General Knowledge: MODERN INDIA HISTORY

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Thursday, October 2, 2008

MODERN INDIA HISTORY

MODERN INDIA HISTORY AT A GLANCE

GENERAL STUDIES FORPRELIMSADVENT OF THEEUROPEANS

1.Shakespeare termed India as a land of ‘great opportunities’. Hegel calledIndia as the ‘land of desires’. Until 15th Century there were three traderoutes only. First route to Caspian and Black Seas through Central Asia;Second to Mediterranean Sea through Syria. Third route to Egypt via RedSea. But in 1453 with the conquest of Constantinople by Turkish all theroutes were closed.

2.Portugese: Vasco da Gama reached Calicut on 20.5.1498 and Zamorin Kingwelcomed him. This new Sea route via ‘Cape of Good Hope’ and discovery ofAmerica were termed as two greatest by Adam Smith. He again came in 1502.First Governor was Fransiscl Almedia. In 1509 Alfonso d’ Albuyquerque cameto India as Portuguese Governor and captured Goa from Bijapur in 1510.Capital transferred from Cochin to Goa in 1530 by by Nino- da cuncha,. LostHoogli in 1631 to Shajahan.1661 Bombay given Royal dowry toCharles II formarrying Catherine. But they could not continue in India due to religiousintolerance and piracy. They taught us tobacco cultivation. Goa freed in 1961

3.Dutch – In 1595 Dutch merchants started going to India They formed DutchEast India Company(VOC) in 1602. They established a few trading depots atSurat, Cambay, Ahmedabad.Lost to British in 1759 in the battle of Bedara1759.

4.East India Company – It was originally known as Governor and Companyof Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies and Queen Elizabeth Igranted royal charter on 31.12.1600. The first Governor was Thomas Smithand Groups were known as ‘Merchant Adventurers’. Hawkins was given 400manasabs by Jahangir. In 1615 James I sent his Ambassador Sir Thomas Roeto the Court of Jahangir. First they started factory at Surat, in 1633 atMusulipattam. Fort St. George was constructed in 1640 and a factory wasopened at Bangalore in 1642.

a) Got madras in 1639 from Raja of Chandagiri and Fort St George

b). In 1661 Bombay was received as royal dowry from Portuguese for marryingtheir Princess Catherine Braganza with Charles II. The Company got it fromthe King in 1668 for an annual rent of 10pounds.

c) In 1715 three villages Sutanati, Kalikota and Govindpur got byHamiltongained firman in 1717 called magna carta of the company.

5) Danes: Came in 1616 Coy- Tarangampadi- Serambore capital.Sold allsettlements to British in 1845.

6) French: 1664 company- First factory at Suratr and machilipattinam- Firstgovernor wasFrancois Martin- Dupliex powerful and Carnatic Wars.

7.Carnatic War French were the last to come – a.First war 1745 to 1748 –due to capture of French ship by Barmett and Duplleix opposed it . Fought at

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General Knowledge: MODERN INDIA HISTORY

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St, Thome and French won. However end of war of Austria also ended thiswar and Madras was given to English.

b.Second war 1749-54. French supported Muzaffar Jung and Chanda Sahib.French lost and Arcot was captured by Clive. Chanda Sahib executed.

c.Third War – Outbreak of seven years war in Europe and Capture ofChandra Nagoor by Clive led to the War.

8.Battle of Plassey 1757 – Between Siraj-ud-daula and British – British wonand it paved a way for British Monarchy of Bengal – marked beginning ofdrain of wealth from India to Britain.

9.Battle of Buxar 1764 – Between Munro and Mir Quasim, Shuja-ud-daulaand Shah Alam II. British won and became defacto rulers of Bengal.

10.Anglo Maratha War. a.First 1775-1782 – defeated of Britain. b.Second –1803-1805c.Third – 1817-1818.

