CHAPTER I

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Ancient Indian scholars went deep into the science of grammar which

spurred the development of modern philology.

P°∏ini's grammar which is a model of the most perfect description of the

science of grammar suffered in its interpretation since after its composition by 5th

centaury B.C. Scholars from the olden days, and the present generation, including

the traditionalists and modern researchers in west and in India have been

struggling hard to reach solution on the network of problems the great book

A¿∂°dhy°y¢ has raised and left unanswered. A generation of grammarians was

found to criticize and verify the book.

In the later stage, some of the scholars tried to simplify P°∏ini's grammar

and to make it reach the public. Sanskrit grammar has many eminent names to

point out who contributed a lot to the field. Other than Munitraya' (P°∏ini,

K°ty°yana and Pataµjali), Candra, Bhoja, Ś°ka∂°yana etc. also were great

authorities of grammar.

Melputt£r N°r°ya∏a Bha∂∂a says in his Ap°∏in¢yapr°m°∏yas°dhanam,

2

……h…x™…÷H∆Ú |…®……h…∆ x… i…÷ …÷x…Æ˙…Æ∆ S……xp˘¶……‰V……n˘∫…r∆

E‰Ú™……Ω÷∫i…±±…ÙP…π`∆ x… J…±…÷ §…Ω÷¥…n˘…®…Œ∫i… x…®…⁄«±…¥……C™…®…¬*

§…º¥…R¬ÛM…“EÚ…Æ˙¶…‰n˘…‰ ¶…¥…i… M…÷h…¥…∂……i…¬ ……h…x…‰& |……E¬Ú EÚl…∆ ¥……

…⁄¥……ÊÀHÚ ……h…x…∂S……™…x…÷¥…n˘i… ¥…Æ˙…‰v…‰%… EÚ±™……‰ ¥…EÚ±…&**1

Some say that what is said by P°∏ini is authoritative, not the treatises of

Candra, Bhoja and others, this is most flimsy; for those who know much do not

speak without evidence, that more people prefer to a thing is due to its merits.

How was it before P°∏ini? P°∏ini himself quotes what was stated by (his)

predecessors and even if there be a conflict an option is to be presumed.

Vedavy°sa, Sa¥kar°c°rya, Mur°rimiøra, Sureøwar°c°rya, Sr¢har¿a etc who

were the best among the advocators of Veda have accepted the grammarians other

than 'Munitraya'. There is a saying that "o˘π]¬ı¥…… §…Ω÷ ¥™……EÚÆ˙h…∆ ®…÷x…x…… ¶……Æ˙i…∆ EfiÚi…®…¬" .

The words like Ω÷x…‰n¬, x…Ë¥……±…®…‰v…∫… …]ı…‰ Ø˚S…®…i¥…®…∫™…, ¥…ª……®…& etc; are justified by this

concept.

Candra tried to simplify the methodology accepted by P°∏ini.

Candragomin's grammar attempts to remove the techniques employed by P°∏ini

as a way to simplify the whole. He was in the way of greater brevity and

precision. He has reduced the number of Praty°h°ras£tras by combining the

S£tras Ω˛™…¥…Æ˙]¬ı and ±…h…¬ into Ω˛™…¥…Ʊ…˙h…¬*

1. Ap°∏in¢yapr°m°∏yas°dhanam of Melputt£r N°r°ya∏a Bh∂∂a, given at the end of

Prakriy°sarvaswam, Dr.M.S.Menon (Ed), Guruvayur Devaswam, Guruvayur, 1998, P1.

3

Bhoja includes Paribh°¿°p°∂ha, Ga∏ap°∂ha, U∏°di and Li¥g°nuøasana in

his Śabd°nuø°sana which were treated separately in all other Vy°kara∏as. His

grammar is written on the basis of C°ndravy°kara∏a and P°∏in¢yavy°kara∏a.

The saying quoted by Yudhishthiramimamsaka

™……x™…÷VV…Ω˛…Æ˙ ®……Ω‰xp˘…i…¬ ¥™……∫……‰ ¥™……EÚÆ˙h……h…«¥……i…¬

…n˘Æ˙ix……x… ÀEÚ i……x… ∫…Œxi… ……h…x…M……‰π…n‰ 2

shows the scope of further study on Pa∏in¢yavy°kara∏a.

This study concentrates on the concept of K°rakas accepted by P°∏ini,

Candra and Bhoja. The K°raka system provides the key to P°∏inian syntax.

K°rakas are the relation between a noun and a verb. In the formulation of the

structure of language, K°rakas play a vital role. It accounts to a number of

generalisations particularly concerning the following aspects of Sanskrit sentence

structure.

