general anatomy 17 01-2011
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General anatomy
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• This part of anatomy deals with the common features of bones ,joints ,vessels etc with main differences along with classifications based on different criteria
• Introduction of various terms and body systems
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Axial Skelton- 80 bones
• Cranium-8• Facial-14• Hyoid-1• Auditory ossicles-6• Cervical vert.-7• Thoracic vert.-12• Lumbar vert.-5• Sacrum-1• Coccyx-1• Sternum-1• Ribs-24 Total-80
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Appendicular Skeleton- 126• Clavicles-2• Scapulae-2• Humeri-2• Ulnae-2• Radii-2• Carpals-16• Metacarpals-10• Phalanges-28• Hip bones-2• Femora-2• Tibias-2• Fibulas-2• Patellae-2• Tarsals-14• Metatarsals-10• Phalanges-28
total: 126
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Anatomic Position
• Body erect• Arms to side• Palms forward• Head & neck forward
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terminology
Anterior/ventral – front side of the body
Posterior/dorsal– back side of the body
Anterior median line– a vertical line that divides the anterior (front) surface
of the body in right & left halves
Posterior median lane– a vertical line on posterior ( surface) dividing it into
right & left halves
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Body planes
MEDIAN PLANE
Plane dividing the body into right & left halves by passing through anterior & posterior median line
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Coronal plane
• Divides the body into anterior & posterior halves
• Its at right angle to the median plane
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Transverse / horizontal plane
• Parallel to ground• Divides the body into
upper & lower parts may pass through any part of the body
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Sagittal/ para median plane
• Parallel to the median plane on either side of it
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Terms in reference to the planes
• Medial: near or towards the median plane
• Lateral: away from medial plane
• Ulnar: medial border of forearm (term used in reference to a bone called ulna in the medial part of forearm)
• Radial: lateral border of forearm (term used in reference to a bone called radius in the lateral part of forearm)
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• Tibial: medial border of leg (term used due to a bone called tibia present in the medial part of leg)
• Fibular :lateral border of leg ( due to a bone called fibula in the lateral part of leg)
• Superior/cephalic: towards the head
• Inferior/caudal: towards the feet
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Terms denoting intermediate positions
• Supero- medial• Supero-lateral• Infero-medial• Infero-lateral• Antero-inferior• Antero-superior• Postero-inferior• Postero-superior
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Terms related with the trunk or main body
• Proximal: nearer to the body e.g elbow is proximal to the the wrist
• Distal: away from body e.g elbow is distal to shoulder but proximal to the wrist
• Intermediate :in between lateral/medial or proximal/distal e.g elbow is intermediate in position when compared with shoulder and wrist
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miscellaneous
• Superficial or external :nearer to the skin or outer surface of any structure
• Deep or internal: inside the skin or inner aspect of any structure
• Palmer: the anterior surface of hand is called palmer surface
• Plantar: inferior surface of foot is called planter surface
• Ipsi- lateral :on or of the same side• Contra-lateral :on or of the opposite side
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axis of movements
• Axis is an imaginary line around which a movement takes place
• There are three primary axis– Transverse axis– Antero-posterior (AP)– Vertical axis
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Transverse axis:– passes from side to side– Movements of flexion & extension take place
around this axis
Antero-posterior (AP) OR Posterior-anterior( PA) axis:
– its direction is from before backwards or from behind forwards
– Movements of adduction & abduction take place around this axis
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Vertical axis:
• vertical to the ground
• Rotations take place around this axis
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• Sliding /gliding movements or translations– These are b/w two flat surfaces– Do not have any axis
• Angular movements– In this angle b/w two parts of the limb or body
is changed (on transverse axis)extensionFlexionAdductionAbductionAdduction-abduction of fingers & toes
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Rotations• Two types1. Conjunct rotations/movements : these are in conjunction with some other
main movements– No muscles responsible for these
movements– It is due to non alignment of articular
surfaces e .g – Medial rotation of femur on tibia in full
extension of knee joint
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• Adjunct rotation:
• By muscle action1) Medial rotation :ant. surface of limb is turned
or directed medially
2) Lateral rotation :ant. surface of limb is turned or directed laterally
3) Supination: rotatory movement of fore arm
4) Palm is directed forward or upwards
5) Pronation: opposite to supination
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• Circumduction:– Combination of all movements in sequence
e.g flexion-abduction-extension-adduction
• Movements of foot– Dorsiflexion– Planter flexion– Inversion– eversion
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• (
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• These movements are:
• flexion