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Page 1: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

General Astronomy

Black Holes

Page 2: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing ...

Piglet describes the Heffalump,in Winnie the Pooh by A.A. Milne

Page 3: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

Black Holes• After a massive star supernova, if the

core has a mass > 3 M, the force of gravity will be too strong for even neutron degeneracy to stop.

• The core will collapse out of existence. GRAVITY FINALLY WINS!!

• This is what we call a black hole.• The core becomes infinitely small.• Since 3 M or more are compressed into

an infinitely small space, the gravity of the core is HUGE!

Page 4: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing
Page 5: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

SuperNova

Page 6: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

Black HolesSeveral months after Einstein presented the General Theory of Relativity in 1915, a young German soldier serving at the Russian front, Karl Schwarzschild (1873-1916), solved the equations and described a black hole.

This results in the notion of an Event Horizon with a Schwarzschild radius.

Karl Schwarzschild (1876-1916)

Page 7: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

“Size” of a Black Hole

• Spacetime is so highly warped around a black hole, even light can not escape.

• Schwarzschild Radius – the distance from a black hole where the escape velocity equals the speed of light.

Rs = 2GM/c2 (Rs in m; M in kg)

• A sphere of radius Rs around the black hole is called the event horizon.

Page 8: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

Structure of a black hole

Page 9: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

A nonrotating black hole has only a “center” and a “surface”

• The black hole is surrounded by an event horizon which is the sphere from which light cannot escape

• The distance between the black hole and its event horizon is the Schwarzschild radius (RSch= 2GM/c2)

• The center of the black hole is a point of infinite density and zero volume, called a singularity

Page 10: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

Bending of Light Path Around Black Holes

At a distance of about 1.5 Rsch of a black hole, spacetime is distorted so much that photons emitted from the back of your head actually go around the black hole and come back to you.

Page 11: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

Photon orbits around a black hole

Page 12: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

Radius of the Event Horizon

For example, suppose the Earth could be compressed enough to become a blackhole

Page 13: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing
Page 14: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing
Page 15: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

To be a blackhole, Earth would have to be compressed to about the size of a dime – slightly less than 1 centimeter

Page 16: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

Rotating black holes• A rotating black

hole (one with angular momentum) has an ergosphere around the outside of the event horizon

• In the ergosphere, space and time themselves are dragged along with the rotation of the black hole

Page 17: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

Schwarzschild Radii

Object Mass Radius

Atom 10-20 Kg 10-51 cm

Human Being 70 Kg 10-23 cm

Earth 6.0 x 1024 Kg 0.89 cm

Sun 2.0 x 1030 Kg 3.0 Km

Galaxy 1011 M 10-2 Ly

Universe 1023 M 1010 Ly

Page 18: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

Singularities

Singularity Theorem:Every black hole must have a singularity inside

itself.A naked singularity is not inside a black hole

(not surrounded by an event horizon), and therefore can be seen by someone outside it.

Cosmic Censorship Theorem:The laws of physics prevent naked singularities

from forming when a star collapses.

Page 19: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

Most properties of matter vanish when matter enters a black hole, such as chemical composition, texture, color, shape, size, distinctions between protons and electrons, etc.

Page 20: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

• Mass– As measured by the black hole’s effect

on orbiting bodies, such as another star• Total Electric Charge

– As measured by the strength of the electric force

• Spin (angular momentum)– How fast the black hole is spinning

Only 3 parameters remain…

Page 21: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

Types of black holes• Schwarzschild (1916)

– mass

• Reissner-Nordström (1916, 1918)– mass, electric charge

• Kerr (1963)– mass, angular momentum

• Kerr-Newman (1965)– mass, angular momentum,

electric charge

Page 22: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

Sizes

• Black Holes Come in Varying Sizes:– “Stellar Mass”

• 5 - 20 times the mass of the sun• Result from supernova explosion of massive

star– Massive

• Millions times the mass of the sun• Lie in centers of galaxies

Page 23: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

Falling into a black hole

Falling into a black hole gravitational tidal forces pull spacetime in such a way that time becomes infinitely long (as viewed by distant observer).