INDIA IN THE EIGHTEENTHCENTURY(SPK)1.Political and other Conditions Generally it was fluid and past deteriorating.Disintegration of Mughal Empire, Growth of Marathas and Peshwas and rise ofautonomous states and foreign invasions were the salient future. Women weretreated badly and were victims of Saty, Child marriage, Infanticide, Purdha(both muslims and higher caste Hindus wore it) and Devadasi system inOrissa and Tamil Nadu.

2.Disintegration of the Mughal Empire

I.It started with death of Aurangzeb in 1707. During Shah Alam II its boundaryshrink from ‘Alam to Palam’ - Red Fort to Village.

II.Three sons of Aurangzeb fought a.Muhammad Muazzam was first son calledBahadur Shan I – captured power and prevented demolitions of temples. Hewas called Shah-I-Bekhabar b.Second son was Muhammad Azam and waskilled c. Third son was Kam Bakhas who was favourites to his father and wascalled ‘Deen Panah’ (Saviour of the religion)

III.In 1712 Jahandar Shah came to throne with the support of Zulfikar Khan.He did away Jaziya tax. He honoured Rana Jai Singh of Amer as ‘Sawai’.

IV.He was killed by Farrukh Siyar with the help of Saiyid brothers and he rulledfrom 1713-1719. Saiyid brothers were Abdulla Khan and Hussain Ali Khan.Who were known as ‘king makers’.

V.After death of Siyar, two princes Rafi-ud-Darajat and Daula came tothroneand finally Muhammad Shah rulled Delhi from 1719-1748. HENCEDURING 1719 THERE WERE FOUR MULSIMS RULERS.

vi.After death of Muhammad Shah his son Ahmad Shah ruled for six yearsfrom 1748-1754. During his period Ahmad Shah Abdali raided India severaltimes.

VII.Hence Aziz-ud-din came to throne and was called Alamgir II. Hissuccessors were Shah Alam II 1759-1806, Akbar Shah II 1806-1837 andBahadur Shah II 1837-1857.

VIII.There were many manasabs in the Mughal Court. They were Irani fromIran, Turani from Central Asia, Afgan and Hindustani. Saiyid brothers wereHindustani. If Saiyid brothers continued they would have succeeded inestablishing frank and powerful Government.

3.Maratha Power

I.After Ahahuji Raja Ram came to throne. II.Shahiji was released by BahadurShah I. III.Civil War between Shahuji and Tara Bai widow of Rajaram.IV.Shahuji appointed Balaji Vishwanath as first Peshwa which was hereditary.Second Peshwa was Baji Rao and third was Balaji Baji Rao and last was BajiRao II. Their seat of power was Poona. They own many baters but lost thecrucial third batter of Panipat. Even though they own Hydrabad in 1760.

4.Rice of Autonomous Statesa.Awadh – Saadat Khan established. He wasalso called Burhan-ul-Mulk. He joint hands with Nadir Shah and latercommitted to suicide. Safdarjand and Shuja-ud-Daula were prominent rulers.

b.Bengal in 1700 – Murshid Quli Khan became Diwan of Bengtal.

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c.Hydrabad Nisamk-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah found it in 1724 and found Asafjahidynasty. It entered with subsidiary alliance of Britian.

d.Mysore – I.Haider Ali associated with first two An glo Mysore Wars andkilled in second war. First he was appointed as Faujdar of Dindigul. First war(1767-1769) – He conquered Malabar and Coorg. Second Anglo war 1780-1784 and he died in 1782.

II.Tipu Sultan – Ruled from 1782-1799. His attempt to remove commander ofBednur was vital. During his period treaty of Mangalore find after second warand he withdrew from Carnatic. In 1787 he proclaimed himself as kPadshah.Third Anglo Mysore war 1790-1792 and jktreaty of Seringapattam and he paidthree crore rupees. Fourth war 1799 and Tipu was killed. He sent Ambassadorto Foreign Country

e.Kerala – Started by King Martanda Verma. In 1805 Travancore joindsubsidiary alliance with Britain.

f.Rajput – Sawai Jai Singh built Jaipur. He was expert in Geometry,Trignometry and Sanskrit.

g.Sikhs – He started with Guru Nanak Dev. Guru Gobind Singh was the 10th

and last Guru and he formed Sikh Khalsa with 12 Sikh confederations (misls).Ranjit Singh was Ch8ief of Misls.

h.Assam – It was also known as Kamrup and Pragjyotishpur. They resisted allforeign invasions.

