ELI Nuclear Physics WorkshopHoria Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering

Bucharest-Magurele, Romania2/1/2010

General Discussion on ELI Science

Toshi Tajima§Chairman, ELI Scientific Advisory Committee

LMU,MPQ, Garching§Blaise Pascal Chair,ENS

Acknowledgments for Discussions: J. Hajdu, P. Chen, C. Kieffer, C. Barty, G. Mourou, M. Douka, W. Sandner, A. Suzuki, H. Pero, B. Barish, D. Habs, M. Gross, P. Thirolf, R. Hajima, T. Hayakawa, N. Kikuzawa, T. Shizuma, M. Seya, J. Mizuki, S. Gales, G. Wormser, R. Ruth, J. Urakawa, D. Vandromme, F. Guir, M. Fujiwara, N. Zamfir, D. Dumitras

ELI: Game ChangerELI is unique

• Change of doing science 20th Century way from extrapolating (better/bigger) →philosophical and methodical change, savior of 21st science

• Integrator of sciencein addition to analysis; encompassing instead of

specializing• New regional participation

less constraints by the establishment approach and philosophy that are stuck, because of fresh new bloodopportunity for wide-open developments

(at ELI Steering Committee, Jan. 14, 2010, Bucharest)

World-class research infrastructuresKey element of the Lund declaration adopted on 8 July 09

- Essential for Europe’s researchers to stay at the forefront of research development

- Key component of Europe’s competitiveness in “frontier” research

Key Challenges:

- Overcoming fragmentation in Europe- Coping with increasing costs / complexity- Improving efficiency of (and access to) research

services, incl. e-infrastructures

by H. Pero(emphasis by TT)

Willingness to developan ‘eco-system’

of Research Infrastructures within ERA

a) Large (single-sited) facilitiesb) Distributed European Facilitiesc) Network of national facilities

Based on a) a consistent roadmap

from the European stakeholdersb) Links with universities & schoolsc) Network of industrial suppliers / users

by H. Pero (emphasis by TT)

Behavioral Risks in ELI Start

• Extrapolating the current way of doing• End up with regional / national projects,

insulated and disintegrated, not as ELI whole

• Learn bad habits/ philosophy and not learn good expertise

(at ELI Steering Committee, Jan. 14, 2010, Bucharest)

Technical Challenges and Opportunities

• Communication among nuclear, laser, and plasma physicists, nuclear engineers, etc. needed

• Number of large and high-fluence ion accelerators exist (J-Parc, SNS, RIKEN, GSI, …), but few directed (high) energy-specific collimated γ beam

• Few nuclear energy breakthroughs since Fermi• Predominant scientific effort on energy production (‘kitchen

physics’), but few on waste management (‘toilet science’)• Excellent disciplinary progress, but little global solution• World community are eager and waiting to such an opportunity,

as they too lack specific venues based on vision

Specific Suggestions

• World first MeV high-fluence gamma beams-----> emergence of photonuclear physics• Comparable revolution that happened at the advent laser beam

to atomic physics (transition from ‘collision physics’ to ‘excitation and control physics’): anticipated

• (relatively) Compact, yet discipline-encompassing installation possible, a global hub of new science

• Germans, French, Japanese,… eager to collaborate, heavily participate, because this is visionary science with global impact leading to paradigm shift (philosophy of science, scientific approach, societal impact)

• Failure would cause severe damage in this nascent discipline• Working groups for each task to be formed

Can the society continue to support ever escalating accelerators?

Accelerator = crown of 20th C science

Unlike the contemporary science installations developed in 20th C (such as high energy accelerator, fusion, astronomy…), ELI could be different:

transformative technology (even to change the underlining method) in 21st

break down the boundaries that exited in 20th C (such as emerging and developed)

Problem ofhow we can solvethe conundrum of20th paradigm.

(ELI S

C, Jan.

14)

We need to avoid to hog and devour our resources. Pitch in our resources to optimize for the global good.

“For global problems, by global approach” (B. Obama, 2009)

“Collapse”: Jared Diamonde.g. Easter Island：

Priority of civilization ＝ erect monument

⇓felling of forests (to the last tree)

Destruction of environment ⇒

Collapse of the civilization

Jared Diamond

(ELI S

C, Jan.

