E

) Lmko scstdncici cvndscic lumuiuz.g



.

7 <

7 <

) ( ) ( ) x x x

E g E scstdn E n n g g

n n

<) lmkěu cáci Idwtki' ui cocijc ygsgsķihgi0l n

<7 < <7 7<7 <

lumuiur . x x

E E n g E E E n n

(4-71)

Lcr ocśc dmcihdoc oýtmdmc lgmķěķ gsgisõrýinÕrido 0 v y y z y .

Gsgisõr cstdr yuogr ķ cstdr gśgěķ hkěru cvndmdisci,

lgmķěķi adrádo oýtmdscihdi hgbg egromķ lcr hdědr õmádr.



.

Gsgisõr yuogr ķ hkěru cvndmdisci0

( ) yE X na ng X n a g

Gsgisõr gśgěķ kěru vnd dis i0 ( )E X na ng X n a g

Gsgisõr sglct bķ

zmg bgrdodt dtsci0 6 yE X na X na Aõrýmhýěý aclc, cvndmc bgrdodt hurunuihg lgmķěķi gěķrmķěķ ( ),

adrádo gěķrmķěķihgi egromķ õmáýmýr.

X

(4-72)



7 <Oýtmdmdrc vd kmgi coc lmko, sýrtýindscz vdn nÕrido 0

<

lgěmķhķr. lmkěu, děcn gáķsķ kmgi sýrtýindscz děco n

. < děco hýzmdnhdi gśgěķyg hkěru ogyhķěķig aõrd, bgrdodtci



.

7 <vd cáci Idwtki' ui cocijc ygsgsķ, sķrgsķymg0n n

7 7 (Dś-7)

-

yE X n a n g

' < <

' <

jks 6 (Dś-:)

x

yE I n a

< 7

Dś-7 vd Dś-< hdiomdnmdrcihdi ' yc yko dhdrsdo cvnd,

sci

X

n n < 7

.n n

< 7 scin n

(4-<6)< 7

uiu g ś- d ydr id kygrsg , u uiur .a

n n

-Ouvvdt vd Bgrdodt-CC



u õ ýn gpsgnķi g dnd gngá gr ķnķzķ śõy d sķrg gyg r z0

• j s n grgsķi g s r ind uvvd i giķn gng .

•

g vd id s r ind uvvd dr i gi gng vd ui grķ

iõzdmmcomdrcic õěrdindo.

• Ztgtco vd ocidtco sýrtýind ogtsgyķmgrķiķ tgiķnmgngo.

• Ndrodzjcm ouvvdt gáķsķihgi hýzaýi hgcrdsdm bgrdodtd tdorgr

(5-7)

.

Sgtgy zdncihd hurgi lcr sgihķo hýśýidmcn.Zýrtýind0gi ķ ķ sk g k ru gr gi r uvvd d ád d n. gi ķ

bgrdodt dtndhcěc sýrdjd, tdngs yýzdycihd, uyaumghķěķnķz

ouvvdtcic hdiadmdydi lcr ouvvd ctsE e kmuśur. Lu ouvvdtkmgrgo tgiķnmgiķr."stgtco sýrtýind ouvvdtc"



Tyaumgigi ouvvdtc grttķoág, ouvvdtc hd g r.grts

E e

Tyaumgigi ouvvdtc ldmmc lcr dśco hdědrd umgśtķěķihg,E

.

lgśmghķotgi skirg, sgihķomg zdnci grgsķihgoc ouvvdt grtķo

id s r ind uvvd r vd d a s dr r .o o s

Zgihķěķi sglct lcr bķzmg bgrdodtd hdvgn dtndscic cstcykrsgo,

uyaumghķěķnķz ouvvdtcic ' yķ hdiadmdydjdo śdocmhdo

E e

(5-<)hýśýrndncz adrdodjdotcr.

Zýrtýindici Ouvvdtcici Õzdmmcomdrc 0

- ,sýrtýind ouvvdtc , uyaumgigi ouvvdtcic hdiadmdr.

s e E



Ztgtco sýrtýind ouvvdtc ' ici lýyýomýěý sglct hděcmhcr.s e Õzdmmco - < 0,ngx 6' hgi hdědrcid oghgr hděcścr.

Lurghg, stgtco sýrtýind ogtsgyķsķhķ .r s

s s I e E

,ngx Tyaumgigi ouvvdtc, ouvvdtcic gśtķěķ gihgsgihķo bgrdodtd lg mgr.

sE e

Zgihķo bgrdodtd lg mghķotgi skirg sýrtýind ouvvdtc grtķo Õzdmmco - : 0

"ocidtco sýrtýind ouvvdtc" ' hķr vd lýyýomýěý o o o I e E e

(5-:)

dś t d vdr r. u rg g o idt sýrtýind gtsgyķsķ ķr.

,ngxs s I

s s I



o o I

e E

Ztgtco vd ocidtco sýrtýind ouvvdtmdrc tdngs yýzdycid pgrgmdmhcr.Ikt-70

.

Ztgtco sýrtýind ouvvdtc ogyng děcmcncici tdrsc yõiýihdhcr.

Ocidtco sýrtýind ogtsgyķsķ , bgrdodt dhdi jcsnci bķzķig lgěmķ hděcmhcr.Ikt-<0 o

(5-8)

oýtmdmc lcr lmko sýrtýindmc děco lcr hýzmdn ýzdrcihdhcr.nÕrido 0Děcn gáķsķ , lmko bgrdodt dhcijdyd oghgr grtķr ķmglcmcykr.

,zdncimd lmko grgsķihgoc stgtco sýrtýind ogtsgyķsķ idhcr;

s



Orctco hurunhg(ogyng lgśmgnghgi bdndi õijd)0

sci 6 x s xE na e ng

jks 6 y yE I na ng

sci sci tgijks

s e na I

(5-4) tgi tgis,ngx o s s o e I I

Hkinuś lcr aõmdt ýzdrcihd, lcr luz bkodycÕrid o 0hcsocid <6 n/s' mco lcr cmo bķz vdrcmcykr. Hcso, luz

ýzdrcihd 774 n ykm gmhķotgi skirg hurhuěuig aõrd,

zdncimd bkody hcsoc grgsķihgoc ocidtco sýrtýind



6 y y

E I na n g I na

x o xE e ng

o o o x o e I na g a

< < <6 86<

< 774 <:s c x xv v g x g

(5-5)(3.2) 6.711 x o o o g a

Výrýzmý lcr yýzdy ýzdrcihdoc oýtmdmc lmko,7nÕrido 0 z v

ngogrg ýzdrcihdi oýtmdmc oýrdsdm jcsnd lgěmginķśtķr.<

n

lmkěuig śdocmhdoc aclc ygtgymg7n gáķsķ ygpgi lcrouvvdtc uyaumgiķykr. Lmko cmd zdnci grgsķihgoc ocidtco

E



sýrtýind ogtsgyķsķ csd, scstdnci cvndscic lumuiuz.o

7 7 lmkěu0 jks (7) x o n E E X e n g 7 7 sci 6 sci yE I E n a I n a E

7 s io o o

n a

< < < y

jks sciE n n

(5-1)< 7

u g d dr di dn i d ydr id kygrsg ,

( )

g

n n

Oýtmdsc 86 oa kmgi lcr ogmgs sýrtýindscz ygtgyÕrido 0hýzmdnhd, ýzdrcihd 76 oa' mķo lmko cmd lcrmcotd bgrdodtscz

hurngotghķr. Lmko cmd ogmgs grgsķihgoc stgtco vd ocidtco

sýrtýind ogtsgyķmgr ķ sķrgsķymg 6.5 vd 6.8' týr. Lmkěg 766

I' muo lcr ouvvdtc docmhdoc clc u umgingotghķr. Lmk ui vd ogmgsķiE



I muo lcr ouvvdtc docmhdoc clc u umgingotghķr. Lmk ui vd ogmgsķiE

cvndmdrcic lumuiuz.

Dědr coc oýtmd grgsķihgoc sýrtýind ouvvdtcici ngoscnun hdědrc 766 I–hgi oý ýo csd n lmk u ogmgs ýzdrcihd skmg hk ru bgrdodt dhdjdotcr.

' 6.5 76 3.2 42.2 I I n ,

,ngx kmhuěuig aõrd, coc oýtmd grgsķihgoc sýrtýinds

E e

uvvd id r.

(5-2)

řcnhc bdrlcr oýtmdici sdrldst jcscn hcygargnķiķ áczdrdogrd d dr i ijd dyd n0

' 76 3.2 32 I n I

' 6.8 3.2 :3.<o o e I I



77 7ogmgsķ0

o

n g e n

<7

.6.32 /

86 g n s

<< <

766 :3.< 56.2

lmkěu0 o

n g E e n

< .76 76

g n s

(5-3)

Hýzaýi Hgcrdsdm Bgrdodt, Ndrodzjcm Ouvvdt0

Hýzaýi hgcrdsdm bgrdodt ygpgi lcr jcsnci bdrbgiac lcr gihgoc cvndscici lýyýomýěý

g > v</r

r vd g rdi i ndr dz id k ru ur



r vd g rdi i ndr dz id k ru ur.

–

<

hd hgcrdici ndrodzcid hkěruhur vd lýyýomýěý

E r

ceghdsc cmd vdrcmcr. Lu ouvvdtd ”ndrodzjcm ouvvdt„ hcykruz.

,hõidi jcsnd dtocydi idt ouvvdttcr.

(5-76)

urung aõrd ndr dzj uvvdt gzdi sýrtýind, gzdi ikrng ,

lgzdi hd ydr-ádocnc ouvvdtc kmglcmcr.

Õrido0 Oýtmdsc n kmgi lcr ygr ķś grglgsķ hýz (ygtgy) lcr ykmhg \ ygr ķágpmķ

.ouvvdtcic ldmcrmdycicz.



Grglgiķi sdrldst-jcscn hc g rgnķ czcmcrsd vcrg ķi ndrodzcid hk rukmgi idt ouvvdtci stgtco sýrtýind ouvvdtc e s kmhuěu aõrýmýr.

Hkmgyķ

sķ

ymg, stgtco sýrtýind ouvvdtc e s ndrodzjcmhcr. Grglgiķ

i vcrg`hgisgvrumnghgi hõindscic sgěmgr.<

nv,idt r s

\

(5-77)

Děcnmc vcÕr rg` 0ido 0gngndi uz g gp ķ sýr ýinds z , n

ygr ķágpmķ lcr vcrg`c 7:.8 n/s bķzmg adándo cáci,

ykmui děcn gáķsķ ogá hdrdjd kmngmķhķr;



Grglg

<

sci (7 )n v

E I

jks 6 jks (< ) y

E I n a I n a

< <k

(7) vd (<) hdi omdn mdrcih di ' yc yko dhd rsdo,

(7:.8)

I

v . .

(3.2)(46)

lu muiur.

a \

(5-7<)

Õrido0 \ktkr, dosdic dtrge ķihg v bķzķymg hõidi \. ,

sķrtķ scmcihcrci cá huvgr ķig ygsmginķś lcr śdocmhd gygotghķr.

hdědrcid umgśtķěķihg, scmcihcrci tglgiķ gichdi hýśndsidrgěndi ákjuo scmcihcr huvgr ķihg tutumu ogmngotghķr.



\ktkr huvgr ķymg ákjuo grgsķihgoc stgtco sýrtýind

ogtsgyķsķ νs kmhuěuig aõrd, \ktkr– ui ncicnun bķzķ idk ng ķ ķr.

Ákjuo cáci sdrldst-jcscn hcygargnķ áczcmcrsd, ikrngm ouvvdt E I –i i ndr dzj uvvdt k uěu aõrý ýr.

<nv,idt

idt

-

6, (Dś-<)

x I

ss ss I I

\

E e n e a na E E

<

<D -7 vd D -< lcrmd tcrcmcrsd lumuiur.nv \a \a

n v v

(5-7:)

s

s s \

Õrido0 dnldr domcihdoc mgtekrnui

ygr ķágpķ \– hcr. Vmgtekrnui di tdpdscihdsýrýjýiýi hýśndndsc cáci k gihgoc v bķzķ id

kmngmķhķr.



Zýrýjý pmgtekrnui tdpdscihd codi sdrldst-jcscn-,

ouvvdtc E a vd ikrngm ouvvdt E I gśgěķ yõihdhcr.

K ikotghg sýrýjýiýi ncicnun bķzg sgbcp kmngsķ

hurunuihg, pmgtekrnmg tdngsķ odscmcr vd E I > 6 kmur.y djd, s r j yd d d di d uvvd a r vd

ndrodzjcmhcr. Lu hurunhg,

<nci

, nciidt y

nvE na v \a

\

lumuiur. (5-78)

Oýtmdsc 6.4 oa kmgi lcr tgś, 7.4 n uzuimuěuihgoc lcr cpciÕrido 0

ygtgy lcr hýzmdnhdujuig lgěmginķś vd hõihýrýmndotdhcr. Xgśķi

'

,

cpc ki o pnghgi bdndi õijdoc bķzķ id kmur;



< 7.4(46)n g xrX n v

6.4n gxr n

(5-74)

Oýtmdsc kmgi lcr jcscn uzuimuěuihgoc lcr cpci ujuihgn MÕrido 0śdocmhdoc aclc ygtgyhg ygr ķágpmķ ádnldrsdm lcr yõrýiadhd bķzķ

cmd hõindotdhcr ( ). Jcsnci bķzķiķ lcmOkico sgro cidi icjdmcomdrgá

r v

jciscihdi ceghd dhcicz.



<

jksX na

sci >X r

<

v g ia r

(5-75)t g i s ci tg iv a r a M

Oýtmdsc kmgi lcr jcscn uzuimuěu kmgin \Õri do 0 lcr cpci ujuihg, śdocmhdoc aclc

ikotgsķ dtrge ķihg hõindotdhcr. Ķ pci hýśdymd

hýśdy hýzmdnhd

K

gáķsķ ygptķěķ lcr gihg jcsnci bķzķ csd, cptdoc

adrcmnd ouvv

v

dtc id kmur;



sci sci (bķzhgoc hděcścnci ogyigěķ)t t t

E na ng g a

<

jks jksr r

vE X na ng X n a

<

\ghygm ouvvdt

kÝst ikotghg ( 726 ) ýst X n a \

(5-71)

<k

Gmt ikotghg ( 6 ) gmt

vX n a \

Oýtmdsc kmgi lcr jcscn, sgěg hkěru cvndmc bgrdodt ygpgi lcr yýo nÕrido 0

.

) Ugakiui hķśķihgoc huraui lcr aõzmdnjcyd aõrd grgjķi cvndsc idhcr;g

gakiui á i d r a z dnj yd a rd urunu ijd dy i z



) sci x

g E X ng

jks y

E X na

) ' sci 6 x bgygmc

l E X e

' jks y

E X na

bgygmc

(5-72)

LÕMÝN-1

Ocidtco Didr`c vd Ķś



Lcr ouvvdtci ygptķěķ cś Aý

Do kmgrgo, cś-ocidtco didr`c tdkrdncic õěrdicp hděcśco prklmdnmdr áõzdjděcz.

icjdmcomdrc oummgigrgo prklmdnmdrc áõzdjděcncz cáci, lu yõitdnmd cśmdnmdr

(1-7)

.



Ķś0řdocmhd oýtmdsc kmgi jcscn sýrtýindscz lcr yýzdyhd

-dosdic yõiýihd bgrdodt dhdlcmndotdhcr.

n

x

Jcsnd ygtgymg gáķsķ ygpgjgo śdocmhd lcr ouvvdtc uyaumg .iķykr E

6 Idwtki' ui cocijc ygsgsķ adrděc0 ' hķr. Jcsnci lgśmgiaķátgoc bķzķiķix x E ng v



6y a ě ś a á

vd oghgrmķo lcr ydr-hděcśtcrnd skiuihgoc bķzķiķi hg kmhuěuiu vgrsgygmķn.

x x

h v

< <6Ocidngtcěci ýáýijý hdiomdnc0 < dśctmcěcihdi, xv v g h

< < < < jks x E n n n nv v g h h E h E h

< < < < x xn

7 76 ? > jks< <c s s s cnv nv

(1-:)Ķści lcrcnc, ocidtco didr`cici lcrcncymd gyiķhķr (@).

Ikt-70 ś á i u uigi gěķitķyķ, uvvdt i i sg t k uěu urun á i týrdtt .

Ikt-<0 Jcsnci ikotgsgm kmhuěuiu oglum dttco.

k - 0 ?



IDX Ķř0 Jcsnd lcrhdi egzmg ouvvdt dtocykrsg (õriděci , vd ),

' G L J E E E

idt

idt

Skm-70 Bdrlcr ouvvdtci ygptķěķ cśmdr ( , vd ) gyr ķ gyr ķ bdsgpmgiķr vdskirg hg tkpmgiķr ( ).

G L J

L J

Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

idt

idt idt

-

skirg hg idt ouvvdtci ygptķěķ cś bdsgpmgiķr ( ).

G L J

Q E h

(1-8)

˅ ˅-

. .

˅ ˅ouvvdtcici dtocscymd <.6c :.6` (n) cmd vdrcmdi lcr

h +

ydr-hděcśtcrnd ygpķykr.Ouvvdtci g tķ ķ c cg



) Ouvvdtmd ydr-hděcśtcrnd vdotõrý grgsķil hgoc gáķyķ lumuiuz.

. . . .

7 k75

:11

(1-4)

Ķoc lmko bgece lcr cpmd, sýrtýindscz vdÕrido 0 X

gěķrmķosķz lcr ngogrg ýzdrcihdi lcrlcrmdrcid

lg mginķ tķr. Zcstdn sdrldst lķrgo ķmhķ ķihg

o

X

lmkomgr sglct bķzmg bgrdodt dtndotdhcrmdr.

, ,



lmkomgrg dtocydi ouvvdtmdrci ygptķomgr ķ cśmdrc lumuiuz.Bķz sglct csd cvnd sķe ķrhķr.

Lmko 0 6 E X

7<ILmko 0 7< 6 o y X e L E X

X

n I

Lmko G0 7< (6.14) jks(6) 3 @ ? 7< (6.14) jks( ) 3 @

<6 (6.14) jks( /<) 6 ? <6 (6.14) jks( /<) 6

o e Q Q

Q Q

X naLmko L0 7< (6.14) jks( ) 3 @ ? 7< (6.14) jks(6) 3 @Q Q

(1-5)

k 0 dr k g sg ķz g grd d d á i, dr k zdr id d

dhdi ouvvdtmdrci ygptķěķ idt cś>6– hķr.

Ķś - Ocidtco Didr`c Xdkrdnc 0

idtLcr jcscn ýzdrcid ygpķmgi idt cści kmhuěuiu hgbg õijd s cQ O O

lumnuśtuo.