1. The relation between the syntax of actives, passives and statives.

2. The relation between the sentences and nominal.

3. The linking of cases to meanings.

4. The grammatical functions associated implicitly with gerunds and

infinitives.

2. Mimasak ,Yudhishthir, Samsk§t Vy°kara∏ Śast§ k° Itihas, Samchalak Bharatiy Pracyavidya

Pratishthan, Ajmer, 1978, p.501.

4

Before going into details discussion is done on the history and life of

P°∏ini, Candra and Bhoja and the characteristics of their works.

PÀ¤INI

There is no need of an introduction to P°∏ini because a variety of research

work has come out on his book. Still here an effort is made to document some

facts regarding P°∏ini and his work.

P°∏ini is a name which will be remembered by all the lovers of Language

till Sanskrit exists. His work A¿∂°dhy°y¢ is an encyclopedic monument. It is an

outstanding research work with technical perfection.

P°∏ini is called as D°k¿¢putra by Pataµjali. From Kath°sarits°gara it is

understood that P°∏ini was a contemporary of K°ty°yana and Vy°∑i and

Indradatta. It says that P°∏ini studied with them at the house of Up°dhy°ya.

Paµcatantra says a different story about the death of P°∏ini.

À∫…Ω˛…‰ ¥™……EÚÆ˙h…∫™… EÚi…÷«Æ˙Ω˛Æ˙i…¬ |……h……x…¬ |…™……x…¬ ……h…x…‰& 3

P°∏ini's grammar is intact. P°∏ini with the help of his ancestors reveals the

universally accepted concepts in a systematic way.

3. Paµcatantra, Mitrasampr°pti≈, Ramcharan Guptha (Ed), MLBD, 1996, v.36

5

Date of P°∏ini

Date of p°∏ini is fixed by the scholars and almost universally accepted

between fifth and sixth century B.C. Historians place P°∏ini at Lahore and he

was known by several names such as Śalanki, Ś°l°tura, D°k¿¢putra and Ahika.

Mah°bh°¿ya and K°øika mention a student of P°∏ini as Kautsa. (+x…⁄π…¥……x…¬ EÚ…Ëi∫…:

……h…x…®…¬ =…∂…÷∏…⁄π…¥……x…¬ EÚ…Ëi∫…: ……h…x…®…¬).4

It is said that Upavar¿a was his teacher and

Pi¥gaΩa, the author of Chandaø°stra, was his brother.

Technical Devices in A¿∂°dhy°y¢

A¿t°dhy°y¢ begins with fourteen Śivas£tras which are otherwise known as

M°heøwaras£tras. This is a peculiar kind of arrangement of Sanskrit alphabets.

This arrangement is the most wonderful technique of P°∏ini with the help of

which he made Praty°h°ras. P°∏ini made forty one Praty°h°ras.

A¿∂°dhy°y¢ can be understood better with the help of some related texts.

They are Dh°tup°∂ha, Ga∏ap°∂ha, U∏°dis£tras, PhitS£tras and Li¥g°nuø°sana.

Dh°tup°∂ha.

P°∏ini groups the Dh°tus in ten sections and introduces their augments or

Vikara∏as. These groups are Bhv°di, Ad°di, Juhoty°di, Sv°di, Div°di, Tud°di,

Rudh°di, Tan°di, Kry°di and Cur°di.

4. K°øik°v§tti of Jay°ditya- V°mana, Sr¢n°ya∏a Miøra (Ed), Ratna Publications, Varanasi, 1985, on AS 3/2/108

6

About the authorship of Dh°tup°∂ha controversies still exist. Depending

on the views of K°ty°yana, George Cardona puts forward evidences from

Mah°bh°¿ya to prove that there was a non-P°∏inian list of Dh°tus.5 Accoding

to N°geøa, the commentator of Mah°bh°¿ya, Bh¢masena made the meaning

entries along with the roots. The Àtmanepada or Parasmaipada terminations

which are produced by the Dh°tus along with them show that there was a listing

system before P°∏ini. The technique of using 'it' to recognize the Àtmanepada

and Parasmaipada termination is really commendable.

Ga∏ap°∂ha

The arrangements of nominal stems are known as Ga∏ap°∂ha. There are

two types of Ga∏as, some possessing definite number and the other is that which

has no such restriction. Controversy exists in the authorship of Ga∏ap°∂ha also.

George Cardona says that post P°∏inians also contributed a lot to this section.6

In the explanation of nominal stems, Ga∏ap°∂ha brings brevity and clarity. This

also can be considered as an outstanding technique of P°∏ini to describe his

grammar.

The U∏°dis£tras.

Affixes are introduced by the S£tras in the derivation of nominal stems.