5.Foreign Invasions – a. Nadir Shah – Persian ruler whose father wasShepherd. In 1738 he conquered Kandhar. In 1739 he invaded India and fightat Karnal. He defeated Nadir Shah. He took seventy crore rupees and alsopeacock throne built by Shah Jahan and famous Kohinoor diamond. b.In 1747Nadir Shah was assassinated. Ahmad Shah Abdali became ruler and invadedseven times India and looted many properties. His significant win was thirdbattle of Panipat, which was fifth invasions in which he defeated Marathas in1761 under Baji Rao I. Even to day there is a memorial at Panipat in honour ofMarathas soldiers who were killed.

THE BRITISH ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE AND ORGANISATION OFGOVERNMENT IN INDIA (1757-1857)

-Until 1765, the East India Company was basically a trading concern.

Lord Clive, during his second term as Governor, established Diarchyin Bengal and this system was continued for 7 years.`The College established by Lord Wellesley, at Fort Williams in 1800which integrated training in history, customary laws and languages didnot find the favour of the Court of Directors and it was continued onlylanguage training School till 1854.The Company established in 1806 its own training College in England inthe name of East India College at Hailsbury.

Cornwallis first Governor General established a regular police force on theBritish pattern in India.

The Supreme Court held its proceedings on the basis of English laws. TheSadar Diwani and Sadar Nizamat Adalats (Criminal) operated on the basis ofIndian laws.

The first Law Commission constituted to codify and improve rules andregulations was framed Indian Penal Code (IPC) which came into effect in1860.

Warren Hastings established a Board of Revenue to improve the system ofrevenue administration. .

In 1854, Sir Charles Wood sent a comprehensive dispatch on education tothe Government of India in which the issues regarding the establishment ofdepartments of public instructions in five provinces of the Company, promotionof western education in English and Indian languages and the pattern of grantsin aid to encourage private participation in the field of education wererecommended.

Despatch recommended the establishment of one University each in Calcutta,Bombay and Madras, on the Model of the London University. In 1857 the threeUniversities were established on the basis of Wood’s recommendation.

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In July 1856, J.P.Grant, a member of the Governor General’s Council tabled abill supporting widow remarriage was passed on 13 July 1856 and came to becalled the Widow Remarriage Act 1856.

In 1846 the minimum marriageable age for a girls was only 10 years. In1891, through the enactment of the Age of Consent Act, this was raised to 12years.

In 1930, through the Sharda Act, the minimum age was raised to 14 years.

After independence, the limit was raised to 15 and 18 years, respectively in1948 and 1978.

Equal rights were given to men and women only after independence throughthe 1956 Right to Hindu Inheritance of Property Act to own property.

In 1917, the issue of women franchise was taken up in relation to theelections for the Provincial Councils, Municipalities and other local self-governing bodies. Prominent women leaders of this time like Sarojini Naidu,Meera Behn, Masturba Gandhi and Rajkumari Amrit Kaur played significantroles in this regard.

The Government of India Act of 1935 granted limited franchise to the Indianwomen.

Mahatma Gandhi brought out a paper, the Harijan, and also organized theHarijan Sevak Sangh. The Ryotwari settlement was introduced mainly inMadras, Berar, Bombay and Assam.

In 1833, the Mahalwari settlement was introduced in the Punjab, the CentralProvinces and parts of north western provinces (Present UP)

. Kutch, Sind and Punjab were known for manufacturing arms; Kolhapur,Satara, Gorkhpur, Agra, Chittor and Palaghat had earned a reputation for theirglass industries.Despite enjoying fame in the world, the Indian handicraftindustry had begun to decline by the beginning of the 18th century.