Ocidtco didr`chdoc hděcścnci hd kmhuěu hcoogtd gmķiķrsgO O O



Ocidtco didr`chdoc hděcścnci hd kmhuěu hcoogtd gmķiķrsg, s c O O O

-

idt s c O O O Q

Lcr jcsnci ocidtco

> Jcscn ýzdrcihd ygpķmgi idt cś

didr`cscihdoc hděcścn

idt 6 6 s c s c

Q O O O O

(1-1)

idt 6 6 s c s cQ O O O O

Oýtmdsc 5 oa kmgi lcr lmko sýrtýindsczÕrido 0

lcr hýzmdnhd huruykrodi, 7< I' muo sglct lcr

.ygtgyhg : n ykm ghķotgi skirg bķzķ id kmur;

7



<77< : jks(6) > :5 @ 6 :5 @ s c sQ > E h > O O nv

1<7< :.4 n/sv

5

s

Gyiķ prklmdnc ocidngtcotdi ykmg áķogrgo tdorgr áõzdmcn0

<7< < n/s5

x x x E ng g

(1-2)

< < < < < : 7< 7< :.4 n/s s c x sv v g x v

Oýtmdsc 5 oa kmgi lcr lmko ocidtco sýrtýind ogtsgyķsķ 6.74 kmgio > Õrido 0r ýz dn d uruykr di, 7< I' u sg t r ygtgy uvvdt i dt s y d grd dtd

lgśmķykr. Lmko ygtgyhg : n ykm ghķotgi skirg bķzķ id kmur;

7< : jks(6) > :5 @ ( ' ici ygptķěķ cś)Q > E h > E



6.74 5 3.2 2.2< Io o e na jks( ) > 2.2< : > <5.4 @ ( 'iķi ygptķěķ cś) e o o o Q > e h > na e

< < <

. .

7 7 7 733.4 7.2 n/s

e

s c s sQ Q nv nv nv v

Gyiķ prklmdnc ocidngtcotdi ykmg áķogrgo tdorgr áõzdmcn.

<:.727< 7< 2.2< > :.72 > 6.4: n/s x o x x E e ng g

(1-3)< <

< < 6.4: : :.72 :.72 7.2 n/s s c x sv v g x v



Sýosdmtnd Ouvvdtcici Sgptķěķ Ķś 0Oýtmdsc kmgi jcsnc lcr ouvvdtcymd (hķś ouvvdt) ikotgsķihgi

ikotgsķig ýosdmtndo cstd dmcn. Jcscn bgrdodtd lg mghķ ķ

n E G

ikotgsķihg vd umgśtķěķ ikotgsķihg huraui G L kmsui. Lu

.



. ,

hd jcsnc yuogr ķ ogmhķrngo cáci hķśgrhgi uyaumghķěķnķz ouvvdt cr .ch

a

E

idt 6 6h ķ ś a h ķ ś a Q O Q Q Q Q a h ķ ś

Lu hurunhg jcscn ikotgsķihgi ikotgsķig bgrdodt dtndotdhcr. L G

ág ng uvvd i i gp ķ ķ ś 0

(1-77)

jks 6 > a h ķ ś a Q nah nah Q Q nah

Hděcśodi Ouvvdtci Sgptķěķ Ķś 0,

vdrcmncśtcr. Lu ouvvdtci cmd ikotgmgr ķ grgsķihgc s x x

ygp ķ ķ

ś u ng s dyd n. Luiui cáci , grgmķěķ, adicśmcěc kmgi tgidc s x x x I

cijd śdrctd lõmýiýr.



ś

,. grgmķotg ygpķmgi cś oghgrhķr. ` ` krt ` Q E x

,7

Lu hurunhg tkpmgn cś, kmur. I

` krt

`

Q E x

6 ( ) hurunuihg,

s x I

x I

,6

7

mcn ( )c

` krt x

` x

x

Q E x E x hx

(1-7<) ( ) ( ) argecěc gmtķihg ogmgi gmgi

c x

Q E x hx E x x

Lcr jcscn ýzdrcid dtocydi ouvvdtci jcsnciÕrido 0kiunuig g ķ ķ ķ śd d a r.

) 6 2 n,g x >

) 2 7< n6 7< n

l x >

j x >

grgmķomgrķihg lu ouvvdtci ygptķěķ cśc lumuiuz



grgmķomgr ķihg lu ouvvdtci ygptķěķ cśc lumuiuz.

2 2 5) ( ) ( ) > <8 @

s x

g Q > E x hx > E x hx

x > 6 - 2 n grgmķěķhgoc

6c x

2 7<

2

8( :)) ( ) ( ) > 5 @

<

s

x

l Q > E x hx E x hx >

x > 2 - 7< n grgmķěķhgocýáadisdm lõmadici gmgiķ

6 2 2 7<) <8 5 72 @j Q > Q Q

(1-7:)

Lcr jcsnd dtocydi ouvvdt, ndtrd jciscihdi kmngo ýzdrd, xÕrido 0(2 75) I ceghdscid aõrd hděcśndotdhcr.> x

) 6 : n grgmķěķihg ouvvdtci ygptķěķ cśc lumuiuz.

-

g x >

>

ouvvdtci ygptķěķ cśc argecotdi lumuiuz



ouvvdtci ygptķěķ cśc argecotdi lumuiuz.

:: <

) ( ) (2 75) 2 75 7< @ s x

xg Q > E x hx > x hx x

6 6c x

< 75 7 2 6 < < : < <

> + > >

(1-78)

˅ ˅(8 c `) I' muo ouvvdtci dtocscihdoc lcr jcscn E > x +:yÕrido 0

krc`cihdi lgśmgygrgo ikotgsķig bgrdodt dtndotdhcr. x > 4 n

uvvd i ygp ķ ķ ś u uiuz.r

˅ ˅ ? c `Q > E hr > hr hx +hy



? `cr

y

˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ sr

> .cr

(8 : ) 8 : s

Q > xhx yhy xhx yhy 4< x

>

(1-74)6

<

Sgy Ouvvdtc 0

sķo ķśngnķś ygy) lcr lmko lgěmķ lumuisui.

Sgyķ oghgr adrdjdo śdocmhd lmkěu sgěg hkěru lcr ncotgr ádodmcn. Sgy dmcnczd tdrs hkěrumtuhg

h

lcr hcrdiá ouvvdtc ( ) uyaumgr. E



ctdrsdo, ygy dmcnczd ycid tdrs hkěrumtuhg lcr hcrdiá

Bdr coc hurunhg hg g tgrge ķihgi dmcnczd u umgigi ouvvdtc g ķ E

.

hkěgm uzuimuěuig adtcrdjdo yõihd dtocr. Lýyýomýěý csd, uzgng vdyg

.

Dśctmco kmgrgo lgěķitķsķ cmd vdrcmcr. Lu dśctmco "Bkkod ygsgsķ" ,ox

(1-75) csd "ygy sglctc" kmgrgo lcmcicr.o

Sgy Ouvvdtc Xgrge ķihgi Sgpķmgi Ķś 0Sgy sglctc kmgi lcr ygyķi lkyuiu, ouvvdt uyaumgygrgo

' hdi ' yd adtcrncś kmgmķn. Sgyķi dmcnczd uyaumghķěķc s

o

x x

ouvvdtci ygptķěķ cśc ( ) bdsgpmgngo cstdydmcn. ygyQ

Sgyķi oýtmdscz kmhuěuiu vd Bkkod ygsgsķig uyhuěuiu vgrsgygmķn.



<

Hděcśodi ouvvdtci ygptķěķ cś lgěķitķsķihgi,

s s s s x x x x

< <

( ) < < <c c c c

ygy c s

x x x xQ E x hx oxhx o xhx o ox ox

lumuiur.

adrncś vdyg sķo ķśtķrnķś csdo( ), ygy ouvvdtcici ygptķěķ cśc

s

x x

(1-71)

< kmgrgo lumuiur.<

ygyQ ox

:

Oýtmdsc 7.5 oa kmgi lcr lmko, ygy sglctc 7 76 I/n kmgio > Õrido 0ygtgy lcr ygyg lgěmķhķr. Sgy < jn sķo ķśtķr ķmķ p huraui bgmhdi sdrldst

lķrgo ķmķykr. (Sýzdy sýrtýindsczhcr).

) Lmko hdiad ikotgsķihgi ( 6)g x > adádrodi bķzķ id kmur;

,

kmngsķ hurunuihg tdorgr jdvgpmgyķiķz



kmngsķ hurunuihg tdorgr jdvgpmgyķiķz.

<< : <7 7

) 7 76 < 76 6.< @ ygy ng Q > ox

< <<7 7 <(6.<)

> > > 6.4 n / s ygyQ Q > nv nv v

<

> >

.n

. . e o n

<7 < (6.7<)

(1-72)

. . .< 7.5 ygy e s s

Oýtmdsc 4 oa kmgi lcr lmko sýrtýindsczÕrido 0

6

r y zdy d, ygy sg n k gi

ygtgy lcr ygyg 5 n/s bķzmg ágrpķykr vd

>

v >

ygyķ sķo ķśtķr ķykr.

ķ

ķ ķ ķ



) Sgy di egzmg 74 jn sķ

o l 6ķ

śglcmcykrsg, bķ

zķ

di egzmg id kmur;v

< < < <7 7 7 7) g c n s cg Q > ox ox nv nv

< <7 7 4n > > > . n

< < 466n c n c x > nv x vo

466) > (6.74) 7.4 n / sn c c n

n o l x v v > x

(1-73)

Ýá-Lkyutmu Tzgyhg Ouvvdtci Sgptķěķ Ķś0

-

˅ ˅ ˅, , c , , ` , , o x y z E E x y z E x y z E x y z

lcácncihd tgiķnmgiglcmcr.



Lõymdsc lcr ouvvdtci dtocscihd, lcr jcsnc okkrhcigtķ , , kmgic c c x y z

, , ,

ykm lkyuijg, bgrdodt dttcrndo cáci ygpķmgjgo cś,

s s s

x yhQ E hr E hx E hy

s s s

z

x y z L

hz

c c c

x y z

G x y z

Q Q E x E y E z

(1-<6)

d vdr r.

Hděcśodi Ouvvdt vd Ķś - Ocidtco Didr`c Xdkrdnc 0

Hděcśodi lcr ( ) ouvvdtc ygrhķnķymg oýtmdsc kmgi lcr jcsnc ( )c E x n G x x

ikotgsķihgi ( ) ikotgsķig bgrdodt dttcrdmcn. Idwtki' ui cocijc s L x xhv

ygsgsķig a rd, n r.g nht



Dśctmcěci bdr coc tgrge ķiķ cmd ágrpķ p vd grgmķěķihg citdargmcic gmķrsgo,c shx x x

s sx x

hv Ehx n hxht

hv hv hx hv hv hxhx hx vhv c c

< < <7 7

lumuiur .

s

s

x xn

Q n vhv v nv nv O O O

Aõrýmhý ý clc cś-ocidtco didr c tdkrdnc,Ikt0

< < <c

c x

(1-<7) ouvvdtci sglct kmhuěu hurun cmd gyiķhķr.

Oýtmdsc 6.7 oa kmgi lcr lmko bgvg-rgyķ ýzdrcihd ygy sglctc <6 I/no >Õrido 0

. . .

) Bgvg-rgyķ sýrtýindscz csd, lmko idg oghgr sgěg achdlcmcr;

- > . ,o

7 7 7 7

< < < < ygy c n s cg > x x nv nv



. > > (7.4) > 6.765 n< < <6n c n cox > nv x v

o

) sýrtýind ouvvdtcici ygptķěķ cś.

e o n o nl Q > e x > na x

ś-ocidtco didr`c tdkrcnc< < ygy e c n o n O Q Q nv ox nax

<

6.7 (7.4) <6 6.81 6.7 3.2< <

>

n nv x x

>

(1-<<)

. . . .n n n

Zgmķ

ijgěg lcincś gěķ

rmķ

ěķ

ihgoc lcr ákjuěu,wÕrido 06 p dr śdy d gáķsķ ygpgig g gr urg g ákju

hurauihur) ygtgy lcr ouvvdtcymd cttcěciczc hýśýiýi. E

Luiui cáci uyaumgngiķz adrdodi ouvvdtc, sķe ķrhgi lg mg grgo kjuo hdi d d dmdid oghgr ldmcrmc lcr ngoscnun hd drd oghgr

grtķrngiķz adrdocr. Tyaumghķěķiķz ouvvdtcici ygptķěķ cśc lumuiuz. E



Hdiad hurunuihg 0 > sci 6 ? sci x E E X E > X

y

g ě ķrm ķo

6 6

6 6

tgi > ( ) jks sci

hm

> w Q E hm E \h w\ h

6

66jks 7 jksQ > w\ w\

(1-<:)

Aýá0 r n zgngi g ygpķ gi śá, uvvd grg ķi gi vdyg uvv

cś ygpng bķz

d i i

kmgrgo tgrce dhcmcr.ķ

ouvvdtc zgngi grgmķěķihg oghgr cś ygpnķś krtgmgsg ng a á, ý E t Q

krt

Q V



t Gimķo aýá csd

hQ V ht

cmd tgiķnmgiķr.

ZC scstdncihdoc lcrcnc " " tķr @/s > wgtt

-

.

" " .

Õrid ci 7666 Q ýjýihdoc lcr nktkr 7 sggt sýrd md

(1-<8)ágmķ

śķ

ykrsg ygptķ

ěķ

cś > >7666 :566 :566 o@ lumuiur.Q Vt

ķzg g ķ á g ds 0

Bgrdodt dhdi lcr jcsnd, bgrdodt hkěrumtusu cmd

gáķsķ ygpgjgo śdocmhd lcr ouvvdtc uyaumgygmķn. E



Tyaumgigi ouvvdtcici cś ygpng bķzķ

E

jks jks jkshQ E hx hx V E Ev

vdrcmcr.

V E v

(1-<4)

Lcr gsgisõrýi oýtmdsc 7666 oa' hķr vd tkpmgnÕrido 0266 oa tgśķyglcmndotdhcr. Gsgisõr yuogr ķ áķogrodi

8666 I' muo sglct lcr sýrtýind ouvvdtc dtocndotdhcr.

) Gsgisõr : n/s' mco sglct bķzmg yuogr ķ áķo g<

ķykrsg,

' ,

Gsgisõr nktkruiui sgěmghķěķ aýá id kmur;



) sglct 6 0 > 6 yg v g E X e w

8 8

. .

> . <.75 76 : 5.82 76 Q

w

V X v >X v jks6

) 6 0 > yl g E X e Na Ng 8

8

( ) 8666 7266*76.2 <.:8 76 I

> >

X e N a g

>

(1-<5)

. .

LÕMÝN-2Vktgiscydm Didr`c vd Didr`cici Okruiunu

Lu okiu ogpsgnķihg śu okiumgrg hděcidjděcz0

Vktgiscydm didr`c



Ndogico didr`c Ndogico didr`cici okruiunu

Lcráko prklmdnc ”didr`cici okruiunu„ tdkrdncihdi áõzdjděcz.

Lurghg vdotõrdm icjdmcomdr ydrcid cś, ocidtco didr`c vd pktgiscydm didr`c aclcsogmdr icjdmcomdr oummgigjg ķnķz c ci c mdnmdr hgbg okmg g ķmglcmdjdotcr.

(2-7)

Ķś vd Vktgiscydm Didr`c0Sdr-ádocnc pktgiscydm didr`csc0

• Oýtmdsc n kmgi lcr jcscn v6 cmo bķzķymg G ikotgsķihgi

yuogr ķ hkěru e ķrmgtķmķykr.• Jcscn vd ydr lcr scstdnhcr.

yýosdmdjdo vd L ikotgsķihg tgngndi hurgjgotķr.



• Zkirg hg, gśgěķ hkěru bgrdodt dhdrdo krc`cigm v6 bķzķymg G ikotgsķig umgśgjgotķr.

J s n ik tgsķi gi ik tgsķig a dr di a uvvdt i i ygptķěķ śQ 7 > nab– hcr. Luiui gimgnķ, E a ouvvdtc jcsnci ocidtco didr`cscic

Jcscn L ikotgsķihgi G ikotgsķig hýśdrodi csd, E a ouvvdtcici ygptķěķ cś

> –< . , a

didr`cscic ocidtco didr`cyd hõiýśtýrnýśtýr.

(2-<)

T Q Zcstdnci pktgiscydm didr`cscihdoc hděcścn śu ceghdymd vdrcmcr0

Sgy pktgiscydm didr`csc0• Oýt ds n k gi k , ygy sg t k gi r ygyg gě ķ ķr.

• Sgy vd oýtmd lcr scstdnhcr.

• Bdrbgiac lcr gihg G ikotgsķihgi adádrodi oc bķzķ v6 kmgi lmko, ygy ouvvdtcici dtocscymd ygvgśmgygjgo vd ygyķ x

g gr sķ ķśtķrgrg ik tgsķi g tgngndi urgjg tķr.

•



Zkirghg, ygy ouvvdtcici dtocscymd tdrs yõihd bgrdodtdgś gygjg vd ik tgsķi gi v6 ķzķy g adádjd t r.

Lmko ikotgsķihgi ikotgsķig bgrdodt dhdrodi g ouvvdtc tgrge ķihgi

ygpķ

mgi cś Q 7 > ox<

/<– hcr. Luiui gimgnķ

, ygy ouvvdtc E ygy jcsnci ocidtco didr`cscic pktgiscydm didr`cyd (T ) hõiýśtýrnýśtýr.

Lmko L ikotgsķihgi G ikotgsķig bgrdodt dhdrodi csd, ygy ouvvdtc E ygy tgrge ķihgiygpķmgi cś Q

<

> ox</<– hcr. Luiui gimgnķ hg, ygy ouvvdtc E g

jcsnci pktgiscydmdidr`cscic ocidtco didr`cyd hõiýśtýrnýśtýr.

(2-:)

Zcstdnci pktgiscydm didr`chdoc hděcścnc ycid ceghdscid sgbcptcr.T Q

Okruiunmu vd Okruiunsuz Ouvvdtmdr0Jcsnci sghdjd ocidtco vd pktgiscydm didr`cmdrcgrgsķihg lcr hõiý ýnd idhdi kmhuomgr ķ c ci,

ydrádocnc ouvvdtc vd ygy ouvvdtc ”okruiunmu„ouvvdtmdrhcr.

Luig ogr śķi, sýrtýind ouvvdtc ”okruiunmu kmngygi„ lcr ouvvdttcr.



Zýrtýindmc lcr yýzdy ýzdrcihd G ikotgsķihgi v6 cmo bķzķymg bgrdodtd.

ogtsgyķsķ νo kmsui. Lmko, ocidtco sýrtýind ouvvdtc e o dtocscymd h oghgr ykmgmhķotgi skirg ikotgsķihg hurgjgotķr.

G vd L ikotgmgr ķ grgsķihg sýrtýind ouvvdtcici ygptķěķ cś Q e > νo nah

k gjg ķr. r ind uvvd , k ui n id didr s i ķsķ

didr`csc„ id hõiýśtýrnýśtýr. Lu didr`c tdorgr ocidtco didr`cyd

(2-8)ouvvdt hděcmhcr.

7. Ogpgmķ lcr ykm lkyuijg, okruiunmu lcr

sķe ķrhķr (řdocm-g).