The falling observer sees ordinary free fall in a finite time.

Page 24: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

Falling into a black holes• With a sufficiently large black hole, a freely

falling astronaut would pass right through the event horizon in a finite time, would be not feel the event horizon.

• A distant observer watching the freely falling observer would never see her fall through the event horizon (takes an infinite time).

• Falling into smaller black hole, the freely falling observer would be ripped apart by tidal effects.

Page 25: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

Falling into a black hole• Signals sent from the freely falling observer

would be time dilated and redshifted.• Once inside the event horizon, no

communication with the universe outside the event horizon is possible.

• But incoming signals from external world can enter.

Page 26: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

Falling into a black hole:

time dilation

Page 27: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

• As matter approaches the event horizon…– the tidal forces are tremendous– the object would be “spaghettified”

Falling into a black hole

Page 28: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

Spaghettification!

Page 29: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

• The tidal force between head and toes is now 1 million g, for a 30 solar mass black hole.

• The tides wouldn't be so bad for a very massive black hole. The tide at 1 Schwarzschild radius would be less than 1g if the black hole exceeded 30,000 solar masses.

• From the event horizon to the central singularity will take 0.0001 seconds in free fall, for a 30 solar mass black hole. (Although to the observer it would take forever.)

• The infall time is proportional to the mass of the black hole.

Falling into a black hole

Page 30: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

Orbiting a Black Hole

Page 31: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

Black Holes: Do They Really Exist?

We cannot see black holes directly, so we have to look for indirect evidence…What would you look for to find a stellar-massed black hole, like those formed after the death of high mass stars?

S. Harris

Page 32: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

“Seeing” a Blackhole

If no light can escape from a black hole, how can we know that they are there?

You can’t see one directly, but we can see what is happening to the accretion disk surrounding the event horizon.

Page 33: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

Seeing black holes

Page 34: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

Optical

• Material swirls around central black hole.

• Gas near black hole heats up to UV and X-ray temperatures.

• This heats surrounding gas, which glows in the optical.

Page 35: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

Binary Star Systems• Black holes are often part

of a binary star system, two stars revolving around each other.

• What we see from Earth is a visible star orbiting around what appears to be nothing.

• We can infer the mass of the black hole by the way the visible star is orbiting around it.

• The larger the black hole, the greater the gravitational pull, and the greater the effect on the visible star.

Chandra illustration

Page 36: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

The Case of Cygnus X-1Cygnus X-1 is a X-ray binary system with a bright star

of 18 M⊙, and an unseen (invisible in the visible) companion of about 10 M⊙. If the mass estimate is of the X-ray source is correct, than it certainly exceeds the upper mass limit of neutron star, making it a prime stellar black hole candidate.

Page 37: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

Accretion DisksGas from the companion star is drawn by gravity onto the black hole in a swirling pattern. As the gas nears the event horizon, a strong gravitational redshift makes it appear redder and dimmer. When the gas finally crosses the event horizon, it disappears from view. Because a black hole has no surface, the central region is black.

As the gas approaches the neutron star, a similar gravitational redshift makes the gas appear redder and dimmer. However, when the gas strikes the solid surface of the neutron star, it glows brightly.

Page 38: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

Rotating Blackholes

The orbit of a particle near a black hole depends on the curvature of space around the black hole, which also depends on how fast the black hole is spinning. A spinning black hole drags space around with it and allows atoms to orbit nearer to the black hole than is possible for a non-spinning black hole. The tighter orbit means stronger gravitational effects, which means that more of the X-rays from iron atoms are shifted to lower energies.

Page 39: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

• Black holes capture nearby stellar material.

• As the gas gets closer to the black hole, it heats up.

• Gas heats to temperatures in the range of millions of

degrees. • Gas heated to these

temperatures releases tremendous amounts of energy in the form of X-rays.

X-rays

XMM-Newton Illustration

Page 40: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

Seeing black holes

Page 41: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

X-ray: Frame Dragging Detection of a period in GRO J1655-40 due to precession of the disk.