Paµcap°d¢ and Daøap°d¢ are its two sections.

5. Cardona George, P°∏ini - His work and its Traditions, MLBD, Varanasi, 1988, p.230.

6. Ibid, p.232.

7

In connection with U∏°di, P°∏ini introduces two aphorisms. One is

'U∏°dayo bahuΩam' (AS3/3/1) and the other is 'Tabhy°manyatro∏°daya≈'

(AS3/4/75). The two sections of U∏°di help to know Pr°tipadikatva and

Prayog°rhatva of words which are not otherwise derived.

Phits£tra

PhitS£tras deal with the rules of accentuation. This is a very small portion.

They are called as PhitS£tras because they begin with the S£tra 'Phisonta ud°tta≈'

Li¥g°nuø°sana

This text consists of about two hundred aphorisms. These aphorisms

attribute the gender of nominal stems in accordance with their meaning and

structure. Their presentation is done under the following headings i.e. Feminine,

Masculine, Neuter, Feminine- Masculine, Masculine - Neuter. In the last chapter

the nouns which can be used in anyone of the genders are listed. At some

occasions, P°∏ini introduces certain aphorisms which indicate the gender with

significance Œ∫j…™……∆ HÚx…¬ (AS3/3/18), …÷∆∫… ∫…∆Y……™……∆ P…: (AS3/3/114) etc. But Pataµjali

says in Mah°bh°¿ya on (AS2/1/36) that '±…R¬Û˜M…®…∂…π™…∆ ±……‰EÚ…∏…™…i¥……Œ±±…R¬ÛM…∫™…'.

There is dispute in the authorship of Li¥g°nuø°sana also.

Yudhishthiramimamsaka exemplifies a lot of internal evidences from Pataµjali

and K°ty°yana to settle the authorship of Li¥g°nuø°sana to P°∏ini.

8

P°∏inian rules can be clearly understood only with the help of these texts.

A¿∂°dhy°y¢ contains eight chapters and each chapter is divided into four

p°das. The contents of the chapters are given below.

Chapter I Major definitional and interpretational rules,

Adideøas£tras, Ātmanepada, Parasmaipada

rules, K°rakas.

Chapter II Compounds.

Nominal inflection.

Number and gender of compounds.

Replacement of roots.

Elision by luk.

Chapter III San.

K§t.

Ti¥.

Chapter IV-V Subanta.

Str¢pratyaya.

Taddhita.

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Chapter VI-VII Doubling rules.

Sampras°ra∏a.

Samhita.

Āgama.

Accents.

A¥ga.

Chapter VIII Doubling rules related to a pada, accent

related to a pada.

The whole portion of A¿∂°dhy°y¢ is divided into two by the S£tra

…⁄¥…«j……∫…r˘®…¬. By this S£tra seven and a quarter portion is called

Sap°dasapt°dhy°y¢ and the left three P°das are known as Trip°d¢.

Every topic is introduced with an 'Adhik°ra S£tra'. Application of

the operational rules is possible with the help of interpretational rules.

There are different kinds of S£tras in A¿∂°dhy°y¢. They are ∫…∆Y……

(technical rules), …Æ˙¶……π…… (interpretive rule), ¥…v… (operational rules), x…™…®…

(restriction rules), +i…n‰∂… (extention rule), +v…EÚ…Æ ˙ (heading rules),

x………i…x… (adho rules) and |…i…π…‰v… (Negation rule).

10

The S£tra ∫¥…∆ ∞¸…∆ ∂…§n˘∫™……∂…§n˘∫…∆Y…… (AS1/1/68) regulates the meaning of

words. It is a matter beyond doubt that P°∏ini got a lot of information and help

from his predecessors and with all these he established the credibility of his

work equal to that of four Vedas. By recording the Sanskrit language of his age,

P°∏ini established a position of his own in the field of linguistics. A lot of

scholars inside and outside India were and are attracted towards the study of

Sanskrit grammar seeing the highly intellectual and precise work of P°∏ini.

A lot of commentators wrote commentaries on A¿∂°dhy°y¢. Bh°¿ya

itself is a big commentary on A¿∂°dhy°y¢. Many books of different kinds were

written on the basis of A¿∂°dhy°y¢. Even now P°∏inian school is very much

established in India and abroad.

CANDRA

Candra was a well-known grammarian in the grammatical field of

Bengal. Candragomin thoroughly studied the grammar of P°∏ini, K°ty°yana

and Pataµjali and he did utilize their works to write his grammar. He also

noticed the changes that came over in Sanskrit language after Mah°bh°¿ya. He

tried to improve the form and matter of their S£tras, V°rtikas and I¿∂is. Dr

Belvalker observes Candragomin as a Bauddha, and he observes that

Candragomin might have written his grammar for the benefit of the members of

11

his church.7

The first verse in C°ndravy°kara∏a also says that Candra was a

Buddhist.