6idtQ

Sdrhdi yuogr ķ hkěru e ķrmgtķmgi tgś vd oýtmd-ygy scstdnc luig

lc o c Q Q + Q



lcrdr õridotcr. Q > Q + Q > 6

<. g–hgi l–yd achdi lcr jcsnci ýzdrcid dtoc dhdi okruiunmu

, ,

'

lcr ouvvdtci ygptķěķ cś achcmdi ykmhgi lgěķnsķzhķr.

idt ,7 ,< ,7 ,<

,< ,<

-

řdocm - ' hdi 0 >

gl lg gl lg

gl lgl Q Q

Q Q

(2-4)

, ,

Vktgiscydm Didr c̀ici lumuingsķ 0Lcr jcsnd dtocydi okruiunmu ouvvdtc lcmcykrsgo,

didr`cscihdoc hděcścnc ( ) bdsgpmgyglcmcrcz.c s

T

m lc o c c oc c h oc lc c c o cE



Okruiunmu lcr ouvvdtcici dtocscihdoc lcr jcscn -dosdic E x lkyuijg ikotgsķihgi ikotgsķig bgrdodt dhcykr kmsui.c s x x

s x

v .c x

x x

Lõymdjd, pktgiscydm didr`chdoc hděcścn s x

(2-5)

u uiur.c x

x x

Sdrádocnc Vktgiscydm Didr`csc 0Hýśdy hkěrumtuhg ( -dosdic lkyuijg) yuogr ķ hkěru ikotgsķihgi

ikotgsķig bgrdodt dhdi oýtmdmc lcr jcscn hýśýidmcn.c

s

y y

y n

Jcsnd dtoc dhdi ydrádocnc ouvvdtc idhdicymd jcscn-ydr scstdncici

pk gis yd didr s i d d ś n k gjg ķr. z ijd u u unuz skiuju

oummgigrgo, jcsnci pktgiscydm didr`cscihdoc hděcścnc bdsgpmgygjgěķz.



( ) e s s

s

c

y y y y

s c yT E x hy na hy na hy na y na y y na y

Jcsnci lumuihuěu ski ikotgyķ adidmmdśtcrcrsdo ( )

c c c

c cT y T na y y lumuiur.

Adidmmcomd, bgrdodtci lgśmghķěķ okiun 6 vd lu ikotghgocc

y

pktgiscydm 6 kmgrgo sdácmcr. Lu hurunhg,cT

(2-1) lumui r.u

Sdrhdi oghgr yýosdomcotdi oýtmdmcb nÕrido 0 lcr jcscn sdrldst lķrgo ķmķykr. Jcsnci bdrbgiac

,

kmgrgo lumuiuz.

O T O T



O T O T <7

< s

< ( ) sv a b y

(2-2)

řdocmhd uzuimuěuihgoc lcr cpci ujuig MÕrido 0

.

Jcscn gáķsgm okiunuihgi sdrldst lķrgo ķmnķśtķr vd G

hõind dosdicici adátcěc ikotgsķ sýrtýindsczhcr V . Jcscn di gmt ikotghgi ikotgsķ d drodi bķzķ idhcr;g L

) Jcscn di gmt ikotghg codi cptdoc adrcmdnd ouvvdtc idhcr;l



<7) < (7 jks )c c s s L L Gg O T O T nab nv v aM

<

) < (7 jks ) Lr L L Gl E X na X na na

M

: <jks L GX na

(2-3)

Sgyhgoc Vktgiscydm Didr`c 0r d-ygy s s dn i d, k ik gsķi gi

ikotgsķig bgrdodt dtsci. Sgy ouvvdtc lcr cś ( )c s x x

Q

ygpgjgotķr vd oýtmd-ygy scstdncici pktgiscydmdidr cscihd lcr hd c cn nd hgig dmdjdotcr.

< <7 7

s s x x

c



< <7 7 < <c c

s c

x x

7 7

< < s c s c x x x

pktgiscydm 6 kmgrgo sdácmcr.c

cT

Hdiad ikotgsķihgi bdrbgiac lcr uzgomķěķihg, x

(2-76)

gyhgoc pktgiscydm did 0r`c

<

T ox

Ndogico Didr`cici Okruiunu 0Lcr scstdnci , k scstdnci ocidtco vd pktgiscydm didr`cmdrcici

tkpmgnķ kmgr

ndogico didr`

go tgrce dhcmcr

csc

(Ndogico didr`c > )ndo D O T

stdn i ádvrds i di zk d k uěuiu, ķś uvvdt dr i k ng ķěķiķ

vd scstdnhdoc ouvvdtmdrci csd okruiunmu kmhuěuiu oglum dhcykruz



vd scstdnhdoc ouvvdtmdrci csd okruiunmu kmhuěuiu oglum dhcykruz.Zcstdnhdoc cá ouvvdtci ygptķěķ cś scstdnci ocidtco didr`cscihd

r d ś n ndy gig ad rdjd r.

(Dś-7) O Q

Lu, gyiķ zgngihg scstdnci pktgiscydm didr`cscihd hd lcr

d ś n ndy gig ad rdjd r (Dś-<).T Q

(2-77)

Lu coc dśctmco lcrmdśtcrcmcrsd, O T

s c s c

ski j ig mgśķ

mķ

r

s s



skiujuig umgś m r.Lu, ygsgsķhķr vd śu śdocmhd õzdtm"ndogico didr`cici okruiunu" didlcm r.c

Okruiunmu vd okruiunsuz ouvvdtmdrci kmhuěu czkmd lcr scstdnhd lu ygsg

ndo.

ndo.

ekrnuihghķr.okruiunsuz D Q

okruiunsuz o Lurghg , scstdnhdoc týn tgrge ķihgi ygpķmgi cuvvdtmdr śtcr.okruiunsuz Q

(2-7<)

řdocmhd n oýtmdmc lcr jcscn vd gsķmķ kmhuěu.

Jcscn-ydr scstdncici ndogico didr`cscsglcttcr. Zgrogá sgmķihķoág, scstdnci



grgsķihg sýrdomc lcr hõiýśýn kmgjgotķr.

Jcscn di gmt ikotghgyodi pktgiscydmdidr c c ”sķe ķr„ sd drsdo lu ikotgmgrhgocidtco didr`c ngoscnun kmgjgotķr (g vd d hurunu).

j vd a hurunmgr ķihg csd pktgiscydm

(2-7:)kmgjgotķ

r.

Sgymķ lcr kyuijgo tglgijgiķi ygy sglctc lcmcindndotdhcr.

'

Õrido 0

,

gtķmhķěķ ikotghgi <6 n yuogr ķyg yýosdmcykr. Xýn sýrtýindmdrc

aõzgr ķ

d drd ,) Xglgijgiķi ygy sglctcic lumuiuz.g

) Lcmyd tglgijgyķ bgiac bķzmg tdrodhdr;

) Lcmyd gtķ

mhķ

ěķ

ikotghgi 76 n yuogrķ

hgyodi bķ

zķ

idhcr;

l

j



) Lcmyd gt mh ě ikotghgi 76 n yuogr hgyodi b z idhcr;j

<

) 34: I/n< G J g D D ox nab o x

< < <7 7) < 73.1 n/s

< <

G L L L

o l D D ox nax nv v x ax

n

< < <7 7' '

o

(2-78)

< < n

Ķoc lmko bgece lcr cpmd, gěķrmķosķz vd sýrtýindsczÕrido 0 lcr ngogrg ýzdrcihdi śdocmhdoc aclc lcrlcrcid lgěmginķśtķr.

Zcstdn hur ui bgmhdi sdrldst lķrgo ķmķ kr. 4.66 o ' mķo lmko

ydrd ágrptķěķihg, :.66 oa' mķo lmkěui bķzķ id kmur;

7 7



< <7 < < 7

7 7c s D D n ab n ab n v n v

7 << < < 3.2 8n n ab 7 <

. .2n n

(2-74)

-

jcsnci pktgiscydm didr`cscici okiung lgěmķmķěķ ( ) lcmcicykr kmsui.T x

Jcscn okkrhcigtķ kmgi lcr ikotgsķihgi okkrhcigtķ + kmgi áko ygo ķihgoc x G x x



.(Dś-7)Q E x

Ouvvdtci ygptķěķ lu cś, scstdnci pktgiscydm didr`cscihd lcr hděcścn ndyhgig adtcrcr.

.

(Dś-<)T Q

Lu coc d ctmco lcrmd tcrcmcrsd lumuiur. 6 hurunuihgoc mcnct hdědrc csd

( )( )

T hT x E x E x

(2-75)kmur.

Vktgiscydm Didr`c Děrcsc0Jcsnci pktgiscydm didr`cscici okiung

lgěmķ hděcścncic áczdrsdo, E ouvvdtcicid s g ķi g j sn i grd dokiusuihg hdtgymķ lcmacmdr dmhd dtndo

.

Jcsnd dtoc dhdi ouvvdtc gśgěķhgoc

lg ķitķ grhķnķ mg okiunui ekiosc kiu



lg it grh n mg okiunui ekiosc kiu

hT x

kmgrgo lumglcmcrcz.

x

hx

x< , x: vd x8 ikotgmgr ķihg pktgiscydm děrcscici týrdvc sķe ķrhķr. Hkmgyķsķymg

x< vd x: ikotgmgr ķ grgsķihg hT/hx pkzctce kmhuěuihgi, ouvvdt ‚ x yõiýihdhcr..

(2-71)

x: vd x8 ikotgmgr ķ grgsķihg hT/hx idagtce kmhuěuihgi, ouvvdt + x-yõiýihdhcr.

Hõiýn Ikotgmgrķ 0ndo.Zcstdnci tkpmgn ndogico didr`csc ( ) ( ).

Xk mgn ndogico didr c sglcttcr 4 @ vd gtg lcr cz c

D O x T x

cmd aõstdrcmncśtcr. Bdrbgiac lcr ikotgsķihg ( ) x T x

ocidtco didr`csc lumuiglcmcr. O

õy djd j sn i x-d sdi i iidt didr tgiķnķ adrdě idagt k gngz



õy djd j sn i, x d sdi i i

bgiac lõmad

idt didr , tgiķnķ adrdě idagt k

scihd bgrdodtmc kmhuěuiu ldmcrmdydlcmcr

gngz.

cz.

ndo.( ) ( ) O x D T x ndo ndo. .

ndo.ndo ( ) Bgr 6 ( dodt ygsgomķ r 6 .) hķT x D O D T x

ndo. ( ) kmhuěu ikotgmgr, " " hķr.hõiýn ikotgmgr ķ

'

D T x

(2-72)

7 , .

Sgihgoc argecotd D ndo. > 8 @ hurunuiu aõzõiýid gmgmķn.Luig aõrd hõiýn ikotgmgr ķ ( D ndo. > T ) x7 vd x 9 x4 ikotgmgr ķhķr. x 9 x7 lõmadscihd bgrdodt

czcimchcr. Dědr ndogico didr`cyc : @ vdyg 7 @– dhýśýrýrsdo, hõiýn ikotgmgr ķ vd bgrdodtciz i k u u õ ad d d śdjd t r.

>h m m h o c e (E 6) o m h o m h O c



hkmgyķsķymg hg ouvvdtci sķe ķr ( E > 6) ikotgmgr hdiad ikotgmgr ķhķr. Ouvvdtcisķe ķr kmhuěu lõmadmdr hd ( x 9 x4) hkěgm hdiad lõmadmdrchcr.

Ndogico didr`cyc D ndo. > 8 @ sdádrsdo, ocidtco didr`c O > 6 kmur vd jcscn

Vktgiscydm didr`c-okiun děrcscihd ncicnunmgr, ogrgrmķ hdiad okiunmgr ķ,

.

Vktgiscydm didr`c-okiun děrcscihd ngoscnunmgr, ogrgrsķz hdiad.

(2-73)

Ikt0 řdocm ýzdrcihdoc ngvc komgr,

( ) T x

E xhx

lgěķitķsķ uygr ķijg jcscn ýzdrcid dtocydiouvvdtmdrci yõiýiý aõstdrndotdhcr.

Ogrgrmķ Hdiad Okiunmgrķ0 Vktgiscydmci ncicnun kmhuěu x8 ikotgsķiķ

. ndo. ,



ndo. ,bgrdodtscz kmgjgotķ ( O > 6). Jcsnc x8 ikotgsķiķi áko gz skmuig vdyg sgěķig

, .

ogrgrmķ

hdiad ikotgsķ

hķ

r.

Ogrgrsķz Hdiad Okiunmgrķ0 Vktgiscydmci ngoscnun kmhuěu x:

ikotgsķiķ aõzõiýid gmgmķn. Ndogico didr`c D ndo. > : @ kmsgyhķ, lu

ik tg g j s n grd dts z k gjg tķ > . sn x: ik tgsķiķi ák gzskmuig vdyg sgěķig ádodrsdo, bdr coc hurunhg hg jcsnc lu ikotghgi

(2-<6)

.hdiad ikotgsķhķr.

Lcr nkmdoýmhdoc coc iõtr gtkn grgsķihgoc dtocmdśnd ouvvdtc cmd cmacmcÕrido 0

7< 5

, -

gtknmgr grgsķihgoc n x x

x

dsged vd csd hdid sdm sglctmdrhcr.

<<Ķoc tcpco gtkn cáci, 6.<54 in vd 7.47 76 @' hýr.

.



7< 7< 5 5 7< 7: 5 1hT h > >

7< 5

x

hx hx

7: 18 x E

x x

7< 5

7/5

7: 1

7< 58 6 < 6.: in x E x

x x

(2-<7)

ekioscykiu,

( , ) : 1cmd vdrcmcykr. Jcsnd dtocydi ouvvdtc lumuiuz.

T x y x y x

: <hT h xh h



hx hx

: :: 1 : y hT h E > x y x > x

< :c ` 1 3 c : ` x y E E E x y x

(2-<<)

řu gig oghgr, hķś ouvvdtmdrci kmnghķěķ czkmd. ,

dtochcěc lcr scstdnc dmd gmgmķn.

.



Lkwmcia tkpu vd hýiyg lcr scstdn kmuśturur.

Kyuiju tgrge ķihgi tkpg uyaumgigi ouvvdt hķś ouvvdttcr. Lu hurunhg,

hděcścr.

ndo.Q D O T

(2-<:)

kTzuimuěu 7 n kmgi :6 ' mco děco hýzmdnciÕrido 0

,

bgmhdi gśgěķyg hkěru ogyngyg lgśmķykr. Outuyg

u sg t r sýrtýind uvvdt dt nd td r.

) Děg co hýzmdnci tglgiķihg outuiui bķzķ id kmur;

) Outuiui cvndsc idhcr;l

<7. . . <c c c s s s> > >



<

7 < 3.1

o

. . n s< : s c

nv v

<:(3.2)(6.4) 4) sci(:6) :.<: n/ s xl E na e ng g

(2-<8)

Oýtmdsc <6 oa kmgi lcr ákjuo, < n yýosdomcěcihd

hýzaýi kmngygi lcr ogyhķrgěķi tdpdscihdi cmo bķzsķz

Õrido 0

ogyngyg lgśmķykr.

Zýrtýind kmnghķ ķiķ vgrsg grgo, og hķrg ķi di gmtg

ikotgsķihg ákjuěui bķzķ idhcr;Zýrtýind kmngsķ hurunuihg kju ui di gmt ikotghgocl

bķzķ : n/s kmhuěuig aõrd scstdnci ndogico didr`cscihdoc



<7> >

<

> > >

c c s s s

. . s

<7 7' .< < s c s> nv na >

(2-<4)

Lcr ogygoáķ

<6 n yýosdomcotdoc rgnpghgiÕrido 0cmo bķzsķz ogyngyg lgśmķykr. \gnpgiķi gmt ujuihgi

skirg, hýz kmgi lõmadhd ogygoáķ cmd zdnci grgsķihg

sýrtýind ogtsgyķsķ 6.<7' hcr.) Ogygoáķ, rgnpgiķi gmtg ujuihgi huruijgyg oghgr id oghgr ykm gmķr;

) Děco hýzmdnci odihcsc hd gyiķ sýrtýind ogysgyķsķig sgbcp kmsgyhķ,l



<7 < 73.2 n / sg O T > O T n b > nv v b

<<

<

7> >

s s

Lv

<7

.< <J L L

o a

<

.<o L L o

v

(2-<5)

. n<

o

a

Ķoc lmko bgece lcr cpmd, sýrtýindscz vd gěķrmķosķzÕrido 0

7

r ng grg zdr i di r r id g ķ ķr. g gy g u uigi

oýtmdmc lmko, ygy sglctc kmgi lcr ygyg lgěmķhķr. Sgyn o

uzgngsķz hurunhg codi sdrldst<

7

lķrgo ķmķykr vd oýtmdmc

lmko b oghgr hýśýijd lcr gi cáci huruykr. oýtmdmc lmko

n

n

cmd zdnci grgsķihgoc sýrtýind ogtsgyķsķ idhcr;

7 a ygy o



<

7 <<

77 <

a s c

o n ab ob n abT ob

<

7n a ob

<

7

o n ab

(2-<1)



Oýtmdsc 76 oa kmgi lmko,Õrido 0

ķzsķz k grg ik tgsķi gi

lķrgo ķmķykr. Tzuimuěu 5 n kmgi

sýrtýindmc lcr lõmadyc ( grgsķ)d tcotdi skirg g sglctc

LJ

<<46 I/n ygyg ágrpgrgo :6 jn sķo ķśtķr ķykr.o >

grgsķ adi i s r ind g sgyķsķiķ u uiuz.



a ygy o

<7

<7

a s c ygy n

<7 < 6.:<2n

o n o

na xnaM ox nab

(2-<3)

7Děco hýzmdn ýzdrcihdoc <6 oa'mķo n >Õrido 0<

<

lmko, bgece lcr cpmd, :6 oa'mķo lgśog lcr lmkěg

lgěmķhķr. lmkěu hg, śdocmhdoc aclc ygy sglctc

n >

n

<46 I/n kmgi lcr ygyg lgěmķhķr. Lu bgmcymd ygy

<

gśgěķ hkěru <6 jn ádocmcp ( lmkěu ydrhdi 86 jn yýosdotd) cmo bķzsķzn

.



a ygy

< < <7 < 7 <

7 7 7? ( sci ) ? g O n v n v T n aM n aM T oM

M><6 jn < <7 < 7 <

7 7( sci ) 6n n v n n aM oM

o><46 I/nn7><6 oa <

< 7<( sci ) 76 51.<oM n n aM

(2-:6)

< 7 <

46n n

LÕMÝN-3Oýtmd Ndrodzc vd Áczacsdm Nknditun

Lu lõmýnhd gśgěķhgoc okiumgrg hděcicmdjdotcr0

Lcr pgrágjķo scstdncici oýtmd ndrodzc Oýtmd ndrodzcici bķzķ vd cvndsc

r pgrágjķ ķi vd pgrágjķ s s dn dr i i á za sd nkndi unu



Oýtmd ndrodzcici igsķ

m bdsgpmgigjgěķ

iķ

vd áczacsdmnknditunui okruiunu cmodscic õ rdidjd cz.

Zki kmgrgo, áczacsdm nknditunui okruiun cmodsc ygrhķnķymg

r vd kyuttg ágrpķśng prk dn dr i áõzdjdě z.

(3-7)

Oýtmd Ndrodzc 0

7 <

7 <

- z v u u , y ,

vd oýtmdmdrcid sgbcp coc ikotgsgm jcsnci oýtmd ndrodzc,

x x x

n n

7 7 < <on

7 <

n x n x

x n n

g ķitķsķ d vdr r.