14)

Germans move radioactive barrels

‘toilet side’ ofnuclear energy

We need scienceof how to handlethis; not just management

Mountain of Radioactive Wastes of JAEA

Nuclear Waste Unidentified

Handled by hand individually at this time→ estimated cost $20B for JAEA, $200B

for Japan

(JAEA)

Cleanup of the nuclear legacyby γrays, we see and control nuclei

ERL γ-ray facility

D. Hab’s slide

Neutron experiments at BRIN

D. Habs’ slide

NRF + radioactive nuclei APOLLON + γ beam

Dense radioactive target of neutron-deficient nucleiT1/2 ≥ 1 s

D. Habs’ slide

Impact of Nuclear Physics on Waste Impact of Nuclear Physics on Waste transmutation and on Nuclear transmutation and on Nuclear Energy generation in the futureEnergy generation in the futureS.GalesS.Gales IPN IPN OrsayOrsay ,IN2P3/CNRS,Fr,IN2P3/CNRS,Fr

Applications of Mono-Energetic γ-Raysto Peaceful and Safe Use of Nuclear Energy

R. Hajima, T. Hayakawa, T. Shizuma, N. Kikuzawa, T. TajimaQuantum Beam Science Directorate, JAEA

M. SeyaNuclear Nonproliferation Science and Technology Center, JAEA

Feb 1, 2010

16

238U243Am0+ 0 0+ 0 0+ 0

1 680

21761+

Absorption

Absorption

Emission

Emission

24101

12245

++

Energy [keV]

Flux of gamma-rays

Tunable

235U7/2-

1733

18152003

239Pu1/2+

21432423

237Np0 0

938977933 -

ElectronsLaser

γ-rays

Laser Compton Scattering

Nuclear Material Detection by Mono-Energetic γ-rays

marriage of laser and accelerator technologies

Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence

fingerprint of isotopes

[1] R. Hajima et al., J. Nuclear Science and Technology, 45, 441-451 (2008). 17

Mono-energetic & tunable γ-ray beam(unlike bremsstrahlung)

W A N T E D

Advantages of Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence detection

(1)Nondestructive detection of radioactive and stable nuclides

(2) Excellent signal-to-noise ratio in the energy-resolved gamma-ray detection

(3) Detecting many kind of nuclides by scanning the γ-ray energy

(4) Detection through a thick shield

(5) Full utilization of modern laser and accelerator technologies

Photon energy (MeV)

γ-ray beam

detector target

2.0 2.1 2.2Photon Energy (MeV)

ΔE/E ~ 1%

2.176 MeV for U-238

18

NRF signalU-238 2.176 MeV

Experiment of nondestructive detection of concealed isotope

5512 keVPb-208

Pb block shielded by 15mm-thick iron box

[2] N. Kikuzawa et al., Applied Physics Express 2, 036502 (2009). 19

Position and shape of the Pb blockwere clearly identified.

Safeguards technology based on mono-energetic γ-ray

20

γ-ray beam

fuel assembly

Ge detectors

NaI detector

moving

Material accountability for operator&

Safeguards verification for inspectorates

Nondestructive assay system of spent fuel assemblies – U, Pu and MA.

Nuclear material accountability is an important issue for nuclear energy usagein the frame of Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

Deep penetration of γ-rays in a fuel assembly

21

density of NRF eventsfrom Pu-239

γ-ray beam

γ-ray beam

Ge detectors

GEANT-4 based Monte Carlo code developed by our group.

JAEA concept of a high-flux γ-ray source

22

Laser ComptonScattering

Energy Recovery Linac

Pb collimator

γ-ray

Laser

Supercavity

Electron bunch

γ-ray

laser super cavity

laser photons are recycled

electron energy is recycled

Acceleration

Deceleration

electroninjector

linac

high-flux γ-ray is available.

ANfNF CLe σ

=

A

NNf

C

L

e

σ

collision frequencynumber of electrons

number of laser photonsscattering cross-section

effective sectional area

flux of LC γ-ray

we need high repetition, tightly focused,high power, high current beams.