∫…r∆ |…h…®™… ∫…¥…«Y…∆ ∫…¥…‘™…∆ V…M…i……‰ M…÷Ø˚®…¬ *

ô Ù±…P…÷¥…∫…π]ı∫…®…⁄h…«®…÷S™…i…‰ ∂…§n˘±…I…h…®…¬**

According to kalha∏a, by the order of the king Abhimanyu who was the

king of Kashmir; Candra spread Mah°bh°¿ya in Kashmir. [S…xp˘…S……™……«n˘¶…±…«§v¥……n‰∂…∆

i…∫®……k…n˘…M…®…®…¬* |…¥…Ãi…i…∆ ®…Ω˛…¶……π™…∆ ∫¥…∆ S… ¥™……EÚÆ˙h…∆ EfiÚi…®…¬**]8. But it is not known from

Kalhana that Candr°c°rya was born in which part of India.

Yudhishthiramimamsaka notices another reason to consider Candr°c°rya

as a Bangali 9. He says that Bengalese pronounce the Antastha (¥…) and the

syllable (§…) which occurs in 'Pavarga', similarly. Candr°c°rya has composed his

U∏°dis£tras on the basis of the sequence of the final letters like pak°ra.

In order to explain the similarity of ¥…EÚ…Æ and §…EÚ…Æ Candr°c°rya has

illustrated some U∏°dis£tras beginning from 90th S£tra which show the

resemblance of M…¥…,« ∂…¥…,« +∑…, ¥…∑…… etc. In the S£tra 92 of Śiv°diga∏a ∂…¥…,

7. Belvalker, S.K. Systems of Sanskrit Grammar, The Bharatiya Book Corporation, Delhi, 1997, P 29.

8. R°jatara¥gin¢ of Kalha∏a, Ramatheja pandeya (Ed), Chaukamba Sanskrit series,

Varanasi 1998, V. 1/176.

9. Samsk§t Vy°kara∏ Śast§ k° Itihas, vol.I, P 571.

12

∫…¥…«, =±¥…, ∂…÷±¥…, x…®§…, §…®§…, ∂…®§…, ∫i…®§…, V…º¥……, O…“¥…… etc are justified. Here the

Antasthas and the letters ending in Pavarga are included in the same group. So

Candr°c°rya can be considered as a Bangali. Yudhishthiram¢m°msaka says that

he made such an entry because of the influence of his colloquial language.

Date of Candragomin

In V°kyapad¢ya one can see a verse like this

…¥…«i……n˘…M…®…∆ ô Ù±…§v¥…… ¶……π™…§…“V……x…÷∫……Æ˙¶…&*

∫… x…“i……‰ §…Ω÷∂……J……i¥…∆ S…xp˘…S……™……«n˘¶…& …÷x…&** 10

It is stated here that Candr°c°rya reconstructed the Mah°bh°¿ya which was

tending to extinct. According to Kalhana, Candr°c°rya lived at the time of the

king Abhimanyu who was the emperor of Kashmir, A reference in R°jatara¥gi∏¢

is seen thus

S…p˘…S……™……«n˘¶…±…«§v¥……n‰∂…∆ i…∫®……k…n˘…M…®…®…¬*

|…¥…Ãi…i…∆ ®…Ω˛…¶……π™…∆ ∫¥…∆ S… ¥™……EÚÆ˙h…∆ EfiÚi…®…¬** 11

Pataµjali, the author of Mah°bh°¿ya lived between 50 BC and 150 AD.

Yaøovarman gains the credit for introducing a new system having given

significance to the derivation for the first time in India in his K°tantravy°kara∏a.

10. V°kyapad¢ya of Bhart§hari, K.A. Subrahmania Iyer (Ed), Deccan College, Poona,

1963, v. 2/489.

11. R°jatara¥gin¢ , v. 1/176.

13

Candra has also followed this way of description. So one can rightly

observe the dates of Candragomin in between the dates of Yaøovarman and

Bhart§hari, that being 2nd and 3rd century AD.

Nature of Candragomin's work.

Candra writes in his Swopajµav§tti thus ô Ù±…P…÷¥…∫…π]ı∫…®…⁄h…«®…÷S™…i…‰ ∂…§n˘±…I…h…®…¬

which means that his grammar is ±…P…÷ (brief, short) and ¥…∫…π]ı (intelligible) as

compared to the grammar of P°∏ini and ∫…®…⁄h…« (complete) as compared to the

grammar like K°tantra. In P°∏ini's grammar some words are justified with the

help of V°rtikas and I¿∂is of Mah°bh°¿ya. But in C°ndravy°kara∏a, these words

are justified by the S£trap°∂ha itself. That is why Candr°c°rya calls his grammar

as Samp£r∏a.