-dosdic ýzdrcid ydrmdśtcrcmncś tgid pgrágjķo hurunuihg lu lgěķitķ0 x i

7 7 < < : : 7 7 < < : :... ... 7 ii i i in x n x n x n x n x n x n x n x

x n x



on77 < : ... c c

ci

x n xn n n n N N

kmur. Lurghg scstdnhdoc pgrágjķomgr ķi tkpmgn oýtmd N schcr.

- -

ndrodzc hd, oýtmdsc kmgi pgrágjķěķi okiun vdotõrý kmngo ýzdrd,c cn r

on

7

lgěķitķsķig sgbc i

c cr n r

ptcr.

(3-<)

7c

on on o o n n

˅ ˅ ˅Okiun vdotõrý c ` o lcácncihd hd ygzķmglcmdjděcihdi, oýtmdr x y z

ndr dz i i kk

7 7 7

r igt gr ķ

i i i

x n x n z n z

7 7 7

cmd vdrcmdlcmcr.c c c N

,

pgrágjķomgr ķi tkpmgihķěķ lcr ikotg vd scstdn ýzdrcid dtoc

d di n ķś uvvd dr k ik gyg d ykrnuś a

hý ý ým lcmc



hýśýiýmdlcmcr.

Lcr ldyzlkm skpgsķiķi śdocmhdoc aclc bgvgyg e ķrmgtķmhķěķiķ

vd dr- docnc ouvvdtcici dtocsc gmtķihgoc bgrdodtcic hý ýidmcn.

Zkpgiķi oýtmd ndrodzc scygb lcr ikotg cmd cśgrdtmdincśtcr.

Oýtmd ndrodzcici bgrdodtcid lgo ķmhķ ķihg, luiui lcr

děco gtķś bgrdodtc kmhuěu okmgyjg aõrýmýr.

(3-:)

Gijgo, oýtmd ndrodzc hķśķihgoc ikotgmgr ķi bgrdodtmdrc kmhuoág ogrngśķotķr.

Okiunmgr ķ docmhd vdrcmdiÕrido 0

7 < :7.6 oa vd < oa oýtmdmcn > n > n >

oýtmd ndrodzcic lumuiuz.

) onr

i

n x



7 7 7 < < : : (7)(7) (7)(<) (<)(6)c c

c

n xn x n x n x

on

7 < :

.7 7 < N n n n

i

7 7 7 < < : :on

7 < :

(7)(6) (7)(6) (<)(<)7 n

7 7 <

c c

c

n yn y n y n y

y N n n n

on˅ ˅6.14c ` nr

(3-8)

7 ktgi ( ) 4:.76.14



Ogtķ jcscn uzuimuěuig vd oýtmdscid sgbcp M N

r sd, ýt d yk ui u u á za sd r0áu u

7hn N x x hx

n hm M

N , Ghn

h G

Ogtķ j s n yýzdy g giķig vd ýt ds id sg p

cijd lcr csd, oýtmd ykěuimuěu yýzdysd pmgog mhcr0

G N

on on

7 7 ?

hn N

hG x x hG y y hG

G



on on?hG

y y N G N

Ogtķ jcscn bgjncid vd oýtmdscid sgbcp csd,U N N , U

oýtmd ykěuimuěu bgjcnsdmhcr0hn

hU

on on on

7 7 7 ? ?

h x x hU y y hU

n N

hU U z z hU

N N

(3-1)

Õrido 0

oýtmd ndrodzcic lumuiuz.

) Áu uěui á za sd ýt d ykěui uěu sd, ýt d

ndrodzcic lumuiuz. ( áuluěui skm ujuihgi kmgi

l > x

x

uzgomķo, hg lcr sglcttcr).

<on 6

)< < < <

M

g x xhn x hx xN N N N N M



6 < < < < N N N N N M

:

:on 67 7 7)

M M M

Ml x xhn x hx x x hx x <

< M M

M Mhx x hx x

66 6 < <: : < < M M N

(3-2)

on <: : : N N M

Oýtmdsc vd lkyutmgr ķ śdocmhd vdrcmdi hco ýáadi N Õrido 0

á n i d p g giķi ýt d ndr dz i u uiuz.

< N l vd

7<

n y x y x

gl x ggl

:

on <

7 < < < <gg g

l x x xhn xyhx x x hx g

6 6 6g g g g



( ) ( ) vd

7<

hn g x hy g x hy

gl g x ggl

on

7 < <( ) ( )

l lg

y yhn y g x hy y l y hy 6 6

< :< 7l

g g

y y

(3-3)

on <

6< : :l

7 < : 7 < :Oýtmdmdrc , , ..., vd okiun vdotõrmdrc , , ,...,i in n n n r r r r

Vgrágjķo Zcstdnmdrcihd Idwtki'ui Ķocijc Sgsgsķ 0

kmgi pgrágjķomķ lcr scstdn hýśýidmcn. Oýtmd ndrodzcici

okiun vdotõrý u ceghd md vdrcmc

i

r0

7 7 < < : :on

... i in r n r n r n r r

Bdr coc tgrge ķi zgngig aõrd týrdvc gmķiķrsg,

on 7 7 < < : : ... i ir n r n r n r n r ht N ht ht ht ht



on 7 7 < < : :

on

...

lumuiur. Lurghg oýtmd ndrodzcici bķzķ, ' hd . pgrágjķěķi bķ

i i

cv v c

zķhķr.dr grg ķi r dz g g zgngig a rd rdv g ķiķrsg,

7...

h h h h h v n v n v n v n v

n

on 7 7 < < : : ...

i i

i i

ht N ht ht ht ht

Ng n g n g n g n g

(3-76)

on lumuiur. Lurghg oýtmd ndrodzcici cvndsc, ' hdcg g c

. pgrágjķěķi cvndschcr.

. pgrágjķěg dtocydi ouvvdt ' hcr vd Idwtki'ui cocijc ygsgsķ

c

c E

on 7 < :

adrdě ,

...c c c in g E Ng E E E E

ygzķ

mglcmcr.

uvvdt ķś vd á k ng ýzdrd dśdid gyr ķ g r0c c c c

Lu hurunhg yuogr ķhgoc dśctmco śõymd lcr ekrng hõiýśýr0

hķś c hķś c hķś c hķś con 7 7 < < : : ...á á á á

i ig E E E E E E E E



hķ hķ hķ hķ c c c c

idtDśctmcěci sgěķihgoc cmo pgrgitdz, scstdn ýzdrcid dtoc dhdi idt ouvvdttcr ( ).E

on 7 < : 7 < :... ...i ig

on

Ķocijc pgrgitdz csd, Idwtki'ui ýáýijý ygsgsķ adrděc sķe ķrhķr. Lu hurunhg,

oýtmd ndrodzcici bgrdodt hdiomdnc Ng

idt ' hcr vd lcmdśdimdr jciscihdiE

idt, on, idt , on, idt, on,

lg ķitķmgr ķ cm

d vdrc

mcr

.

x x y y z zE Ng E Ng E Ng

(3-77)

on idtg E

Sgihgoc dśctmcomdr, lcr pgrágjķo scstdncici oýtmd

idt, on, x xE Ngndrodzcici, scstdnhdoc týn pgrágjķomgr ķi tkpmgihķěķ

vd týn hķś ouvvdtmdrci dtochcěc lcr ikotgsgm oýtmd

idt, on,

idt on

y y

z z

g

E Ng

aclc bgrdodt dhdjděcic aõstdrndotdhcr.docmhdoc õrid c dmd gmgmķn.

Sdrhdi gtdśmdidi lcr rkodt ydrádocnc ouvvdtcici

dtocsc gmtķ

ihg pgrglkmco lcr ykm czmdr.

Ldmmc lcr gihg rkodt pgtmgr vd lcráko pgrágyg gyr ķmķr.

Vgtmgng kmngsgyhķ r

kodtci czmdydjděc ykm odscomc



Vgtmgng kmngsgyhķ, r kodtci czmdydjděc ykm odscomc

áczacymd aõstdrcmdi yõrýiad kmgjgotķ.

Vgtmgnghg krtgyg áķogi ouvvdtmdr cá ouvvdtmdr

kmhuěuihgi vdotõrdm tkpmgnķ sķe ķr kmgjgotķr.

\kodt ýzdrcihd dtoci kmgi ouvvdt bgmg ydrádocnc ouvvdtchcr.

Luiui gimgnķ, pgtmgnghg krtgyg áķogi pgrágmgr hg ydrádocnc ouvvdtc dtocscymd pgrglkmco lcr yõrýiadhd bgrdodt dhdrmdr.

(3-7<)

k gyķsķy g d ndr dz i i y r iads , pg gng gi ijd

yõrýiadscymd gyiķ kmgjgotķr.

Áczacsdm Nknditun 0

p nv

p nv

d giķn giķr. s s dn i d r n a.n s r.

Nknditun ceghdscici bdr coc tgrge ķiķi zgngig õrd týrdvc gmķiķrsg

idt

hp h hv p nv nv n ng E

idt lumuiur.hp

E h



idtht

Lu ceghd Idwtki' ui cocijc ygsgsķiķi lcr lgśog ceghd śdomchcr.Lcr jcsnci áczacsdm nknditunuiui hděcścn bķzķ, k jcsnd dtocydi

idt ouvvdtci lýyýomýěýid dścttcr vd kiuimg (idt ouvvdtmd) g

Z

y

õzmý kmg

iķ yõihd

rgo0 "

hcr.

Lu dśctmco, lcr jcsnci áczacsdm nknditunuiui gijgo lcr hķś ouvvdtmd

(3-7:)

nknditunu hděcśndz.

Vgrágjķo Zcstdnmdrcici Áczacsdm Nknditunu0. pgrágjķěķi oýtmdsc , bķzķ vd áczacsdm nknditunu

kmsui. tgid gr gjķotgi kmu gi lcr scstdnci cz csdmc cc n v

i

nknditunu śu śdocmhd vdrcmcr0

7 < : 7 7 < < : : on... ...i i iV p p p p n v n v n v n v Nv

on

,tkpmgn oýtmdsc ( ) cmd oýtmd ndrodzcici bķzķiķi ( ) ágrpķnķig dścttcr. N v



Bdr coc tgrge ķi zgngig aõrd týrdvc gmķiķrsg,

hV h

on on idt

lumuiur. Lu dśctmco, pgrágjķo scstdncici áczacsdm nknditunuiui gijgo lcr hķś

v ght ht

ouvvdtmd hděcśdjdlcmdjděcic aõstdrndotdhcr.

(3-78)

Hķś ouvvdt sķe ķr csd, pgrágjķo scstdncici áczacsdm nknditunu hděcśndz.

˅ ˅ Oýtmdsc < oa kmgi lcr jcsnci bķzķ (<c :`) n/s vd oýtmdsc : oa kmgi lcr jcsnciÕrido 0

˅ ˅bķzķ hg (c 5`) n/s' hcr. Ķoc pgrágjķotgi kmuśgi lu scstdnci oýtmd ndrodzcici bķzķiķ vd

nknditunuiu lumuiuz.

+

7˅ ˅ ˅ ˅<(<c :`) :(c 5`) ˅ ˅

I

c c

c

n v+ +

on . .< : N

˅ ˅ ˅ ˅

S h o h t m lc o t 7666 ýo omcot :66 / b bc oÕ o

on on . .



Sdrhdi uogr ķ hk ru gtd mdidi lcr rkodt 7666 n ýosdomcotd :66 n/s bķzg sgbc odiÕrido 0

pgtmgygrgo ýá dśct pgrágyg lõmýiýykr. Lcrcijc pgrág 846 n/s bķ

zmg gyiķ

yõihd, cocijcsc .

N 7 < :

7 7 < < : : : 7 <

::c c Nv n v n v n v v v v v

(3-74)

:˅ ˅ ˅ ˅366 846 <86 846 <86 n/sv O H O H



nknditunhgoc hděcścnst

s chp p p p

( ) " " vdyg " " kmgrgo tgiķnmgiķr ctnd cnpums .

c

s

t

t

@ E t ht

ct

Ķtnd, ágrpķśgi lcr jcsnci áczacsdm nknditunuihgoc hděcścnd dścttcr0 @ p

Adidmmcomd, ágrpķśng sýrdscijd jcscnmdr grgsķihgoc dtocmdśnd ouvvdtcici zgngimg

igsķm hděcśtcěcic lcmdndycz. Gijgo, ctndici lýyýomýěý ouvvdt-zgngi argecěcihd

děrc gmtķihg ogmgi gmgig dścttcr.

Gyiķ gmgiķ vdrdjdo śdocmhd krtgmgng lcr ouvvdt ( ) lumursgoE



krtGyiķ gmgiķ vdrdjdo śdocmhd krtgmgng lcr ouvvdt ( ) lumursgo,E

jcscnmdrci lcrlcrmdrcid uyaumghķěķ ctndyc,

( ) @ E t E t t

śdomcihd ygzglcmcrcz.

krt

dknd r k grg , - arg g ķ

i g g gi g gicmd - argecěc gmtķihg ogmgi gmgi gyiķhķr (řdocm- )E t l

(3-71)

Oýtmdsc vd + - õiýihd bķzķ kmgi õzhd gr gjķomgr ķi sýrdomcn x v

Zdrc Ágrpķśngmgr0

lcr śdocmhd sglctmdincś lcr bdhded ágrptķěķiķ hýśýidmcn.

.

nknditunuihgoc hděcścn kmgjgotķr. Bdrlcr ágrpķśnghg oghgrmķo lcr p p nknditun d d d g tgr ķ gjg tķr.

sýrdscijd bdhde ýzdrcihdoc ctnd (cnpums) kmhuěuihgi,t @ i p

krt kmur. Lurghg , ágrpķśng idhdicymd @ i p i

E n v vt t t



t t t bdrlcr pgrágjķěķi bķzķihgoc hděcścn ncotgr ķhķr. Hkmgyķsķymg,

krtE vt

n

ygzķ g r. urg g , pgrágjķ gr ķi d d d ágrpng ķzķ ķr.t

(3-72)

, .

Ágrpķśnghgi skirg pgrágjķomgr tgn kmgrgo ygisķykrsg, < kmur.v v v v



Oýtmdsc 866 a kmgi lcr tkp <6 n/s bķzmg ygtgyÕrid o 0

k

hkěrumtuhg skmg hkěru admcykr. Kyuiju tkpg admcś

hkěrumtusuiui tdrsc yõiýihd ygtgymg 84 ' mco lcr

gáķ

ymg vuruykr vd tkpg :6 n/s' mco lcr bķ

z ogzgihķ

r ķ

ykr. Xkp cmd kyuijugrgsķihgoc tdngs sýrdsc 76 ns kmhuěuig aõrd,

) Kyuijuiui tkpg uyaumghķěķ ctnd idhcr;

K uijuiui tk g u umghķ ķ

krtgmgng ouvvdt idhcr;

g

l

˅ ˅ ˅) 6.8 :6 jks 84c + :6sci84 ( <6c)g @ V nv nv



) 6.8 :6 jks 84c :6sci84 ( <6c)g @ V nv nv

˅ ˅ 75.4c + 2.4` oa n/s @

˅ ˅75.4c +2.4` ˅ ˅ 7546c +246 I @

l @ E t E

< < 7 k

6.67246

> >

kr kr

t

(3-<6)

7546

krt

Áczacsdm Nknditunui Okruiunu 0Lcr pgrágjķo scstdnc ýzdrcid dtocydi idt ouvvdt

hV

idt idt

6 6 sg tE E Vht

Lcr pgrágjķo scstdnc ýzdrcid hķś ouvvdt dtocncykrsg,

. Bdrbgiac lcr giķihgoc Bdrbgiac lcr giķihgoc

>c s t t



áczacsdm nknditun áczacsdm nknditun

Áczacsdm nknditunui okruiunu õidnmc lcr cmodhcr vd ágrpķśng prklmdnmdrcici

.

idtLcr scstdn ýzdrcid dtocydi hķś ouvvdt 6 csd, cá ouvvdtmdr id oghgr Ikt 0 E

(3-<7)

y k ursg k sui, á za sd nkndi un dr zgngi kruiur.

Lcr icśgijķ : oa' mķo lcr týeděc adrc tdpndscidÕrido 0

.icśgi gmgrgo 4 a' mķo ndrncyc :66 n/s bķzmg dtdśmcykr.

) Xý dě i adr tdpnd ķzķiķ,

) Ndrncici vd

g

l

týeděci nknditunuiu,

) Ndrncici vd týeděci ocidtco didr`cscic lumuiuz.j

. ˅ ˅) 6 :66c 6.4c n/s: \ \g V nv NU U >

N



˅ ˅) (6.664):66c 7.4c oa n/s

˅ ˅n

l V nv

. . a n s \ \

> . 4 > @< <nj O nv

(3-<<)

< < > (:)(6.4) >6.:14 @< < \ \O nU

Ágrpķśngmgrhg Nknditun vd Ocidtco Didr c̀ 0

7 < 7 <

7 <

v , z v ,

ágrpķśnghgi skirgoc bķzmgr ķ hg vdc c

s s

n n v v

v v

k gi j s n ś id n.

idtZcstdn czkmd vd 6 csd, áczacsdm nknditun okruiur.E

Lu ourgm, ágrpķśngiķi týrýid lgo ķmngosķzķi hkěruhur.

gr ķ

ngmgr ķ

coc sķ

iķ

etg tk mgngo nýnoýihýr."Dsido (dmgstc vd kmno)" " gygiDsido km ágrpķśnngygi" gmgr.



, .

Ocidtco didr`chd lcr ogyķ

p vgrsg ( ), ágrpķ

śng ágrpķ

śnghķ

r.dsido kmngygi

c s

s cO O

.

Ķoc jcscn ágrpķśtķotgi skirg lcrlcrcid ygpķśķ p lcrmcotd bgrdodt dhcykrsg,

"tgngndi dsido kmnjcscnmdr vdygygpnķśtķr hdrcz. Lu týr á

gygi" "dsido kmngygi tgngrpķśngmgr dsido kmngygi

ágrpķś ágrpķ

g"nśng týrýhýr vd

(3-<:)

ocidtco didr`chdoc ogylķi di egzmg kmhuěu ágrpķśng týrýhýr.

Lcr-Lkyuttg Dsido Kmngygi Ágrpķśng0Lu týr ágrpķśngmgrhg, ágrpķśgi jcscnmdrci

áczacsdm nknditunmgr ķ okruiur0

7 < 7 < 7 7 < < 7 7 < <c c s s c c s s

p p p p n v n v n v n v

Lu týr ágrpķśngmgrhg, ágrpķśgi jcscnmdr ygpķśķr vd ágrpķśnghgi

-

<

. ,6 õzdm hurunu cáci0cv

n



7 7 7 <

7

cn v n nn

7

<

lumuiur.

cvn

Lu týr ágrpķśngmgrhg oýtmd ndrodzcici bķzķ

7 < 7 7on

7 < 7 < 7 <

c c cvn n n n n n

(3-<8)

d vdr r.

Oýtmdmdrc 6.4 oa vd 6.: oa kmgi coc lmko śdocmhdoc aclc lcrlcrcid hkěru

'

Õrido 0

.bgrdodt dttcomdrcid aõrd, ágrpķśnghgi skirg lmkomgr ķi krtgo bķzķ idhcr;

.