This precession period matches that expected for frame dragging of space- time around the black hole.

Credit: J. Bergeron, Sky & Telescope Magazine

Page 42: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

X-ray: Jets

Cen A is known to be a peculiar galaxy with strong radio emission.

Optical image of Cen A

Chandra image of Cen A

But it is also a strong X-rayemitter, and has an X-ray jet.

Page 43: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

SS 433The observation is of a familiar source named SS 433 -- a binary star system within our Galaxy in the constellation Aquila, the Eagle, about 16,000 light years away.

The black hole and its companion are about two-thirds closer to each other than the planet Mercury is to the Sun.

The jets shoot off at 175 million miles per hour, 26 percent of light speed.

Page 44: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

X-rays from Black HolesIn close binary systems, material flows from normal star to black hole. X-rays are emitted from disk of hot gas swirling around the black hole.

Page 45: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

What’s Happenin’

Magnetic field from surrounding disk funnels material into the jet

Page 46: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

RX J1242-11The first strong evidence of a supermassive black hole ripping apart a star and consuming a portion of it.

Chandra detected a powerful X-ray outburst from the center of the galaxy RX J1242-11.

This outburst, one of the most extreme ever detected in a galaxy, was caused by gas from the destroyed star that was heated to millions of degrees Celsius before being swallowed by the black hole.

Page 47: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

Radio Jets from Black Holes

• Many black holes emit jets. – Material in jet moving at 0.9c. – Jet likely composed of electrons and

positrons.

• Magnetic fields surrounding black hole expel material and form the jet. – Interaction of jet material with magnetic

field gives rise to Radio emission.

Page 48: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

M87 - An Elliptical Galaxy

With a curious feature

Page 49: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

Radio shows the origin of the Jet

Page 50: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

Sagittarius A*

If the black hole at the center of the Milky Galaxy is about 3 million solar masses, then its size must be smaller than 3 million km, or 10 light seconds.

This is only a tiny spot near Sagittarius A* in the picture on the right.

The star approached the central Black Hole to within 17 light-hours - only three times the distance between the Sun and planet Pluto - while traveling at no less than 5000 km/sec

Page 51: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

IR (VLT) image of center pcChandra image of central ~ 3 pc

Ge

nze

l et a

l.

Ba

ga

no

ff et a

l.

Hot x-ray emitting gas(T = 1-2 keV; n = 100 cm-3)

produced via shocked stellar winds

Young cluster of massive stars in the central pc loses ~ 10-3 M

yr-1 ( 2-10" from BH)

1" = 0.04 pc 105 RS @ GC

Sagittarius A*

Page 52: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

Is it a Black Hole?Possessing a large amount of mass does not make you

qualify for a black hole, you need to pack these masses into a space smaller than the Schwarzchild radius of that mass…

Page 53: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

More Black Holes Headline News…

RELEASE: 02-222 NEVER BEFORE SEEN: TWO SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES IN SAME GALAXY

For the first time, scientists have proof two supermassive black holes exist together in the same galaxy, thanks to data from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory. These black holes are orbiting each other and will merge several hundred million years from now, to create an even larger black hole resulting in a catastrophic event that will unleash intense radiation and gravitational waves…

Page 54: General Astronomy Black Holes. A huge great enormous thing, like — like nothing. A huge big — well, like a — I don’t know — like an enormous big nothing

Blackhole CandidatesObject Location Companion Star Orbital

PeriodMass of Compact Object

Cygnus X-1

Cygnus O Supergiant 5.6 days 10-15 Solar masses

LMC X-3 Dorado B3 main-sequence

1.7 days 4-11 solar masses

V616 Mon Monoceris

K main-sequence 7.75 hours 3.3-4.2 solar masses

V404 Cygni

Cygnus K main-sequence 6.47 days 8-15 solar masses

J1655-40 Scorpius F-G main-sequence

2.61 days 4-5.2 solar masses

QZ Vul Vulpecula K main-sequence 8 hours 5-14 solar masses


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