In C°ndrav§tti and V°man¢yali¥g°nuø°sana the peculiarity of

C°ndravy°kara∏a is described as S…xp˘…‰…Y…®…∫…∆Y…E∆Ú ¥™……EÚÆ˙h…®…¬ . This may be called as

+∫…∆Y…EÚ because the Samjµas are not treated here separately and wherever P°∏ini

uses the word ∫…∆Y…… Candra uses the word x……®…x…¬.

In writing his grammar Candr°c°rya made use of Mah°bh°¿ya a lot.

Candr°c°rya made almost the same alterations in the S£tras as made by Pataµjali.

Also he omitted almost the same S£tras in his grammar which were omitted by

14

Pataµjali. But still in a number of circumstances he rejects the commentary of

Pataµjali and accepts the view of some other grammarians 12.

Candr°c°rya wanted to rearrange the grammar of P°∏ini with a vision

of bringing together all the rules that deal with the same phonetic and

grammatical operations as well as the same parts of speech. As stated earlier,

Candr°c°rya coined the Praty°h°ra of P°∏ini, Ω˛™…¥…Æ˙]¬ ı and ô Ù±…h…¬ into

Ω˛™…¥…Æ˙±…h…¬ and he accepts all the other Praty°h°ras of P°∏ini. About 35 S£tras

of Candragomin are incorporated in K°øik°. But here Kaiya∂a remarks that

""+……h…x…“™…& ∫…⁄j…‰π…÷ ……`ˆ&"

The total number of C°ndras£tras is about 3100 as against 4000 of

P°∏ini. His work consists of six chapters of four p°das each and the matters

in the first two chapters of P°∏ini are scattered here and there.

C°ndravy°kara∏a which is available today is not complete. Even

though at the end of the sixth chapter it can be seen that ' ∫…®……i…∆ S…‰n∆

S……xp˘¥™……EÚÆ˙h…∆ ∂…÷¶…®…¬', there was a portion which deals with the Vedic grammar.

This may be lost in course of time. Yudhishthiramimamsaka points out a lot of

evidences which are seen in C°ndravy°kara∏a itself.13

12. Æ˙RÛ¬EÚ…‰& |……h…x… ¥…… * CV3/2/9 compare with the Mah°bh°¿ya of AS 4/2/100

13. Samsk§t Vy°kara∏ Śast§ k° Itihas, vol.I, P 526.

15

1) In the C°ndraparibh°¿a one can see a paribh°¿a like this '∫¥…Æ˙¥…v……Ë

¥™…\V…x…®…¥…t®……x…¥…i…¬'. This paribh°¿° works if and only if there is swaraprakara∏a

in C°ndravy°kara∏a.

2) In the commentary of S£tra ' ±………‰ x…‰∂S… ' (CV1/1/145) it is written that

∫¥…Æ˙¥…∂…‰π…®…π]ı®…‰ ¥…I™……®…& which clearly hints that there was ∫¥…Æ˙|…GÚ™…… in the eighth

chapter.

3) It is written in the commentary of the S£tra ' ¥™……™……i…¬ EÚ…®™…S…¬ ' as 'S…EÚ…Æ˙&

∫…i…∂…π]ı- ∫¥…Æ˙§……v…x……l…«& - …÷j…EÚ…®™…i…“i…' This means that ' ∂…π]ı∫¥…Æ˙ ' will be

affected by Cak°r°nubandha. This is applicable only if the ' ∫¥…Æ˙¥™…¥…∫l…… ' is

included in that grammar.

4) In expounding the formula ' i…¥™……x…“™…EÊÚ±…®…Æ˙&' Candr°c°rya

writes 'i…¥™…∫™… ¥…… ∫¥…Æ˙i…i¥…∆ ¥…I™……®…&'*

In A¿∂°dhy°y¢ 3-1-3 and 6-1-185 P°∏ini explains the circumstances to use

the suffix tavya and tavyat.

But in Candra grammar only one suffix ' i…¥™… ' is found. Candr°c°rya

solves the problem by using the suffix tavya in an alternate sense with the vowel

which is neither pronounced too long nor too short.

5) In C°ndrav§tti of 1/1/108 it is said that 'V…x…¥…v……‰Æ˙M…÷……xi……x……∆ S… ∫¥…Æ∆

¥…I™……®…&'

16

6) In the v§itti of the s£tra '+…‰n˘x……n¬ f¯]¬ı' it is stated that ∫¥…Æ∆ i…÷ ¥…I™……®…&*

From all these evidences we can conclude that the seventh and eighth

chapters of C°ndr°vy°kara∏a in which the Vaidika grammar is dealt has been

lost.