7 7 <

˅ ˅

G G L L G L GLn v n v n n v

<

. .˅6.4c n/s

6.4 6.: GLv

< < <7 7 7 < <7 7 77.5 @ ? 6.7 @

< < <'

G G L L G L GLO n v n v O n n v

(3-<4)

< 7 . .

Oýtmdsc kmgi lcr ndrnc, oýtmdsc kmgi tgbtgn N Õrido 0tgngndi dsido kmngygi lmkěg hkěru gtdśmdicykr vd

ygpķykrmgr. Lmko+ndrnc scstdnc ngoscnun yýosdomcěcid

ágrpķśng

y

áķo ķykr. Ndrncici admcś bķzķiķ, lcmcidimdr jciscihdi lumuiuz.

nv

nv n N U U n N

< < <<

n N U n N ay U ay



<n n N

v ay v ayn N n

(3-<5)

Lcr týedotdi gtdśmdidi 2 a oýtmdmc ndrnc ygtgy, sýrtýindscz lcrÕrido 0

y zdy d u uigi vd r ygyg g ginķś . a d g g k g

sgpmgiķykr. Lmko+ndrnc ygyķ 74.6 jn sķo ķśtķr ķykr. Sgyķ 6.<4 jn uzgtngo

cáci adrdomc ouvvdt 6.14 I kmhuěuig aõrd, ágrpķśnghgi bdndi skirg

lmko+ndrnc scstdncici bķzķ idhcr;

Ndrncici ágrpķśnghgi õijdoc bķzķ idhcr;

<

6.14:66 I /no

.



.

n vn v n N U U Lmko+ndrncici ágrpķśnghgi skirgoc bķzķ

< <7 7<.5 n /s

o n N U ox U x

n n N

(3 <1)

n svn

drn i i ágrpng gi ijd ķzķ0

Lcr - Lkyuttg Dsido Ágrpķśng0

7 < 7 <

7 <

, ,ágrpķśnghgi skirgoc bķzmgr ķ hg vd

c c

s sv v

k gi j s n ś id n.

, .

7 7 < < 7 7 < <za sd nkndi unui kruiunu0 ś-c c s sn v n v n v n v

< < < <7 7 7 7-7 7 < < 7 7 < < c c s s



7 7 < < 7 7 < << < < <c c s s

7 <Ķoc lcmcindydimc ( vd ) lu coc hdiomdn áõzýmýrsd, jcscnmdrci ágrpķśnghgis sv v

skirgoc bķzmgr ķ cáci śu ceghdmdr dmhd dhc

<

mcr0

n n n

7 7 <7 < 7 <

s c cv v vn n n n

(3 <2)

< 7 <

7 < 7 <

s c cv v v

n n nn



7

. 7<

n

n n

7

<

n

n

7 < <

7 7 7 777 <

s c c c

n n nv v v vnn n

<n

n

<7 7< 7 7 7

<<s c c c

nn nv v v v

n

7 < <



7 < <

<

n

7 jcsnc (oýáýo jcscn) gyiķ bķzmg admcś yõiýiýi tdrsc yõiýihd bgrdodt dhdr.n

7<

< jcsnc (lýyýo jcscn) cmdrc yõihd áko oýáýo lcr bķzmg bgrdodt dhdr ( 7).n n

(3 :6)



Oýtmdmdrc 6.46 oa vd 6.:6 oa kmgi vd lmkomgr ķ lcrlcrcid G LÕrido 0

. . lmkěu gyiķ bķzmg tdrs yõihd achdrodi lmkěuiui bķzķ id kmur; L G

grpķśngiķi týrý id k g r

˅ ˅ ˅6.46(<.6c) 6.:6( <.6c) 6.46 6.:6(<.6c)n v n v n v n v v

˅6.<6c ˅6.86c n/s Gs

v

.



< < < <7 7 7 7

< < < <

< < < <7 7 7 7

. . . . .< < < <s G Gs L Ls

(3 :<)

O idt didr kruinuykr dsid k ngygi ág" "rpķśng

Ķoc - Lkyuttg Ágrpķśng 0

7 <ýt d dr gi k gi j sn i - ýz dn i d

ágrpķśtķomgr ķiķ aõzõiýid gmgmķn.

n n xy

Ágrpķśng dsido csd ocidtco didr`c hd okruiur0 O O O O

7 < 7 <Zcstdnci áczacsdm nknditunu okruiur0 c c s s p p p p

<Ágrpķśnghgi õijd pgrágjķěķiķi huraui kmhuěuiu, ágrpķśnghgi skirg hgn

7 7 < < , .Lu hurunhg, nknditunui vd ocidtco didr`cici okruiun ceghdmdrc0

7 7 7 7 7 < < <dosdic0 jks jks (Dś-7)c

x n v n v n v



7 7 7 7 7 < < <

7 7 7 < < <

dosdic0 jks jks (Dś 7)

dosdic0 6 sci sci (Dś-<)

c s s

s s

x n v n v n v

y n v n v

< < <

7 7 7 < < <

7 7 7 (Dś-:)

< < <c s sn v n v n v

kmur.

(3 ::)

7 < 7 7 < 7 < , , , , , , .

bdrbgiac hõrt tgidscici vdrcmndsc bgmcihd, hcědr ýáý okmgymķomg lumuiglcmcr.c s s

Oýtmdsc <6 oa lcr kyuijgo rklkt ( ) +x yõiýihd GÕrido 0

,vd oýtmdsc 7< oa kmgi lgśog lcr rklktg ( ) śdocmhdoc aclc L

.k

:6 gáķ ygpgjgo śdocmhd yuogr ķ yõihd 7 n/s bķzmg bgrdodt,

n v n v n v n v

˅ ˅ ˅ <6(<c) (<6jks:6)c (7< jks )c jks 7.23V V v v



˅ ˅ 6 (<6sci :6) ` ( 7< sci )` sci 6.2:: yc ys L LV V v v

7 k. .tgi ( ) <:.2 <.65 n/s7.23 sci Lv

(3 :8)

Oýtmdsc 6.4 oa kmgi lcr lcmyd ( ) +x yõiýihd 8 n/s bķzmg GÕrido 0

, . lgśog lcr lcmydyd ( ) dsido kmgrgo ágrpķykr. Ágrpķśnghgi skirg L

śdocmhd < n/s bķzmg bgrdodt dtndotdhcr. lcmydscici bķzķiķ, vd L .

< < < <7 7 7 7

n v n v n v n v

< <

< < < <6.4

s s

Gn

.6 : Ls Gc Gs

n



6.: Ln

˅ ˅ ˅ 6.4(8c) 6.4(<jks )c 6.:(8.81jks )c jks 7.:87jks <

G Gc L Lc G Gs L Ls

xc xs

n v n v n v n v

V V

k k

˅ ˅ 6 6.4(<sci ) ` 6.:( 8.81sci )` sci 7.:87sci 6 yc ysV V

(3 :4)

. .

LÕMÝN-76Hõind

,cijdmdidjdotcr. Lu okiu ogpsgnķihg gśgěķhgoc okiumgrg hděcicmdjdotcr0

áķsg ydr- d ś rnd

Krtgmgng vd gimķ

o gáķ

sgm bķ

z (σ

) Krtgmgng vd gimķo g ķsgm cvnd η

Hõind dymdnsczmco nknditc ( C ) Xkro (ψ )



( )

Gyr ķjg,

hõidi ogtķ jcscnmdrci ocidtco didr csc,

hõidi jcscnmdr cáci Idwtki– ui cocijc ygsgsķ

(76-7)

-

ýzdrcihd hd hurumgjgotķr.

Hõindhdoc Hděcśodimdr0g ķ j s n, zdr i d n ik g gr ķi r r dr id a rd

bgrdodt dtndhcěc jcscnmdrhcr.

r d sdi d rg ķi g idi g ķ r j sn d r hděcśodimd tgrce dhdlcmcrcz.

Hõind dosdicici z -dosdic kmhuěu skmhgoc ogtķ jcsnc

aõz õiýid gmgmķn. Jcscn cácihd vd hõind dosdicid hco lcr rdedrgis cz csc sd dmcn. Ogtķ jcsnci ýsttdi õrýiý ý bdndi gmttgoc rdscnhd vdrcmncśtcr.



Bdrbgiac lcr t giķihg rdedrgis áczacscici gáķsgm okiunu, t > 6 giķihgocgáķsgm okiunuymg β oghgr lcr gáķ ygpķykr kmsui. Ogtķ jcscn ýzdrcihdoc

,ýzdrcihdoc týn ikotgmgr ķi gáķsgm okiunuhur vd hõind dosdicihdi r oghgr

uzgotgoc lcr ikotgiķi áczhcěc ygy uzuimuěu s– yd śu śdocmhd lgěmķhķr0 s

r

(76-<)

Ikt0 β rghygi jciscihdihcr.

Gáķsgm Sdr-hděcśtcrnd07 <Zkmhgoc rdscnhd vd gimgr ķihgoc rdedrgis áczacmdrc

aõstdrcmncśtcr. Lu zgngi grgmķěķihg ogtķ jcsnci ygptķěķ

t t

< 7gáķsgm ydr-hděcśtcrnd oghgrhķr.

Gáķsgm Bķz 0

7< 7

krt

< 7

<, zgngi grgmķěķihg 0krtgmgng gáķsgm bķzt t t

t t



< 7

cmd tgiķnmgiķr vd ZC scstdncihdoc lcrcnc rgh/s' hcr.

csd krtgmgng g ķsgm bķzķi 6 hurunuihgoc mcnctchcr Gimķo g ķ 0sgm bķz t

6mcnt h

t ht

(76-:)

Gáķsgm Ķvnd0Hõidi ogtķ jcsnci gáķsgm bķzķihg lcr hděcścn kmuykrsg,

lu hděcścnci id oghgr bķzmķ kmhuěu gáķsgm cvnd cmd

gáķomgiglcmcr.

7 <

7 7 < <

Ýsttdoc rdscnhd rdedrgis áczacscici vd gimgr ķihgoc hurunmgr ķ vdrcmncśtcr.

Ogtķ jcsnci giķihgoc gáķsgm bķzķ vd giķihgoc gáķsgm bķzķ hg ' hcr.

t t

t t

7 <, zgngi grgmķě krtgmgngķ gáķsgm cvndihgt t < 7krt 0

t t t



< 7t t t <cmd tgiķnmgiķr vd ZC scstdncihdoc lcrcnc rgh/s ' hcr.

, krtgmgng gáķsgm cvndici 6 hurunuihgoc mcnctchGimķo gá cr0ķsgm cvnd t

h

(76-8)

6

t t ht

Gáķsgm Bķz Udotõrý0Gáķsgm bķz vdotõrý, ogtķ jcscn sggt clrdmdrcici

tdrsc õiýihd hõiý krsg sggt clrdmdrckzctce

yõiýihd hõiý idagtce ykrsg gmķiķr.

Gáķsgm bķz vdotõrý hõind dosdic hkěrumtusuihghķr

- -

vd odsci yõiý

" "

.



Hõind d sdi i , pgrng uá gr ķiķz õind yõiýiýaõstdrdjdo śdocmhd sgě gvjuiuzg gmķi vd hõind yõiýihd lcr tur

g -d - urg ķ 0

gtķi. Lgś pgrngěķiķzķi yõiý gáķsgm bķz vdotõrýiýi ( ) yõiýiý vdrcr.

(76-4)

<

Lcr hõidr ogpķiķi gáķsgm okiunu ( ) 4 76 < rgh ceghdsc cmd vdrcmcykr.t > + t+ t Õrido 0 , .

( ) 76 8 (6) 76 rgh/s vd (:) << rgh/sh

t t

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t

<

Lcr ncm 54 rgh/s bķzmg hõidrodi, 6 giķihg ( ) 76 4 (rgh/s ) cmdt t t Õrido 0

t

vdr di vnd r grd dtd gś ķykr. s giķi g gáķsg ķzķiķ vd u s

sýrdhdoc gáķsgm ydrhděcśtcrndscic lumuiuz.

t

:



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6

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6

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6

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66 6

4( ) (54 76 <.4 ) 54 4

5

h t h ht t t t t t

ht

(76-5)

771.4 rgh

Oýtmdsc 5 oa kmgi lcr lmko sýrtýindscz děco lcr hýzmdnÕrido 0 ýzdrcihdoc ikotgsķihgi sdrldst lķrgo ķmķykr. Lmko ikotgsķihg

codi sgbcp kmhuěu cvndici tdědtsdm vd rghygm lcmdśdimdrcic lumuiuz.

V



<7< ( ) <(3.2)(4 <) 1.51 n/snab na\ nv v a b \

<

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(76-1)\ghygm cvnd Xdědtsdm cvnd

Zglct Gáķsgm Ķvnd cmd Hõind0 ,

zgngig lgěmgygi lgsct dśctmcomdr lumngo nýnoýihýr. Ldizdr lgěķitķmgr ķ õtdmdind

. ldizdrmco, gśgěķhgoc icjdmcomdr grgsķihgoc lgěmgr hcoogtd gmķigrgo okmgyjg ourumglcmcr.

Õtdmdind Hõind

x v

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6

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6 66

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kv v g x x

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(76-2)



Lcr JH-ágmgrhg, lcmac kouyuju mdisci yýzdyd

tdngs dttcěc ikotgiķi áczacsdm bķzķ 7.: n/s' hcr vd sglcttcr.

Õrido 0

JH' ici lkyutmgr ķ śdocmhd vdrcmncśtcr.

) JH' ici cá vd hķś odigrmgr ķihg codi, mdis lcmacg yc

gia gáķsg ķz gr g k ur ) Nýzco ágmng sýrdsc 18 hgo+:: s kmhuěuig aõrd,l

) Ķvndici sglct kmhuěuiu vgrsgygrgo, lu zgngi grgmķěķihg

JH' ici krtgmgng gáķsgm

j

cvndscic lumuiuz.

: :

7.: 7.:) 45.4 rgh/s ? <<.8 rgh/s

<: 76 42 76cá h ķ ś

cá h ķ ś

v vg v r

r r



<7)< <

s c s c s c cl t t t t

t

18 56 ::<<.8 45.4i <2766 tur

< < <

(76-76)

: <. .) 1.5 76 rgh/s

18 56 :: s c

s cj t t

Áczacsdm vd Gáķsgm Hděcśodimdr Grgsķihgoc Ķmcśoc 0r d sdi dtrg ķi g idi gtķ j s n zdr i d r

ikotgsķiķ dmd gmgmķn. 6 giķihg rdedrgis áczacsc -dosdict x

.

ikotgsķ oghgrmķo lcr sýrdhd, ygyķ lkyuijg bgrdodt dhdrdo V t GV

Gáķsgm Bķz vd Áczacsdm Bķz grgsķihgoc cmcśoc 0

ykmuiu gmķr. Lu sýrdhd rdedrgis áczacsc ( ) gáķsķ oghgr hõidr. s KV

kmngo ýzdrd, ygy uzuimuěu vd gáķsķ grgsķihgoc cmcśoc dśctmcěcid uygr.r KV s s r



< 7

ikotgsķiķi áczacsdm bķzķ0 h r hs h V v r r ht ht ht

Gáķsgm bķz0

e ádvrd < < <Bgrdodtci pdrcykhu0

bķz

r r X

v r

(76-77)

ikotgsķiķi cvndsc coc lcmd dimchcr. Lcrcijcsc " " õihdrgh gm V Ķvnd0

ikotgsķig hkěruhur vd ndrodzjcm cvnd kmgrgo ghmgihķr ķmķr.

Lýyýomýěý,

K

<<

r

vg r

r

g ds id sg p r.

Ķocijc lcmdśdi csd, ikotgsķiķi czmdhcěc ádnldrsdm yõrýiadyd " "tdědt V

yõihdhcr vd tdědtsdm lcmdśdi hcyd ghmgihķr ķmķr. Lýyýomýěý,

h r hv h



ceghdscid sgbcp .tcr

t ht ht ht

< <

Hkmgyķsķymg cvnd vdotõrý vd lý˅ yýomýěý hd,t r g g t g r

(76-7<)

cmd vdrcmcr.

t r



Hõrt ghdt oýáýo oýrd śdocmhdoc aclc bgece áuluomgr ķi uámgr ķigÕrido 0tutturumnuś vd scstdn -hýzmdncid śdocmhdoc aclc ydrmdśtcrcmncśtcr.

) Zcstdn dosdic dtrge ķihg gáķsgm bķzķ cmd hõihýrýmýrsd,

xy

g y

scstdnci hõind dymdnsczmco nknditc vd hõind ocidtco didr`csc idhcr;) Zcstdn dosdic dtrge ķihg gáķsgm bķzķ cmd hõihýrýmýrsd,l z

scstdnci hõind dymdnsczmco nknditc vd hõind ocidtco didr`csc idhcr;

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7 7<

y c cg n r g

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y y



< < y y

< < < < <l C n r Ng nl

< < < < < < <7 7

<< < z z O C Ng nl Ng nl

(76-74)

Lgzķ

ogtķ

jcscnmdrci hõind dymdnsczmco nknditmdrc0



(76-75)

< Ikotgsgm gr gjķomgrhgi kmu gi scstdnmdrhd0 lg ķitķsķihgi bdsg mgiķr. C n r

Dymdnsczmco Nknditc Bdsglķ 0

<Ogtķ jcscnmdrhd0 lgěķitķsķihgi bdsgpmgiķr.

c

C r hn

Dymdnsczmco nknditc hõind dosdicici okiunuig

Vgrgmdm -Dosdi Xdkrdnc 0

lgěmķ kmhuěuihgi, bdr egromķ hõind dosdic cáci ' yķ

tdorgr bdsgpmgngnķz adrdocr.

C

" gr

Luiu

gmdm

i cáci,

-dosdi t

áko okmgy lcr yõ

itdn kmgi

ic oummgigjdkrdnc" g ķz.



Ýsttdoc oýtmdmc ogtķ jcsnci oýtmd ndrodzcihdi adádi vd sgyeg hýzmdncid

hco kmgi dosdid õrd d mdnsczmco nknditcic lcmhc cnczc vgrsg gmķn.

N

Lu dosdid pgrgmdm vd oghgr uzgotgoc lcr ikotgsķihgi adádib V

n

<on

"pgrgmdm-dosdi tdkrdnc" C N C b (76-71)

Vgrgmdm -Dosdi Xdkrdncici Ķspgtķ

0 , ,

ikotgsķihgi sgyeg hýzmdncid hco kmgrgo adádi

dosdid õrd d mdnsczmco nknditcic lumgmķn.

V

C

< <

, .

vd ikotgmgr ķ

grgsķ

ihgoc uzgomķ

o kmur.

G V r x g y l < < < < <

< < < <

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V

r hn x g y l hn x gx g y ly l hn

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Ķocijc vd ýáýijý citdargmmdr oýtmd ndrodzcici vd okkrhcigtmgr ķig ogr śķmķo x y

.