JAEA Energy-Recovery Linac

23Now ERLs are developed for many applications in the world.

Storage Ring

high-average currentcontinuous beams

Linac

high-brightnessultrashort pulsetight focusing

ERL

+ = high-average currentcontinuous beamshigh-brightnessultrashort pulsetight focusing

e-beam is recycled e-beam is always fresh

e-beam energy is recyclede-beam is always fresh

ERL Projects in the World

24

next-gen. light source @ UK

high-power FEL@ JLAB3-turn ERL-FEL@ Russia

electron cooler @ BNL

next-gen. X-ray source @ Cornell

next-gen X-ray source @ KEK

and more fromBerlin, Beijing …

ICFA Intl. ERL WS2005 at JLAB2007 at Daresbury2009 at Cornell2011 at Japan

On-going R&D’s at JAEA, KEK and other institutes in Japan

25

normalized emittance = 0.054mm-mrad

Prototype ERL is under constructionby KEK-JAEA-ISSP (complete in 2012)

0 5 10 15 20Eacc (MV/m)

Q0

108

109

1010

1011

0 5 10 15 20Eacc (MV/m)

Q0

108

109

1010

1011

photocathode electron gun superconducting cavity

laser super cavity and collision point

Ge detector complex Monte Carlo code

Compact LC-X source (2008-2012)

Proposal of a High-flux γ-ray source with a 3-loop ERL

26

γ-Ray

Injector

Linac

Compton scattering

NuclearFuel

Detectors

1st E=120 MeV

2nd E=235 MeV

3rd E=350 MeV

Dump

The electron beam is accelerated three timesand decelerated three times.

Design parameters of the γ-ray source

27

Laser Electron Beam

FrequencyEnergy

130 MHzλ ＝ 1064 nm (1.17eV)

130 MHz350 MeV

Intensity 1.8 μJ/bunch (230 W)9.6x1012 photons/bunch

100 pC/bunch (13 mA)6.2x109 /bunch

Beam size (rms) σr = 30 μm (w = 2σr)ZR = 1.1 cm

σ (x/y) = 37 / 24 μmεn (x/y) = 2.5 / 1 mm-mrad, β* = 0.4 m

Pulse length 2 ps (rms) 3 ps (rms)

Enhancement factor 3000 energy spread 3x10-4

ph/sec100.1 13×=totalF

ph/sec/keV1010≈peakF

Parameters based on technologies under development.

106-108 higher flux than existing facilities.

Possible layout in a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant

28

lower level

upper level

measurementcell

γ-ray source spent fuel storage

water pool

Ge detectorγ-ray

spent fuel

racktransport

Fuel assemblies are transportedfrom the storage to the measurement cell.

All the process is done in the water pool.

dump

concrete wall

Measurement Room

LCSγrays

Linac / Laser Area

concrete wall

concrete wall

Measurement Room

concrete wall

water

SF pool water

water

Spent Fuel Assembly

concrete wall

Possible layout in a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant

29

Detectors are located outside the pool in measurement rooms where people can go inside when SF is not in the measurement point.

30

Summary by Hajima

• High-flux mono-energetic γ-ray beam is available from laser Compton scattering sources based on ERL.

• Combination of mono-energetic γ-ray beam and “Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence” enable us to determine quantity of 239Pu, 240Pu, 241Pu, 235U and other relevant minor actinides in spent fuels.

• Conceptual design of γ-ray source, detector system and facility layout have been presented.

• R&D’s of γ-ray source are in progress (partially in the frame of the ERL project in Japan).

• Experimental demonstrations and simulation works are also underway.

Conclusions

• ELI, the Game Changer--- scientific approach, philosophy, integration, societal impact

• ELI Nuclear: dawn of photonuclear revolution, similar to the atomic physics circa 1960. laser high-energy brilliant γbeam

• ‘scattering physics’ ‘excitation/control physics’• JAEA is willing to help, Germans are, French,…• International Task Groups needed• ‘Toilet science’ is now needed in 21st Century

Multumesc!

ELI: ‘Young man, go east’ (Gerard Mourou)also; ’Go global’; e.g. ASEPS (Asia-Europe Physics Summit, March 2010, Tsukuba