The learners of Siddh°ntakaumud¢ almost omit the last part of

Kaumud¢ because the Vaidika rules are dealt there. Likewise the learners of

C°ndravy°kara∏a may also sometimes have omitted the last two chapters

thinking that they are not so necessary and thus they might have lost currency

in course of time.

Accessory treatises of C°ndragrammar

There are many books which were written by Candr°c°rya.

C°ndrav§tti, Li¥g°nuø°sana, Dh°tup°∂ha, Ga∏ap°∂ha, U∏°dis£tra,

Upasargav§tti, Śik¿°s£tra, Koøa, etc. are some of the works written by

Candragomin. Dr. Belvakar attributes two more books to Candra and a poetry

named Śi¿yalekha and a drama named Lok°nanda. 14

A lot of commentaries might have written on C°ndravy°kara∏a. But

today only one commentary in Roman script is available in Germany. It is

seen that it was written by Dharmad°sa. But scholars like

14. Systems of Sanskrit Grammar, P 30.

17

Yudhishthiramimamsaka proves that it is the Swopajµav§tti of

Candragomin.15

He justifies the fact like this 'The jain writer Vardham°nas£ri writes S…xp˘∫i…÷

∫……Ëæ˛n˘®…i… æ˛n˘™…∫™……h… æ˛n˘…n‰∂……‰ x… æ˛n÷k…Æ˙…n˘®…¬ , æn¬¶…˘M…‰i™…÷k…Æ˙…n˘…nËV…¶……¥…®……Ω˛*'

In C°ndrav§tti CV6/1/29 this opinion is seen like this '∫……Ëæ˛n˘®…i… æ˛n˘™…∫™……h… æ˛n˘…n‰∂…‰,

x… æ˛n÷k…Æ˙…n˘®…¬*'

Again he writes '®…xi…⁄\…¬ - ®…xi…⁄™…i… ®…xi…⁄™…i…‰ <i… S…xp˘&*'

In C°ndravy°kara∏a 1/1/39 also one can see these sentences.

Saya∏°c°rya also quotes this sentence as that of Candra. Like this in

several occasions, S°ya∏°c°rya and Vardham°na attribute C°ndrav§tti to

Candr°c°rya. Sometimes Dharmad°sa may have edited C°ndrav§tti in Candra's

own words. These are the words of Yudhi¿∂hiram¢m°msaka 16

.

Later history of C°ndra School

C°ndravy°kara∏a was translated and freely circulated in Tibet. This shows

that numerous commentaries were written on the C°ndravy°kara∏a during the

palmy days of Buddhist literature.

The total disappearance of the system may be because; the work of a

Buddhist for the Buddhist community shared the fate of Buddhism.

15. Samsk§t Vy°kara∏ Śast§ k° Itihas, p.525.

16. Ibid. Vol.1, p.577.

18

BHOJA

King Bhojar°ja was a very good scholar in all branches of Sanskrit. He

also was an ideal king and he patronized a host of learnt pa∏∑its.

Bhoja has 38 books to his credit.

I. Anthology: 1. Subh°¿itanibandha

II. Architecture 2. Samar°¥ga∏as£tradh°ra

III. Astronomy&Astrology 3. Ādityaprat°pasiddh°nta

4. R°jam°rta∏∑a

5. R°jam§g°¥ka

6. Vidvajjanavallabha or

Prasnajµ°na.

IV.Dharmaø°stra 7. Bhujabalanibandha

8. Bh£p°lapaddhati

9. Bh£p°lasamuccaya

10. Ca∏akyan¢ti or Da∏∑an¢ti

11. C°rucary°

13. R°jam°rta∏∑a

14. R°jan¢ti

15. Vyavah°rasamuccaya

16. Yuktikalpataru

V.Grammar &Nigha∏∂u 17. Saraswat¢ka∏∂h°bhara∏a

18. Amaravy°khy°

19

19. Samyamin°m°m°lik°

VI.Lexicography 20. N°mam°lik°

VII.Medicine 21. Āyurvedasarvasva

22. R°jam§g°¥ka

23. Śalihotra

24. Viør°ntavidy°vinoda

VIII. Music 25. Sa¥g¢taprak°øa

IX.Philosophy 26. R°jamarta∏∑a (com. on

Pataµjali's Yogas£tra)

28. Siddh°ntasa¥graha

29. Siddh°ntas°ra

30. Śivatatvaratnakalik°

31. Tattvaprak°øa or

Śivatattvaprak°øa

X.Pr°k§ta 32. Kum°r°¿∂aka

X.Rhetorics 33. S§¥g°raprak°øa

34. Saraswat¢ka∏∂h°bhara∏a

XII.Sanskrit poetry & prose 35. Camp£r°m°ya∏a

36.Mah°k°Ωavijaya

37. S§¥g°ramaµjar¢

38. Vidy°vinoda

A scholarly study of these has become indispensable because there are a

number of references from the works of Bhoja in various later texts.