< < <onĶmo citdargm ' yd dścttcr. kmhuěuihgi hõrhýijý citdargm, C g l b

(76-72)

< < <on lumuiur. Lurghgi hg, skiuju dmhd dhcmcr. b hn Nb C C Nb

Oýtmdsc vd ygr ķ

ágpķ

kmgi ádnldrsdm lcr bgmogiķ

i, N \Õrido 0

nknditc idhcr;

aõrd dymdnsczmco nknditc idhcr;

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: :

66

7 jks < 7 < sci << <

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: <7

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(76-73)

Oýtmdsc vd uzuimuěu kmgi lcr áuluěui ndrodzcihdihco kmgrgo d di dosdicid õrd d mdnsczmco nknditc idhcr;Õrido 0 N M

< < < N C hnx hx x x hx

/< :/<< : <7

< M

M N N N M C x hx x NM

/</< : : 2 7< M

M M M M

ds , ygr ķágpķ vd y sd k gi g ķ r s i r i

dosdicid aõrd dymdnsczmco nknditc idhcr;

rid 0



Zcmcihcrmd gyiķ lkyhg, ygr ķágpmķ vd ogmķimķěķihg scmcihcrco lcr ogluo sdádrsdo, lumuiur.<hn hU M

r rh

r h r

< < :

<Luig aõrd, < <hnr M rhr r M r hr

\ M

(76-<6)

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Vgrgmdm-dosdi tdkrdncic oummgigrgo,Õrido 0ds vd uzui u u k gi r áu u ui

skm ujuihgi hco kmgrgo adádi dosdicid y

aõrd dymdnsczmco nknditc idhcr;

<

< < <

7< < :on C C Nb NM N NM

Gyiķ áuluěui oýtmd ndrodzcihdiÕrido 0



g gr uzg tgi adádi vd d sdi id pgrgmdm lcr dosdid aõrd dymdnsczmco nknditc

y

idhcr;<

< < <7 1 M 7< 8 82

n

(76-<7)

Ogtķ lcr jcscn, ikotgsķihgi oghgr uzgotgoc ikotgsķig uyaumgigi lcrK r V E

Xkro 0

ouvvdtcici dtocscymd ikotgsķ dtrge ķihg rgbgtág hõidlcmndotdhcr (řdocm- ).K g

d - d uvvdt rg yg vd td dtsd dśdi dr id gyr ķ nķśtķr.

ikotgsķihgi adádi áczac lkyuijg dtochcěc cáci

ouvvdtci lcmdśdicici hõindyd ogto ķsķ ykotur.r

K

E

Gijgo, ouvvdtci tdědtsdm lcmdśdic ( sci )t E E

ķ ķK



ikotgsķ dtrge ķihg hõindyd sdldp kmur.K

ouvvdtcici hõihýrnd dtocsc, uzgomķěķig vd

tdědtsdm ouvvdt lcmdśdicici ( ) lýyýomýěýid lgěmķhķr.

KV r

E

E

(76-<<)

kr , g ķitķsķ d tgiķn giķr.

uzgomķěķ, ouvvdtci ikotgsķig kmgi hco uzgom

s i

ķěķhķr t r

r K

r r

ouvvdt okvd kmgrgo ghmgihķr ķmum ķr.

t r E rE rE

Xkroui yõiý, jcsnd dtocydi ouvvdt,



jcsnc sggt clrdmdrcici tdrsc yõiýihd hõihýrýykrsg " " sggt clrdmdrc yõiýihd hõihýrý

pkzctce idagtce ykrsg " " gmķiķr.

(76-<:)

7 <Sgr ķágpmgr ķ vd kmgi coc scmcihcr Õrido 0 \ \

7 <

7 7

śdocmhdoc aclc lcrmdśtcrcmncśtcr ( ). Sgr ķágpķ

kmgi scmcihcr ýzdrcid sgr ķmnķś cp sgěg hkěru ,

\

E

<ygr ķágpķ kmgi scmcihcr ýzdrcid sgr ķmnķś cp gśgěķ

hkě

\

<ru ouvvdtcymd ádocmcykr. E

dosdicid aõrd kmuśgi idt tkro idhcr; z

7 7 < < 7 7 < <( ) ( ) E o \ E o \ E \ E o

7 7 < <, , , . ,



˅ ˅4 1.4 <.4o o

7 7 < <

lýyýomýěý id oghgrhķr;

<.4 I n

(76-<8)

z-d sdi dtrg ķi g sggt i tdrs yõiýi d õidr.i r gia y i d idr

Ngogrgmgr ķ

i sýrtýindscz vd cbngmÕrido 0 ,

oýtmdsc 7466 oa kmgi grgjķ hdiadmdydjdo N

k ui ds i u uiuz.n

Oýáýo ngogrgyķ

aõzõiýid gmgmķ

n07 7< sci 7466 3.2 sci(84) 4731 IX Na X

7X

7 < 7 < < :X X



7 < 7 < < :X X

<< 715.2 oaX na n

a

(76-<4)

'Hõindhd Idwtki'ui Ķocijc Sgsgsķ

0 ,

ouvvdtc jcsnci cvndscid lgěmgr. Ldizdr lcr cmcśoc, ouvvdtci ogtķ

jcscn ýzdrcid u umghķ ķ tkro cmd jcsnci g ķsgm cvndsc grgsķihg

hg vgrhķr. Lu cmcśoc, Idwtki' ui cocijc ygsgsķiķi hõindhdoc

ogr śķmķěķhķr.

Oýtmdsc kmgi lcr jcscn uzuimuěuihg gěķ

rmķ

osķ

z lcr áuluěui ujuign r ygpķśtķr ķmnķśtķr. Jcscn ýzdrcid uyaumgigi ouvvdtc cmd scstdn, krc`cihdi

adádi dosdi dtrge ķihg hõisýi.

E

H b õ h mh ě clc o tc c h m t ě t m lcm m cE



Hgbg õijdhdi kmhuěu aclc ouvvdtcic rghygm vd tdědtsdm lcmdśdimdrcidgyķrgmķn. \ghygm ouvvdtci hõindyd ogto ķsķiķi kmnghķěķiķ lcmcykruz.

E

< t t t t E ng E r ng r n r r r C n

(76-<5)

lumuiur ( cmd ogr śķmgśtķr ķiķz). E ng

uzuimu uihg g ķrmķosķz lcr ulu ui ujuig lg mķ oýtmdmc gr gjķo õzdm

Hõidi Ogtķ Jcscnmdr Ķáci Idwtki'ui Ķocijc Sgsgsķ 0r n

hurunu cáci, Idwtki' ui cocijc ygsgsķiķi hõind bgrdodtcihdoc ogr śķmķěķiķ

lumhuo. cnhc csd, luiu ko hgbg didm hurunmgr c ci tdorgrmg gmķn.

idt Idt lcr tkroui dtocscymd ( ) ikotgsķihgi adádi dosdiK

7 < :

.

Áuluěu, ikotgsķihgi kmgi uzgomķomgr ķ , , ,..., vdiK r r r r

7 < :, , ,..., i .

Bdr lcr pgrágyg, hõind cáci Idwtki' ui cocijc ygsgsķiķ uyaumgrsgo?

7 7 < < : :

....



7 7 < < : :dśctmcomdrcic dmhd dhdrcz. Jcsnd dtoc dhdi tkpmgn tkro,

idt 7 < : 7 < : ... ...i k gjg ķr.i

<

7 < :Lurghg, dmdngiķi hõind dymdnsczmco nknditchcr vd ...

c c c i

n r c. C C C C

(76-<1)

kp gnķ g, g ķ j sn i ind dy dns z nkndi r.

idtLurghgi hg, ygzķmķr. C

Sgr ķágpķ oýtmdsc vd dymdnsczmco nknditc kmgi lcr tdodrmdo Õrido0 \, N C śd d a kr gsķi

gi adádi s r inds

z yg gy r g sg g ķ ķr. d dr d

dtrge ķig sgr ķmnķś bgece lcr cpci ujuig hg oýtmdscn gsķmnķśtķr.

oýtmdscici áczacsdm cvndscic

c td kmu gi drcmnd ouvvdtci

Zcstdn sdrldst lķrgo ķmhķěķihg ,

vdc tdodrmd ci g ķsgm cvndscic lumuiuz.

n

< ? Cg

na X ng C X\ C X

C na X g

a

<

7\ n\ 7



7 \ n\

< 7n\

g a

(76-<2)

\n\

7 <Oýtmdmdrc vd kmgi coc lmko bgece cpmdrmd,

Oýtmdsc gr ķ g ķ vd d mdnsczmco nknditc kmgi

n n

\ C

Õrido 0

sýrtýindscz coc õzhdś ngogrg ýzdrcihdi lcrlcrcid

lg mginķ tķr.

Zcstdn huraui bgmhdi sdrldst lķrgo ķmhķěķihg, lmkomgr ķi cvndsc id kmur;

7 7 7

7 : 7 < 7 < (Dś-7 )

n a X n g

X X n n a n n gX n n g

7 <C X X \ C g



7 <7 : <

< :

< (Dś-<) C X X \ C g

X X C C X X \ C \

7 <

(Dś-7) (Dś-<)

n n a

g

(76-<3)

7 < <<n n

7 <Oýtmdmdrc >< oa vd 5 oa kmgi coc lmko bgece

lcr cpmd, ygr ķágpķ 6.<4 n vd oýtmdsc 76 oa kmgi hcso

n n >

\ > N >

Õrido 0

śdomcihdoc lcr ngogrg ýzdrcihdi lcrlcrcid lgěmginķśtķr. Xýn

yýzdymdrhd ocidtco sýrtýind og <tsgyķsķ 6.:5' hķr vd lmkěun

k:6 ' mco děco hýzmdn ýzdrcihdhcr.

Zcstdn sdrldst lķrgo ķmhķěķihg lmkomgr ķi cvndscic vd ngogrgiķi

bdr coc ygiķihgoc cpmdrhd kmuśgi adrcmnd ouvvdtmdrcic lumuiuz.

7 < 7 < 7 < <jks scio o X X n n g a n n n

<7 6 4C g \C X X \ X X N\ Ng



7 < 7 < 7 6.4<

C g \ C X X \ X X N\ Ng \ \

< 7 < <

7 <

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6.4

o o a n n ng

n n N

(76-:6)7 7( ) 1.51 Io X n a g < 7 6.4 3.<< IX X Ng

Lõmýn-1' hd, lcr ouvvdtci lcr jcscn ýzdrcihd ygptķěķ cści ( ), k

Ķś vd Hõind Ocidtco Didr`csc 0Q

jcsnci ocidtco didr`cscihdoc hděcścnd ( ) dśct kmhuěuiu aõrhýo. O

Ldizdr śdocmhd, lcr tkroui hõidi lcr jcscn ýzdrcihd ygptķěķ cś, kjcsnci hõind ocidtco didr`cscihdoc hděcścnd dścttcr.

Oýtmdsc kmgi jcscn, uzuimuěuihg gěķrmķosķz lcr áuluěui ujuig ygpķśtķr ķmnķśtķr.

Ogtķ jcsnci oghgr hõindsc cáci ouvvdtcici ygptķěķ cś0 t hQ E r

n

h E h h

r

cmd vdrcmcr.

Ouvvdtci rghygm lcmdśdic bgrdr E odtd hco yõihd kmhuěu cáci cś ygpngz.

vd grg ķ ķi g uvvdt i ygptķ ķ tkp gn ś0c s



s

t Q E rh h

kmur.c

Ķś-didr`c tdkrdncihdi ocidtco didr`chdoc hděcścn hd śu ceghdyd sgbcptcr0

(76-:7)

< < < < < < < <7 7 7 7 7 7

< < < < < < s c s c s c O Q nv nv nr nr C C

Oýtmdmdrc vd kmgi coc jcscn uzuimuěuihg gěķrmķosķz

lcr áuluěui uámgr ķig ygpķśtķr ķmnķśtķr.

Õrido 0 N n M

Áuluěg hco lcr dosdid aõrd dymdnsczmco nknditcici

dosdid aõrd dymdnsczmco nknditcic lumuiuz.

( ) <c cn r C Nx n M x Nx nx nMx nM

hC n x n

hx

n

N n



< << < <<n n

N n

<

n N n

n N

N n

(76-:<)

Oýtmdsc vd lkyu kmgi áuluo, lcr ujuihgi adádi dosdi

dtrge ķihg hýśdy hýzmdnhd hõidlcmndotdhcr. Áuluo śdocmhdoc aclc

N MÕrido 0

ygtgy okiunhgi sdrldst lķrgo ķmķykr.

) Áuluěui lķrgo ķmhķěķ gihgoc gáķsgm cvng dsc, oýtmd ndrodzcici vd

uá ikotgsķiķi áczacsdm cvndsc idhcr;) Áuluo hýśdy okiung admhcěc gihg gáķsgm bķzķ, oýtmd ndrodzcicil

<7 :) M a g C rE NM Na

, ,

: : : : a ? a

t t on t uá

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< < <7 7 7 : M a

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M

: 7 M : a

(76-::)

< <onv r v a

M uá

M

7 < 7 <

Oýtmdsc vd ( ) kmgi coc lmko śdocmhdoc aclc

bgece lcr c md gr ķ g ķ vd d mdnsczmco nknditc kmgi sýrtýindscz

n n n n

\ C

Õrido 0

lcr ngogrg ýzdrcihdi lcrlcrcid lgěmginķśtķr. Zcstdn huraui bgmhdi

sdrldst lķrgo ķmķykr.

< lmkěu oghgr gmágmhķěķ gihg bķzķ id kmur;

Xgn lu gihg ngogrgiķi g ķsgm bķzķ idhcr;

n b

< < < <

7 < 7 < <

7 7 7 76 s c

C

> O O > n v + n v + C n n v

v

\ 7 < s cT >T T > n ab n ab

<76 6CO T n n v n ab n ab



7 < 7 <<76 6<

C O T n n v n ab n ab \

< 7<( )7

n n abv

C \

< 7<( )n n ab

v C

(76-:8)

7 < <n n

7 < <

n n \

Aýá0, .

Hõind hurunuihg csd aýá, tkro tgrge ķihgi cści ygpķmng bķzķ

kmgrgo tgrce dhcmcr.

Jcscn oghgr hõihýěýihd, tkroui ygptķěķ cś

kmhu uig õrd, ý ceghdsc

h hQ h

hQ h h

V h ht ht ht

Ķ -Hõind ocidtco didr csc tdkrdncic õzdtmd djdo kmursgo0

śdomcihd dmhd dhcmcr. ( cmd ogr śķmgśtķr ķiķz). V E v

o lc c s

h



? tkro sglct csd s cQ h Q c

< < Ķś-Hõind Ocidtco Didr`csc Xdkr 7

dnc7

< < s c

Q O C C

(76-:4)

Aýá V

Õtdmdind Hõind

Õtdmdind vd Hõind Bgrdodtmdrc Grgsķihgoc Ldizdrmco 0

x

v

6 6

g

v v gt t

<

6

<

6 6 <

<

k

gt x x

t t v t

<6

< < kv v g x x < <

<

6 6

<

<

7

7

<< n C



n C

ng

E

Q> .

Q> . E hx

V E v

h

V

(76-:5)

-Suvgrmging, Xkro vd Gáķsgm Nknditun

Xkro– g adidm lcr lgo ķś

Vgrágjķo vd pgrágjķo scstdnmdrcici gáķsgm nknditunu

Hõindhd Idwtki– ui cocijc ygsgsķ



y Gáķsgm nknditunui okruiunu

(77-7)

Õtdmdind+ Hõind > Suvgrmging

lcr jcscn hýśýidmcn.

Jcsnci lu bgrdodtcic, oýtmd ndrodzcici õtdmdindsc cmd oýtmd ndrodzc

dtrge ķihgoc hõind bgrdodtcici lcr tkpmgnķ kmgrgo hýśýidlcmcrcz.

7 <Ogynghgi yuvgrmgigi lcr lcscomdt tdodrmděcici > 6 vd > gimgr ķihg ádocmncśt t t

.

odr d uraui k gi r a z dnj d dr d i d ndr dz ik gsķiķi ķzķy gv



ondr d uraui k gi r a z dnj , d dr d i d ndr dz ik gsķiķi ķzķy g

cmdrmdh

v

cěcic aõrdjdotcr.

Xdodrmděci zdncimd tdngs dttcěc ikotgsķ hg gyiķ bķzmg bgrdodt dhdjdotcr. V

(77-<)

7 <cmd zgngi grgmķěķihg vd ikotgmgr ķiķi bdr cocsc hd oghgrmķo lcr áczacsdm ykm gmķrmgr. Hkmgyķsķymg,

t t K V

s

hs hs h (Dś-7) ? > (Dś-<)v s \ \ \



on (Dś-7) ? (Dś-<)v s \ \ \ht ht ht

on

u dś r dś r rsd, gyng gi yuvgr gigi r j s n á i0

v \

dśctmcěc dmhd dhcmcr.

(77-:)

onv \

on onSuvgrmgingiķi, bķzķymg õtdmdind vd oýtmd ndrodzc dtrge ķihg / gáķsgm bķzķymg

hõind bgrdodtmdrcici tk mgnķ kmhu uiu lcmc kruz.

v v \

Jcscn ýzdrcihdoc bdr ikotgiķi bķzķ, lu coc bgrdodtci bķzmgr ķiķi vdotõrdm tkpmgnķhķr.

g ind grd d i d, ķz ik g gi ik gyg d śnd d r vd y

ikotgsķihgi kmgi uzgomķo kmngo ýzdrd, ' yd dścttcr .Sõiý hd, bdr ikotghg K r r

ádnldrd tdědttcr (řdocm- )g



ádnldrd tdědttcr (řdocm- ).g

onZge õtdmdind bgrdodtcihd, bdr ikotgiķi bķz vdotõrý ( ) gyiķhķr (řdocm- ).v l

on

Suvgrmging bgrdodtcihd bķ

z, lu coc bķ

zķ

i vdotõrdm tkpmgnķ

hķ

r. Luig aõrd, ikotgsķ

iķ

i bķzķ bdr zgngi sķe ķr, ikotgsķiķi bķzķ ( 6) vd di ýsttdoc ikotgsķiķi bķzķ hg

V K v r X

(77-8)on < ' hķr.v

Suvgrmging Bgrdodtc vd "Zge Hõind"0

.Lu bgrdodt, tdodrmdomd ykmui tdngs dttcěc ikotgsķihgi hco V

onkmgrgo adádi dosdid aõrd gáķsgm bķzķ kmgi \

"sge hõind"

bgrdodtc kmgrgo hd drmdihcrcmdlcmcr.

Xdodrmdo ýzdrcihdoc bdr ikotgiķi bķzķiķ lumngo cáci, bķzķi

Bķzķi yõiý, ádnldrd bdr ikotghg tdědttcr. Õriděci, ikotgsķiķi bķzķ , vd Gv G V

.

ikotgmgr ķiķ lcrlcrcid lgěmgygi, odscomc áczacmdrmd aõstdrcmdi hkěruyg hcotcr.

, ikotgsķ

ig kmgi uzgomķ

ěķ

aõstdrndo ýzr V drd, tdodrmdo ýzdrcihdoc bdr ikotgiķ

iáczacsdm bķzķ cmd vdrcmcrv r



áczacsdm bķzķ cmd vdrcmcr.v r

Õrid ci, ikotgsķihg < kmhu uihgi, < < ,X r \ v \ v

onikotgsķihg kmhuěuihgi, vdikotgsķihg 6 kmhu uihgi 6' hķr.

KK r \ v \ v V r v

(77-4)

Suvgrmginghg Ocidtco Didr`c 0

k g, yuvgr gigi r j s n vdr n ś r. u j sn i d ndikotgsķ dtrge ķihg "sge hõind" bgrdodtc ygptķěķiķ hýśýiýrsdo,

idt didr y dsgp gng ák k gy k gjg tķr.

