general anatomy
DESCRIPTION
Simple power point of introduction to general anatomyTRANSCRIPT
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Anatomical terminology
By:
prof Manal El-sawaf
(MBBCh.MSc.MD)
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Introduction
What is meant by anatomy?
The science concerned with the form and structure of the human body
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How to study anatomy?
1. Regional anatomy
2. Systemic anatomy
Head &neck
thorax
abdomen
upper
lower
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Anatomical terminology
a. Terms of position
b. Terms of direction
c. Terms of movement
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Standing in erect positionThe eyes looking forward
The arms by the sides of the trunkThe palms facing forwardThe feet close together
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Body planes
•Vertical planes: •Transverse horizontal)
sagittalcoronal
midsagittal
parasagittal
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Divides the body into Right & left
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Note:
Sagittal planes
midsagittal parasagittal
)mediane plane)Connects:
Anterior median line& Poaterior median line
Any vertical plane Parallel to the mediane
Plane on either side Of the body
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Divides the body into Anterior & posterior
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Divides the body into upper &lower
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Terms of direction
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SuperiorUpperCranial
cephalic
Inferior Lowercaudal
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DorsalPosterior
Toward the back
VentralAnterior
Toward the front
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Medial x lateral
Superficial )external(X deep )internal(
Proximal x distal
Palmer x dorsum ) hand(
Planter x dorsum )foot(
Ipsilateral x contralateral
Supine x prone
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Medial x lateral
1 2
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Ipsilateral x contralateral
1 2
3
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Superficial )external(X deep )internal(
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Proximal x distal
1
2
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•Palmar
•dorsum
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plantar
dorsum
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In limbs
ulnarradialtibial
fibular
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Flexion x extension
Abduction x adduction
Lateral rotation )external rotation(X medial )internal rotation(
Pronation x supination
Eversion x inversion
Protraction x retraction
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Flexion: the movement of bendingUsually toward the ventral surface.
Example: in the elbowAnterior surface of a distal segment moves toward
That of a proximal one
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Exceptions of flexion
At shoulderAt thumbAt kneeAt ankleAt trunk
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The opposite of flexion withStraightening of the joint
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Abduction: to draw the limb
away from the median plane in the frontal
plane
Adduction:To bring the limbBack towrds theMedian plane at The side of the
body
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Exceptions of abduction
thumb fingers
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•Movement of a part around its long axis
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Circumduction
Moving like a cone with the distal part part moves
in a circle and proximal part as a pivot.
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•Turning the palm downwards &upwards in horizontal forearm or backwards &
forwards in sided forearm
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Turning the sole of the footInward and outward respectively
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Protraction x retraction
:to move forward and backward
Example:
mandible
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