20

He wrote a Śabd°nuø°sana named Saraswat¢ka∏∂h°bhara∏a. This is an

elaborate work on grammar. He writes at the beginning of Yogas£trav§tti thus-

∂…§n˘…x……®…x…÷∂……∫…x…∆ ¥…n˘v…i…… ……i…\V…±…‰ E÷Ú¥…«i…… ,

¥…fiÀk… Æ˙…V…®…fiM……R¬ÛM…∫…∆Y…EÚ®…… ¥™……i…x¥…i…… ¥…ËtE‰Ú *

¥……CS…‰i……‰¥……÷π……∆ ®…±…& °Úh…¶…fii……∆ ¶…j…Ê¥… ™……‰x……‰rfii…-

∫i…∫™… ∏…“Æ˙h…Æ˙R¬ÛM…®…±±…x…fi…i…‰¥……«S……‰ V…™…xi™…÷V¥…±……&**

This clearly says that author of Saraswat¢ka∏∂h°bhara∏a, Yogas£trav§tti

and R°jam§g°¥ga etc are the same.

Date of Bhoja

There were many kings in the name of Bhoja. But the author of

Saraswat¢ka∏∂h°bhara∏a is a very famous writer and benefactors of scholars. He

was the king of Dh°ra. King Bhoja was the son of the great king Sindhula and the

king Jayasimha was his son. He ruled the kingdom of Dh°ra. One 'D°napatra' of

Bhoja of A.D 1021 is got and another of Jayasimha of 1055A.D is also got as

evidence for this period. So the date of Bhoja is between 1018 to 1053 A.D.

Bhoja-The renovator of Sanskrit

King Bhoja himself was a very good scholar and he at the same time gave

all kinds of help to scholars. During Bhoja`s period even wood cutters and

21

weavers spoke Sanskrit. Yudhishthirmimamsaka quotes a verse from the

Bhojaprabandha of Vallbha Deva which is an evidence for this

S…hb˜…±……‰… ¶…¥…‰u˘u˘…x…¬ ™…& ∫… i…π`ˆi…÷ ®…‰ …÷Æ˙*

¥…|……‰… ™……‰ ¶…¥…‰x®…⁄J…«& ∫… …÷Æ˙…n¬ §…Ω˛Æ˙∫i…÷ ®…‰**17

In Bhojaprabandha one can also see a story. One day a scholar from

outside came to Dh°r°nagar¢. He could not get shelter anywhere. Then the

king's men told a weaver to vacate his house and give that house to the scholar.

Weaver approached the king and revealed his grief in a fascinating language.

EÚ…¥™…∆ EÚÆ˙…‰®… x…Ω˛ S……Ø˚i…Æ∆ EÚÆ˙…‰®…

™…ix……i…¬ EÚÆ˙…‰®… ™…n˘ S……Ø˚i…Æ∆ EÚÆ˙…‰®…*

¶…÷……±…®……˱…®…h…®…Œhb˜i………n˘…“`ˆ

Ω‰ ∫……Ω˛∫……RÛ¬EÚ EÚ¥…™……®… ¥…™……®… ™……®… **

On another occasion Bhoja told an old wood cutter as follows

¶…⁄Æ˙¶……Æ˙¶…Æ˙…GÚ…xi… §……v…i… ∫EÚxv… Bπ… i…‰

Then he replied thus

x… i…l…… §……v…i…‰ Æ˙…V…x…¬ ™…l…… §……v…i… §……v…i…‰18

All these instances show that Sanskrit was the language of common

people during that period.

17. Samsk§t Vy°kara∏ Śast§ k° Itihas, Vol.1, p.554.

18. For further details vide Samsk§t Vy°kara∏ Śast§ k° Itihas, Vol.1p.554.

22

Saraswat¢ka∏∂h°bhara∏a

King Bhoja Deva wrote two books named Saraswat¢ka∏∂h°bhara∏a. One

is describing Ala¥k°ra and the other is on grammar. There are eight chapters in

Saraswat¢ka∏∂h°bhara∏a. Each chapter is divided into four p°das. The total

number of Sutras are 6411.