Jcsnci oýtmdsc vd ygr ķágpķ hg kmsui. N \

, ikotgsķig aõrd hõind dymdnsczmco nknditc kmngo ýzdrd, ocidtco didr`c V C V

<

lgěķitķsķ cmd vdrcmcr.< V O C

-

< < < < < < < <

on on on on on

,

7 7 7 7 7

< < < < <

V

V

C C N\ O C N\ C N\ C Nv

l m



lumuiur.

Lu ceghdhdoc cmo tdrcn oýtmd ndrodzc dtrge ķihg g ķsgm bķzķ mg hõidi jcsnci ocidtco K

no didr`cscic, cocijc tdrcn csd bķzķymg õtdmdidi jcsnci ocidtco didr`cscic tdnscm d7 7

hdr?v

(77-5)< <

on onv

Sgr ķágpķ kmgi ogtķ lcr oýrd, ygr ķágpmķ ygr ķnr \Õrido 0

ýrd śd i d r g ķi á i d ýśdy d gáķsķ ygpgjgśdocmhd cmo bķzsķz sdrldst lķrgo ķmķykr. Oýrd ogynghgi

yuvgrmgihķěķig aõrd, oglķi di gmt ikotgsķihgoc gáķsgm bķzķ

id kmur;

c s D D

< < < < < <

.

7 7 7 7 <(7 jks ) onna \ r nv C nr nr

< < 76 (7 jks )1 a \ r <76 1



76 1r

(77-1)

Zýrtýind vd Suvgrmging0

,ikotgsķ ' ici ogyng děcmcnc ykotur vd hkmgyķsķymg lu ikotghg

- V

.

Suvgrmgigi jcsnd idt lcr ouvvdt dtocndsc hurunuihg, oýtmdonndr dz sķ ķr gi gr ķ r vnds id sg p k ur d - ).g

Suvgrmgigi jcscn sgěg hkěru cvndmdicykrsg, ikotgsķ skmg V

hkěru ogyng děcmcncihd kmurhu. Lu idhdimd, stgtco sýrtýind ouvvdtc sg g hk ru kmgjgotķr. kmhu u sýrdjd

'

,

bgrdodt hýzaýihýr, ygic ogyng ykotur.

n



ongmķiķrsg, yuvgrmgigi jcsnci oýtmd ndrodzcici áczacsdm cvndsc ( ) cmd gáķsgm cvndsc ( )g

on

g onhv h \ \ht ht

kmhuěu aõrýmýr.

(77-2)

Děco Hýzmdnhdi Gśgěķ Hkěru Suvgrmging 0

,děcn gáķsķ kmgi děco lcr hýzmdnhdi gśgěķ hkěru ogynghgi

. -

bgrdodtc cáci Idwtki' ui cocijc ygsgsķ

iķ

uyaumgygrgo jcsnciond ndr dz i i vnds i dsgp gyg r z.g

-dosdic yõiýihd õtdmdind cáci Idwtki' ui cocijc ygsgsķihgi0 x

on sci (Dś-7) s e Na Ng

on on on

Oýtmd ndrodzc dtrge ķihg hõind cáci Idwtki' ui cocijc ygsgsķihgi0

-g g g n n n < , s s s \ \



on scig a on on< on

on

<

,

7 \ C

\

(77-3)

.

onon

sci a g

C

< \

Ádnl r d<

Zcmcihcr Oýrd

scion

a g

<

on C

<

4sci

on C N\

scion

a g

<7 /

sci

on

on

g C N\

<7 /

sci

on

on

g C N\

a

7 / \ N\ < <7 / <ong

\ N\

< <7 < / 4

ong\ N\



scion

a g

7 / <sci

\ N\

a

7 < / 4sci

\ N\

a

ci7 song a

7 7/ <<

sci

on

g

7 < / 44

sci

n

ong a

(77-76)

:

-

Sk-Sk0

6, lcr cp lkyuijg gśgěķyg hkěru yuvgrmgigrgo cicykr. Hgbg õijdoc

, -

bgrdodtc cáci Idwtki' ui cocijc ygsgsķ

iķ

uyaumgygrgo jcsnciond ndr dz i i vnds i dsgp gyg r z.g

-dosdic lk uijg õtdmdind c ci Idwtki' ui cocijc gsgsķihgi0

on (Dś-7) Na X Ng

on on

6 on on <

d ndr dz d rg ķi g ind á i dw ki ui ij ygsgsķi gi0

, (Dś-<)

g g

\ X C X C

6 6



onLurghgi hg,g

Na C a

gg N o 6 n

<67 N

Zkiujuig umgśķmķr.(77-77)

'

Xkro 0

,bdsgpmghķo. řcnhc hd, bdrbgiac lcr hkěrumtuhg bgrdodt dhdi lcr jcsnd

.

Lcr jcsnd dtocydi ouvvdtcici uyaumging ikotgsķiķi ldmcrmc lcr ikotgyg aõrd okiun E

vdotõrý csd, lu ouvvdtci kmuśturhuěu tkro ceghdsc cmd vdrcmcr.

Gśgěķhgoc śdocmhd, vd bdr cocsc hd

r

r E x

r E

-hýzmdncihdhcr. Zgě-dm ourgmķihgi, tkroui y

-dosdic yõiýihd kmhuěuiu okmgyjg aõrdlcmcrcz. z



cmd grgsķihgoc gáķ kmngo ýzdrd, tkroui lýyýomýěý ' hcr.scir E rE

(77-7<)

ýáadicihdi, lumuiur vd Lõmýn 76'sci hgoc tgiķnķ cmd uyunmuhur. GL r K r r E

Gáķsgm Nknditun0

z a sd nknditunui õind grd dt i dogr śķ-admcrc gáķsgm nknditun vdotõrýhýr. Lu ydic vdotõr,

p nv

cmd tgiķnmgiķr.r p

Zkmhgoc rdscnhd vd bdr cocsc hd -hýzmdncihdhcr.r x

Zgě-dm ourgmķiķ uyaumgygrgo ' ici -dosdic yõiýihd z

.

cmd grgsķihgoc gáķ kmngo ýzdrd,r p

gáķsgm nknditunui lýyýomýěý

' hcr.scirnvýáadi scihdi0 lumuiuc rir rK r nvGL



ýáadi scihdi0 lumuiuc r i .r r K r nv GL

<

Gáķsgm nknditun, krc`cici idrdhd sdácmhcěcid lgěmķhķr. Krc`cic ogyhķr ķrsgo,

gáķsgm nknditun cáci egromķ lcr hdědr lumuruz. ZC scstdncihdoc lcrcnc oa n / s

Ikt 0

vdyg @ s ' hcr.(77-7:)

˅ ˅hýzmdncihd bgrdodt dhdi 7.4 oa oýtmdmc lcr jcsnci bķzķ 8.<c :.5` (n/s)

˅ ˅

Õrido 0 xy v >

d vdr ykr. sn i kiunu . + . n k uěui g, gáķsg nknditunu id k ur r >

˅ ˅ ˅ ˅> > >

. . . . .

˅ ˅ ˅c ` o ˅ ˅

7.4 <.< 6 7.4 ( 4.8) 5.: (<.<) o > <<o (oa n /s)

5.: 4.8 6

m r p

hýzmdncihd bgrdodt dhdi <.6 oa oýtmdmc lcr jcsnci bdrbgiac lcr gihgoc okiunuÕrido 0 xy

5.6c+4.6 ` (n) cmd vdrcmcykr. Jcsnci gáķsgm nknditunuiu lumuiuz.r > t

˅ ˅ ˅ 4.6 ` <.6 4.6 ` 76.6 `v p nvht



˅ ˅ ˅ht

<˅5.6 4.6 6 56.6o (oa n /s)m r p t

(77-78)

6 76.6 6

Tzuimuěu kmgi bgece lcr cpci ujuig lgěmķ oýtmdsc, M nÕrido 0

śd d a yg gy z dn d g rdsd grd d ygpķykr ( ). Bgrdodt sýrdscijd cpci hýśdymd ygptķěķ okico sgrogá

gáķsķ sglct kmhuěuig aõrd, jcsnci gáķsgm nknditunuiu

lumuiuz.<

<scitgi

vX n v

\

jks a

X na

tgi tgiv a p nv n a

, .r idt



sci -dosdic yõiýihd idt lcr gáķsgm nknditun vgrhķr. z m m z

8

< : scisci(36) sci tgi sci z m Mp Mn a\ n aM

(77-74)

m

sci \ M

Idwtki'ui cocijc ygsgsķiķi gáķsgm ekrnu0

idtÕtdmdind bgrdodtc cáci Idwtki' ui cocijc ygsgsķ0 ' hcr.hp

E ht

Luiui hõind bgrdodtcihdoc ogr śķ-admcrc idhcr;

h h hr hv

ht ht ht ht h

idt idt ht

Hõ b o c h I ' coc c ' hch



idtHõind bgrdodtcihd Idwtki' ui cocijc ygsgsķ0 ' hcr.h

(77-75)

Vgrágjķo Zcstdnmdrcici Gáķsgm Nknditunu0

tgid pgrágjķotgi kmuśgi lcr scstdnhd, pgrágjķomgr ķig ķsgm nknditunmgr ķ ... kmsui. Zcstdnci

i

tkpmgn gáķsgm nknditunu0

7 < :7

... cmd vdrcmcr.i

i c

c

M

Bdr coc tgrge ķi zgngig aõrd týrdvcihdi,i i

idt, idt , idt

7 7

> ,c cc c

c cht ht ht ht

lumuiur. Lu tkro, scstdn ýzdrcid dtoc dhdi hķś tkrotur.



, ś

Idwtki' ui ýáýijý ygsgsķ

adrděc, pgrágjķ

omgr ķ

i lcrlcrmdrcid

(77-71)

.

Lcr Dosdi Dtrge ķihg Hõind, Ogtķ Jcsnci Gáķsgm Nknditunu 0

- ,okiun vdotõrmdrc kmgi tgid pgrágyg lõmdmcn. dmdngiķi gáķsgm

c

cr i c.

nknditunu vd lýyýomýěý hd sci 36

ceghds

c c c c c c c c cr p r p r n v

cid sgbcptcr.Gáķsgm nknditunui sghdjd -lcmdśdic vgrhķr vd lýyýomýěý, z

lumuiur.

z

<

áķsg nknditun gr ķi - dśdi dr i i tkp gnķ g0i i i i

z

M r n v r n r n r

7 7 7 7c c c c



kmgjgotķr.

<

7 tkpmgnķ

, ogtķ

jcsnci hõind dymdnsczmco nknditc kmhuěuihgi0c cc n r

(77-72) z M C

Oýtmdsc 5 o vd gr ķ g ķ 7< jn kmgi lkwmci tk uÕrido 0

odihc dosdic d sgicydhd 76 hdeg hõindtrge ķihg .otdhcr

Xkpui gáķsgm nknditunu idhcr;



< < < 8 << <

8 <

. a n

4 4

n

(77-73)

. .

Oýtmdsc vd uzuimuěu kmgi áuluo, oýtmd ndrodzcihdi N m Õrido 0

7 <

- .Ķoc ujuig vd oýtmdmdrcid sgbcp lcmydmdr nkitd dhcmncś scstdnn n

śdy z dn d ķzķ d ind d r.

) Zcstdnci gáķsgm nknditunu idhcr;g

< 7 < 7 <) 7< < < 8 :g M C C Nm n n n n

7 < 8 :

m N M C n n

m m



jks jksm m

n a n a

7 <

<

jks

)

n n a

l C N m N m n nn n

:8 :

(77-<6)

řdocmhdoc aclc, lcr ikotghgi sglctmdincś bgece cpmd sgr ķmnķś

gr ķ g mķ oýtmdmc lcr hcso vdrcmnc tcr. Zcstdn sdrldst lķrgo ķmhķ ķihg

\Õrido 0

) cptd kmuśgi adrcmnd ouvvdtcic vd hcsoci oýtmd ndrodzcig ci cvndscic

lumuiuz.

) hcso oghgr gmágmhķěķ gihgoc bķzķiķ lumuiuz.l b

<

<) ?

< <

g gg Na X Ng C X\ C X N\ Ng

\ \

a:7< a Ng Ng g N N

<

( ) ( a)

7X N a g N a a

7 7 7 7 7 :



< < < < < <7 7 7 7 7 :

< < < < < 8

8

s

(77-<7)

:

v a

Oýtmdsc , ygr ķágpķ kmgi lcr ácn lcánd scmcihcrcid ygtgy

hk rumtuhg docmhdoc clc lcr ouvvdtc u umgiķ kr. Zcmcihcr gtg

N \

E

Õrido 0

hýzmdnhd ogynghgi yuvgrmgingotghķr. Oýtmd ndrodzcici cvndscici

< E

E

: N vd stgt s rt ind gtsgyķsķiķi k u uiu a stdr i z.

: Na

<

<

7

7 s s

g g C e \ C e N\ Ng

7 <

s

E E e Ng N N g E g



: : : s s s e Na E Ng E N Na

(77-<<)

Oýtmdsc , ygr ķágpķ kmgi lcr oýrd, děco lcr hýzmdn ýzdrcihdi śdocmhdoc aclc

yýosdomcěcihdi cmo bķzsķz lķrgo ķmķykr ( ) vd ogynghgi yuvgrmgigrgo ygr ķágpmķ

n r b

b 9 r \

Õrido 0

ádnldrsdm lcr ykmg acrcykr. )g Ádnldrsdm ykmhgoc turu tgngnmgyglcmndsc cáci ncicnunyýosdomcěc id kmngmķhķr.b

< <

)

7 7

c sg D D < < < <7 7 < 7

< < 4 4 C nr nv

< <

< < < <7 7 1 1< < <nab na\ nv nv na\ nv b \ v

<

Ádnldrci cácihd hgcrdsdm bgrdodt ygpgi oýrd ádnldrci di tdpdscihd codi ýzdrcid dtoc

vd di ndr dzj uvvd 0 k gjg ķr. i i n iunun k ngsķ, ķzķi g

ncnunun kmngsķiķ sgěmgygjgotķr. Lu iko

t

na n \

ghg bķzķi nciunun kmngsķ cáci 6 kmngmķ. I

nci<

nci nci

1 1 1 <.1vd < < <

76 76 76v a\ b \ v \ a\ \

a a \



76 76 76 a a

) : hurunuihg, ikotgsķihg oýrdyd dtoc dhdi ndrodzjcm ouvvdt idhcr;l b > \ V

< < <1 1 76< : < a\b \ v \ \ v v

(77-<:)

< 76 76 ikotgsķihg ndrodzjcm ouvvdt0

1 1ndr

v a\ E n n na

\ \

Gáķsgm Nknditunui Okruiunu0

gtķ j s n dr d g , týn pgrágjķ s stdn dr á i dwtki ui

'hM

idt .ht

idt

6 sglct kmur. Lu, gáķsgm nknditunui okruiunhM

cmodschcr.t

Lcr lgśog hdycnmd?

Bdrbgi c lcr giķihgoc Bdrbgi c lcr giķihgoc t t

>idt gáķsgm nknditun idt gáķsgm nknditun



c s

Hķś tkroui ldmmc lcr dosdi yõiýihdoc lcmdśdic sķe ķrsg, gáķsgmIkt 0

(77-<8)

nknditunui k dosdi yõiýihdoc lcmdśdic hděcśndz (okruiur).

\dscnhdoc õěrdijc, hýśdy dosdi dtrge ķihg hõidlcmdi

r tg urdi i ýzdr i d kturng tg ķr. k gr ķiķ ygig gági õěrdijcici dmmdrcihd õzhdś gěķrmķomgr

cvgrodi gáķsgm bķzķymg hõindotdhcr. Lu hurunhgoc

gáķ

sgm nknditun vdotõrý hõind dosdic lkyuijg M

yuogr ķ yõihdhcr (řdocm- ).g

Õěrdijc ldmmc lcr gihg okmmgr ķiķ tkpmuykr (řdocm- ) vd lu bgrdodt skiujuihg, hõinddymdnsczmco nknditc, ' hdi hgbg hýśýo lcr hdědr kmgi ' yd hýśýykr. Õěrdijc vdc s

l C C

tglurd scstdnc ýzdrcid hķś lcr tkro dtocndhcěcihdi, gáķsgm nknditun okruiur.

,c c c c s s s s

C



lumuiur.c C M M C C s s s s

s C

c C

(77-<4)

. . s c s c

s C

Hýśdy dosdi dtrge ķihg rgbgtág hõidlcmdi lcr tglurdiciÕrido 0

<ýzdrcihdoc õěrdijcici dmcihd, :.3 hdvcr/s' mco lcr gáķsgm bķzmghõidi vd dymdnsczmco nknditc 7.< oa n kmgi lcr lcscomdt

tdodrmděc vgrhķr. Õěrdijc, ldmmc lcr gihg tdodrmděc gyiķ gáķsgm

bķzmg tdrs yõihd hõidjdo śdocmhd ádvcrcykr. Luiui skiujuihg,õěrdijcici gáķsgm bķzķ id kmur;

+

<

lcrmdśco scstdncici tkpmgn hõind dymdnsczmco nknditc+ > t

< <7.< oa n ? :.3 hdv/s ? 5.2 oa n ;lt lt õ ě t õ ě C C

<c s lt lt õ ě t õ ě t lt M M M M M M M



< < 7.< :.3< 7.8 hdv/slt lt lt lt õ ě t õ ě õ ě

C C C .

õ ě t

(77-<5)

Sgr ķágpķ < n, oýtmdsc 766 oa kmgi hcso śdomcihdoc \ N Õrido 0

r p g krn, ndr dz i di k grg adádi d sdi d rg ķi g rg g ághõidlcmndotdhcr. Oýtmdsc 56 oa kmgi lcr õěrdijc pmgtekrnui hķśn

odigr ķ dýz rcihdyodi pmgtekrnmg lcrmcotd < rgh/s bķzmg hõindotdhcr.

Õěrdijc hgbg skirg pmgtekrnui ndrodzcid hkěru yýrýndyd lgśmķykr.6.4 n ikotgsķig admhcěcihd õěrdijc+pmgtekrn bgiac bķzmg hõidr;r

c

c s c c s s s c s

M M C C C

<< < < ?

< <c s C N\ n\ C N\ n r

< <7

<66 <86<( ) h/

N\ n\



<(<) 8.7 rgh/s

<<

< N\ n r

(77-<1)

Oýtmd ndrodzcihdi hco kmgrgo adádi dosdidÕrido 0

aõrd dy dns z nkndit a n vd uzui uěu8 n kmgi cijd lcr áuluo śdocmhdoc aclc hýśdy kmgrgo

hurngotghķr. Oýtmdsc < oa kmgi lcr jcscn 74 n/s ygtgy

bķzmg áuluěui tdpd ikotgsķig dsido kmgrgo ágrpķ p gyiķ

yõihd ykmuig hdvgn dhcykr. Ágrpķśnghgi skirg jcsnci

áczacsdm bķzķ vd áuluěui gáķsgm bķzķ idhcr;

sc s c s s

v M M rnv rnv C rnv C

<74 5 n/s

s c

nv v

<<

8n

r



5 : rgh/s s s v

(77-<2)

Oýtmdsc kmgi tgbtg lcr lmko sýrtýindscz ygtgy lcr N Õrido 0

ngsg zdr i d ds ng d d r uzui u uig sg pcijd lcr áuluěg nkitd dhcmncśtcr. Áuluo hcědr ujuihgi adádi

d sdi d rg ķi g sdr ds ád id nd d r. ds k gi

lcr ndrnc áuluěg hco hkěrumtuhg bķzķymg tgbtg lmkěg ágrpķ p sgpmgiķykr. Ndrnc+lmko

n

v

s s dn i i ágrpķśng gi skirg gáķsg ķzķ id k ur u ágrpķśng g gia krgi g r

ocidtco didr`c ogylķ kmnuśtur;

c s M M

mnv nv

<n m N n m

7 7

< <

<

< < 7 77

c s

nv N n m O O C n

O n v n N n m



<7c O n v n N n m

nv

<

7c s O O n N

(77-<3)

c

Õtdmdind vd Hõind Bgrdodtmdrc Grgsķihgoc Ldizdrmco 0

Õtdmdind Hõind x

v

g

7 7

p

<

<

nv

n

C

E ng C

V Ev V



d idti t

ht

ht nv

(77-:6)

LÕMÝN-7<

XctrdścnmdrLu lõmýnhd śu gig lgśmķomgrg hděcicmdjdotcr0

- ,

Lgsct bgrnkico sgmķiķjķiķi didr`csc

Bgrnkico sgmķiķjķmgrg õridomdr0c. Oýtmd- g scstdnc

cc. Lgsct sgrogá

ccc. Eczcosdm sgrogá



.

Zõiýnmý bgrnkico bgrdodt

(7<-7) Pkrmg sgmķiķnmgr/rdzkigis

Lgsct Bgrnkico Bgrdodt 0

řdocm- ' hg lgsct bgrnkico bgrdodt ygpgi lcr jcscn rdsndhcmncśtcr.g

jksn

x t x t

Jcsnci ydr-hděcśtcrndsc lgěķitķsķ cmd vdrcmcr vd zgngimg( ) jksn

x t x t



y ě ś ě( )n

igsķm hděcśtcěc řdocm- ' hd rdsndhcmncśtcr.l

(7<-<)

( ) jksn x t x t Okiun ekioscykiu > jcsnci hdiad ikotgsķig kmgi uzgomķěķ

" "

icjdmcěc " " kmgrgo lcmcicr vd jcsnci ngoscnun ydr-hděcśtcrndad schcr.imco n

x

<

< e

ceghdscid sgbcptcr vd ZC scstdncihd lcrcnc rgh/s' hcr.

icjdmcěc, sgmķiķjķiķi " " vd sgmķigi jcsnci 6 giķihgoc (6)egz sglctchcr t x

.

okiunuig vd (6) bķzķig lgěmķhķr. ZC scstdncihd lcrcnc rghygihķr.v

.Lcr tgn sgmķiķn cáci adádi sýrd " " kmgrgo tgrce dhcmcr. pdrckh ( )X



s stdn i d r n sgi yd .r

Lcrcn zgngihgoc sgmķiķn sg ķsķ " " kmgrgo tgiķnmgiķr.erdogis ( ) e

-7ZC scstdncihdoc lcrcnc bdrtz (s )' hcr.(7<-:)

( ) jksn x t x t 6 hurunuihg ( ) jks ' hcrn

x t x t

vd d - g á z n ś r.g

( ) jks sci

gs grnki g ķiķjķiķi ķzķ 0

hx t h v t x t x t

t t

hdědrhcr ( ). 6 hurunuihg

n

nv

r vd ds i - d á z n ś r.nv t v t

hv t h

Lgsct Bgrnkico Zgmķiķjķiķi Ķvndsc0



hv t h s i jksn ng x x x

ht ht

< cvndici gmglcmdjd c ngoscnun hd drhcr .g x

(7<-8)<6 hurunuihg ' hcr vd řdocm- ' hd áczcmncśtc( r ) jks

n n

ng t x t j

Lgsct Bgrnkico Bgrdodt Ķ ci Ouvvdt Sgsgsķ 0<Lgsct bgrnkico sgmķiķjķ cáci kmhuěuiu lcmcykruz.( ) ( )g t x t

< <

Idwtki' ui cocijc ygsgsķ

ig aõrd0 km r.uE ng n x n x

"Lcr jcsnd dtoc di idt ouvvdt cmd jcsnci dr-hd c tcrndsc grgsķihg

" kmgrgo lcmcidi, śdomcihd lcr cmcśoc vgrsgBkko Sg sķsg E J x

. ,

<

u urun g, gs t grnki sg ķjķiķi pdr yk u

n



< n .

J

(7<-4)

,ygyg lgěmķ oýtmdmc jcsnci bgrdodtc rdsndhcmncśtcr.n

oýtmdmc jcsnd dtocydi idt ouvvdt Bkkod ygsgsķig uygr0 .n E ox

uiu, d gr śķ gśtķr ķrsg u uiur.> x

urg gi g, grd d i gáķsg rd gisķ vd pdr yk u

J o n n



J o n n vd

n n J o

(7<-5)

k grg dsgp giķr.

Lgsct Bgrnkico Bgrdodtci Didr`csc 0 ,

gihg jcsnci pktgiscydm didr`csc cmd ocidtco didr`csc ' iķi tkpmgnķhķr.T O

< < <7 7

Vktgiscydm Didr`c0 jksnT ox ox t

< < < < < <7 7 7Ocidtco Didr`c0 sci scin n

o O nv n x t n x t

< < < <7 7Ndogico Didr`c0 jks sci

n n

D T O ox t t ox

řdocmhd pktgiscydm didr`c " ", ocidtco didr`c " " vd ndogicoy o ķrnķdśc zķm



didr`c hd " " áczac cmd aõstdrcmncśtcr. vd zgngimg hděcścrodi,

sglcttcr. Zgmķiķn ygpgi jcsnci pktgiscydm

scy

vd ocidtco di

gb

d

T O

D r`cmdrc

(7<-1)grgsķihg hõiýśýn kmurodi, tkpmgnmgr ķ sglct ogmngotghķr.

-dosdic ýzdrcihd lgsct tctrdścn bgrdodtc ygpgi lcr jcsnci okiunu xÕrido 0

jks + g ds d vdr ykr sgi yd vd jn j is i di r .) Bgrdodtci erdogisķiķ vd pdrcykhuiu lumuiuz.

x t > t t xg

) Bgrdo l dtci adimcěcic vd egz sglctcic lumuiuz.

j ) Jcsnci 6.<4 s giķ

ihgoc okiunuiu lumuiuz.t >

) : < : 7.4 bdrtzg e e

6.51 s:X e

) ( ) jks( ) 8 jn vdn nl x t x t x

7



. .8

(7<-2)

Sgy sglctc 2 I / n kmgi lcr ygyg lgěmķ 6.4 oa oýtmdmc jcscn, adimcěcÕrido 0

.

) Jcsnci ngoscnun bķzķ vd cvndsc idhcr;g

) Jcscn 2 jn' hdi 6' g id oghgr zgngihg achdr;j x > x >

) ( ) jks( ) ? 8 rgh/s ? 76 jnn n

o g x t x t x

n

< <

86 jn/s 6.8 n/s( ) 86sci(8 )( ) 76jks(8 ) nvv t t x t t

.n

7jks (6.5)

.8

6.<: 86sci 8 6.<: :< jn/s 6.:< n/sv



< <

(6.<:) 756jks(8 6.<:) 31 jn/s 6.31 n/sg

(7<-3)

) ( ) 76jks(8 )j x t t

7

7 7jks (6.2) 2 6.757 s

8 x t

7

< <

jks (6) 6 6.:3< s

8

x t

< 7 6.<:7 st t t



(7<-76)



Sgy sglctc <6 I / n kmgi lcr ygyg lgěmķ 6.4 oa oýtmdmc jcscn - dosdic xÕrido 0

ýzdr i d adi jn k gi gs t grnki grd dt ygpķ

ykr.) Zcstdnci ndogico didr`cscic vd jcsnci ngoscnun bķzķiķ lumuiuz.g

l ) Jcscn hdiad ikotgsķihgi < jn uzgotg codi bķzķ idhcr;

j ) Jcscn lu ikotghgyodi ocidtco vd pktgiscydm didr`csc idhcr;

< < :7 7) (<6)(6.6:) 3 76 @ng D O T ox

:<7 <(3 76 ) 6 6 6.73 n/sn n x T D nv v

.

<

7 7 < D ox . n s< <

nv x vn



<< :) (6.4) 6.787 4 76 @< <

j O nv

(7<-7<)

3 76 4 76 8 76 @T D O

Zýrtýindscz ygtgy lcr yýzdyhd lumuigi lmkěuiuiVÕrido 0

ýzdr i d ýt d gś g r k kěu u uing tg ķr.Lmkomgr ķi tdngs yýzdymdrcihd stgtco sýrtýind ogtsgyķsķ

n L

> 6.5' hķr. lmkěu lcr ygyg lgs V ěmķhķr vd >7.4 Bz erdogisķihg lgsct bgrnkico

bgrdodt ygpngotghķr. lmkěuiui ' ici ýzdrcihdi ogyngngsķ cáci, bgrnkico

e

L Vbgrdodtci ngoscnun adimcěc id kmngmķhķr;

,

lmkěu hg lmkěu cmd lcrmcotd lgsct bgrnkico bgrdodt ygpgr.

6 s n s n

L V

E I na I na e na ng

<Lgsct bgrnkico bgrdodttd, cmd vdrcmcr.n n

g x

<

<<

<s

s n s n n n

ana ng a g e x x



6.655< n 5.5< jnn x

(7<-7:)

Oýtmdsc vd ygr ķágpķ kmgi ogtķ lcr oýrd,n \Õrido 0

ygr ķ

ágp ķ

s i r r y zdy d gyng giyuvgrmgigrgo, hýśdy dosdi dtrge ķihg oýáýo β

sgmķiķnmgr ygpķykr. Zgmķiķn pdrcykhuiui

<2 \ 4a

K KK

0 á rdi i ik gsķig a rd gáķsg ķzķ

8 0 oýáýo oýrdici odihc dosdicid aõrd gáķsgm bķzķ

v

v \

< <7 78 (7 jks ) lumuiur. D na \ nv C



T

O

(7<-78)



Oýtmdsc kmgi lcr jcscn, K ikotgsķ dtrge ķihg sdrldstád hõidlcmdi N Õrido 0

lcr sgrogá ygpķmnķśtķr. Zgrogá, lgěmgitķ ikotgsķihgi b oghgr gśgěķhgoc lcr

.

ádocmcp sdrldst lķrgo ķmķykr vd lgsct bgrnkico bgrdodt ygpķykr. Zgmķiķnķi

.

Didr`cici okruiunuihgi,

< <

(7 jks ) ygzķmglcmcr.< < D NaM Nv ox ,

vd zgngig aõrd týrdv gmķrsgo,

<

jksaM ob

NM

l m o 7 om cm lc mco



lumuiur. 7/<< <

Oýáýo gáķ jks 7 ygomgśķnķ cmd lcrmcotd,

(7<-75)<

< dmhd dhcmcr.<

e e aM NM M N

Oýtmdsc vd uzuimuěu kmgi cijd lcr áuluo,

lcr ujuihgi d di ncm dtrge ķihg sdrldst d hõidlcmndotdhcr.

n MÕrido 0

Áuluěui hcědr uju hg ygy sglctc kmgi lcr ygyg lgěmginķśtķr.o

ogmhķr ķmķ p sdrldst lķrgo ķmķykr vd scstdn lgsct sgmķiķn bgrdodtc

. .

Didr`cici okruiunuihgi,<

< < < < < <7 7 7 7 7 7 7< < < < : < 5v D ox C ox nM ox nv

M

ygzķmglcmcr.

,7 :

6 lumuiur.o

oxv nvg g x n



< :Lurghgi hg pdrcykhg adádrsdo, < dmhd dhcmcr.

n

o nX

(7<-71)

n

Lurumng Zgrogjķ 0

y dns z nkndit k gi s , r td d gsķ

nķ

ś vd d sdidtrge ķihg sgmķiķn ygpngotghķr. Hcsoci gáķsgm ydr-hděcśtcrndsc

kmhuěuihg tdmci hcsod uyaumghķěķ adrc ágěķr ķjķ tkro

km

ur. Lu Bkkod gsgsķiķi g ķsgm ekrnuhur. Lurghg tdmci lurumng sglctchcr.

cmd ceghdmdrcic ogr śķmgśtķr ķrsgo, lumuruz.Oýtmdici hd hõindhd d mdnsczmco nknditcid ogr ķmķo dmhc cic

E J J x

bgtķrmgrsgo, sgmķiķnķi gáķsgm erdogisķ vd pdrcykhu,

? < <J C C

X C C J

kmgrgo lumuiur Lurghg hcsoci tdmd aõrd dymdnsczmco nknditchcrC



kmgrgo lumuiur. Lurghg hcsoci tdmd aõrd dymdnsczmco nknditchcr.

Gáķsgm ydr-hděcśtcrnd hd ceghdscid sgbcptcr.( ) sjkn

C,

t t

(7<-72)

Lgsct Zgrogá0

ikotgsgm jcsncihdi kmuśur. Oýtmd hdiad okiunuihgi lcr n

,

ygpgjgotķr.

r ydrád n , dr d ptd adr nd k ng ýzdrd, j snd

dtocydi coc ouvvdt vgrhķr. Lu ouvvdtmdrci kmuśturhuěu idt

kr ķr. urg g , rg ygi j is i di r

vd cpci hý

s i

śdy dosdimd ygpt

ar na

ķěķ gáķhķr. 7 ( =76 ) hurunuihg,

ygomgśķnķ ygpķmglcmcr vd lumuiur isc . Mna

, , .hd hõindhd dymdnsczmco nknditcid ogr śķmķo admhcěcic bgtķrmgrsgo,



< ? < < < <J naM C C nM MX

kmgrgo lumuiur.

na na a

(7<-73)

Oýáýo-gáķ ygomgśķnķihg, 7 vd hkmgyķsķymg sci

g u dinds i ygp ķ

.” „

hdrdjd rghygi s i

. .

76 6.718 6.718

74 6.<5< 6.<43 (~% 7–mco egro)

. . ~ gr

Zkiuá0 76k hurunuihg oýáýo gáķ ygomgśķnķiķ oummgiglcmcrcz



Zkiuá0 76k hurunuihg, oýáýo-gáķ ygomgśķnķiķ oummgiglcmcrcz.

(7<-<6)

Eczcosdm Zgrogá 0

dtrge ķihg sgmķiķn ygpgi ogtķ jcscnhcr. Jcsnd dtocydi idt tkro,

ndrodzc cmd ikotgsķ grgsķihgoc ndsgedhcr.K

Oýáýo-gáķ ygomgśķnķ ( 76 ) ygpgrsgo, idt tkro

kmur.nab

Luiu, cmd ogr śķmgśtķr ķrsgo lumuruz.J nabE J x

ýt di i d õind d dy dns z nkndit id gr śķ ķ ad ě i gtķr grsg ,

sgmķiķnķi gáķsgm erdogisķ vd pdrcykhu

? < <J nab C C

X



Lurghg , ogtķ jcsnci ikotgsķihgi adádi dosdi ad C K õrd hõind dymdnsczmco

(7<-<7)onnkndit r . C C n

Oýtmdsc vd uzuimuěu kmgi cijd lcr áuluo, lcr ujuihgi adádi N MÕrido 0

n d rg ķi g sdr ds ád id nd d r. á sg ķiķn gr á i grd d i

pdrcykhuiu lumuiuz.

Didr`cici okruiunuihgi,

C. Skm 0

< < <7 7 7(7 jks ) (7 jks )

< < < < :

M M D Na C Na NM

ygzķmglcmcr.

Bdr coc tgrge ķi zgngig aõrd týrdvcic gmķr sķe ķrg dśctmdrsdo?

<7 : < : <sci 6 <

M a a M Na NM X

CC. Skm 0

sciNa



sci: < : << <

Na

a a M C X

(7<-<<)

<

:a

NM

Lgsct Bgrnkico Bgrdodt vdHýz ýi Hgcrdsdm Bgrdodt 0

Lcr jcsnci, ygr ķágpķ kmgi ádnldrsdmn x

r y r iad zdr i d sg r ķzķy g

bgrdodt dttcěcic hýśýidmcn.

v

ikotgsķihg lumuigi jcsnci -dosdicV x

.

ikotgiķi okkrhcigtķ hg

( ) jks

kmgjgotķr.

n x t x t

ikotgsķ ádnldrsdm yõrýiad ýzdrcihdV

ýzaýi g rdsd grd dt ygpgr di,



a y p ,

czhýśýný kmgi csd -dosdic ýzdrcihdV x

(7<-<:) lgsct bgrnkico bgrdodt ygpgjgotķr.

ikotgsķiķi bķzķ, ágrpķnķig dśct vdádnldrd bdr ikotghg td dttcr. bķzķiķi

nV v xv

-dosdic ýzdrcihdoc czhýśýný0 x

s i g ds id sg p r.nv x

Ķvnd csd, bdr ikotghg ádnldrci ndrodzc kmgig K

<

ikotgsķig hkěruhur vd -dosdic ýzdrcihdoc czhýśýný x

.n



Ķstdr ydr-hděcśtcrndyd, cstdr bķzg, cstdrsd hd cvndyd lgogmķn, hýzaýi hgcrdsdmZkiuá0grd d ygpgi r j sn i -d sdi zdr i d z ś n gs grnki grd d ygpgr. x

(7<-<8)

Lcr jcscn : n ygr ķágpmķ lcr ádnldr dtrge ķihg 2 rgh / s sglct gáķsgm bķzmg hõindotdhcr.

>

Õrido 0

.

okkrhcigtķiķ, áczacsdm bķzķiķi vd cvndscici lcmdśdimdrcic lumuiuz. x

2 rgh/s vd : n kmgrgo vdrcmncśtcr. Luig aõrd,

( ) jks( ) :jks(2 )

n

n

x

x t x t t

6 ' hg, < n kmhuěuig aõrd,t x

7 k

<< :jks( ) jks ( ) 82.<:

Jcscn 6 giķihg sgěg hkěru bgrdodt dttcěc cáci, 6hx

t

kkmngmķhķr. Lu idhdimd hd, 82.< 6.287 rgh gmķingmķhķr.t

<8sci(2 6 287)v t



<8sci(2 6.287)( ) :jks(2 6.287) x

v t x t t

(7<-<4)

. x

HD\Z IKXMG\CICI

SG\G\MGICMGI OGSIGO O ĶXGVMG\



Eczcěci Xdndmmdrc (Hdrs Octglķ)(Hgvch BGMMCHGS, \kldrt \DZICJO, @dgrm QGMOD\)



Ýicvdrsctd Eczcěc (Sgrhķnjķ Octgp)(Buab H. SKTIA vd \kadr G. E\DDHNGI)



Edi vd Nýbdihcsmco Ķáci EĶPĶO (Sgrhķnjķ Octgp)(\gynkih G. ZD\QGS vd @kbi Q. @DQDXX)

genel fizik 1- prof. dr. mustafa polat ders notları

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