During these days Paribh°¿°p°∂ha, Ga∏ap°∂ha, U∏°dis£tra etc. which

were portions of Śabd°nuø°sana, were expunged from the grammar. The result

was that the study of only Śabd°nuø°sana became important and Paribh°¿°p°∂ha,

Ga∏ap°∂ha etc became unimportant. It became difficult for the learners to

understand these texts. To solve this difficulty Bhoja wrote his Śabd°nuø°sana

named Saraswat¢ka∏∂h°bhara∏a. He included Paribh°¿a, Ling°nuø°sana, U∏°di,

Ga∏ap°∂ha etc. in each Prakara∏a wherever it is necessary. Those who are

studying this Śabd°nuø°sana will not have to refer any other text to study

grammar other than Dh°tup°∂ha. As the Ga∏ap°∂ha etc are included in the text

the study of that also became necessary. Thus Saraswat¢ka∏∂h°bhara∏a gets a

place of its own in the field of grammar.

This text is seems to be written with the objective of protecting the

tradition preserved by P°∏ini, K°ty°yana and Pataµjali and to keep the full-

fledged study of grammar alive. The manuscript of Saraswath¢ka∏th°bhara∏a is

got from Kerala also which shows that the study of Bhoja grammar was prevalent

23

here also. Melputt£r N°r°ya∏a Bha∂∂a in his Prakriy°sarvaswam quotes Bhoja in

several places and praises him in his Ap°∏in¢yapr°m°∏yas°dhanam. Bhoja

substitutes many usages than P°∏ini. This may be because Sanskrit might have

changed a little between the periods of Panini to Bhoja.

The first seven chapters of this text describe the Laukikaøabdas and the

eighth chapter describes the Swaraprakara∏a and the Vedic words.

Saraswat¢ka∏∂h°bhara∏a is based on P°∏ini`s grammar and C°ndra

grammar. In formulating the S£tras and the division of Prakara∏a he depends on

C°ndragrammar more than P°∏ini`s grammar.

The commentators of Saraswat¢ka∏a∂h°bhara∏a

I) Bhoja.

It is assumed that Bhoja himself wrote a commentary on

Saraswat¢ka∏∂h°bhara∏a. For this the following are the evidences

Vardham°na, the author of Ga∏aratnamahodadhi writes

¶……‰V…∫i…÷ ∫…÷J……n˘™……‰ n˘∂… C™…ŒV¥…v……Ë x…∞¸…i…… <i™…÷HÚ¥……x…¬

He took this quotation from the s£tra " V……i…EÚ…±…∫…÷J……n˘¶™…∂S…" (SKBh 3/3/101)

In the commentary of Amarakoøa 1/2/24 K¿¢rasw°m¢ writes

24

<±¥…±……∫i……Æ˙EÚ…& * <±¥…±……‰∫…÷Æ˙ <i… =h……n˘…Ë ∏…“¶……‰V…n‰¥……‰ ¥™……EÚÆ˙…‰i…¬

K¿¢rasw°m¢ took this quotation from the v§tti of U∏°dis£tra

"i…÷±¥…±…‰±¥…±……±¥…±……n˘™…&" (SKBh 2/3/122). Also Da∏∑an°tha may have

written his commentary 'H§dayah°ri∏¢' on the basis of the commentary of

Bhoja Deva. This is understood from his own words

'<i… ∏…“n˘hb˜x……l…x……Æ˙…™…h…¶…]¬ı]ı∫…®…÷rfii……™……∆ ∫…Æ˙∫¥…i…“EÚh`ˆ…¶…Æ˙h…∫™… ±…P…÷¥…k……Ë

æ˛n˘™…Ω˛…Æ˙h™……∆....'

Here two words ' ±…v…÷¥…fik……Ë' and '∫…®…÷rfii……™……®…¬' show that his commentary is an

abridged form of a large one. Also he may use the word '¥…Æ˙S…i……™……∆' in

place of '∫…®…÷rfi˘i……™……®…¬'.

II) Da∏∑an°tha N°r°ya∏a Bha∂∂a.

There is one important commentary by Da∏∑an°tha N°r°ya∏a

Bha∂∂a named H§dayah°ri∏¢. This is edited and published by S°mbaø°stri

III) K§¿∏al¢l°øuka.

K§¿∏al¢l°øuka wrote a commentary named 'Puru¿ak°ra' on

Saraswa¢ika∏∂h°bhara∏a. The manuscript is available in Trivandrum

Manuscript library

25

IV) R°masimhadeva

R°masimhadeva wrote a commentary on Saraswat¢ka∏∂h°bhara∏a named

Ratnadarpa∏a

Thus not only P°∏ini, but Cadra and Bhoja have a respectable position in

the field of Sanskrit grammar.

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