In 1769, the first steam engine was invented. Comet Napoleon used thefirst steamer in 1812 in an expedition to Russia.The first railway line was developed between Bombay to Thane. Itsinauguration was done on 16 April 1853. First Telegraph Line 1852between Calcutta and Agra. Postal 1854.

1857 REVOLT(SPK)1. It was a land mark in Indian history. It was termed as first war ofIndependence by Savarkar. But ridiculed as Sepoy Mutiny by British as only apart of central India participated in it. Any way it was starting point againstBritish Rule. Had it succeeded, there would has been a different chapter in theHistory of India.

2. Previous Mutinies – Bengal 1764, Vellore 1806, 47th Regiment 1824 and34th, 22nd, 66 and 37 native infantry in 1844, 1849, 1850 and 1852.

3. Reasons for the Revolt- It can be divided into individual Reasons andsocial, Economic, political and administrative Reasons

4. Individual Reasons

a) Grievance of Native Rulers – Doctrine of Lapse – Annexation of Awadhabolition of titles. Successor of Bahadur Shah would be known as princes.

b) Grievance of Sepoys – Para 2 above c)Grievance of Orthodox andconservative people – Domination of Christian missionary- abolition of Sati,widow remarriage act, protection of converts from Hinduism 1856

d)Grievance of crafts man, peasants and Zamindars Village and crap destroy,Zamindars affected by permanent settlement and strict collection of Revenue

5. Economic Causes – Heavy Taxation Borrowed from Money lenders – drainof wealth – Destruction ofvillage industries and crafts manship and permanentsettlement

b) Political Cause – Subsidiary Allowance, doctrine of lapse

c) Social Cause – Conversion, Sati, Widow Re-marriage

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d) Administrative Cause: Corruption

6) Immediate cause – Introduction of New Enfield Rifle in January 1867 withGreased Cartridge with fat of Cows and Pigs – Sepoys of 19th N.I. atBerhampur disobey on 26.02.1957 and Mangal Pandey of 34 N.I. at Barakpurstarted it.

7. Courses of Revolt

a) Beginning 10.05.1957. Sepoy at Merut started – British tried to control bydeclaring Bahadur Shah as Emperor of India – No effect – Massacre of BritishCivil Military Officers.

b) Spread – to various Places as detailed below.

c)Centres, leaders and suppression

I. Delhi – Bahadur Shah II – Arrested and deported to Rangoon

II Kanpur – Nana sahib, Tantiatope – Killed at Gwaliar III Lucknow – Begum ofAwadh – defeated Bihar - Kunwar Singh

IV Jansi – Rani Lakshmi Bai – She Captured Gwaliar – Lost later

8. Reasons for failure : a) Only Central region participated

b) Un Sympathetic attitude and Hostility of many native rulers seek nonparticipation by Bengal, Punjab, Bombay, Madras c) Hostility of Money lendersand Merchants

e) Weakness of Revolters f)Strong British

9) Hindu Muslim unity factor – First time Witnessewd –Accepted BahadurShah – Sentiment of Both respected – Ban on Cow slaughter ordered – BothHindu and Muslim were included in main positions .

Conclusion: It was not successful due to factors mentioned above – yet it wasstarting point. It was more than Sepoy- Mutiny – Due to these there was majortransformation in British policy- Try divide and rule by provoking Muslims.Above all company’s rules ended.

IMPORTANT WARS

1) First Carnatic War- 1745-48-Austrian War cause- Nawab ofCarnaticsupported British but lost- Victory forFrench- difference between DupleixandLa Bourdaunaris- Treaty of

Aix.La Chapple- Madras given back-Proved superiority of foreign army overLarge local Army

2) Second Carnatic War-1749-54-Originally Dupleix,Chanda Sahib, andNasir Jung joined and defeated Md Ali in the battle of AMBUR..laterMarathas, Tanjore and British supported him and Capture ofArcot by Clive-French influence restricted toHyderabad.

Treatyof Pondichery

3) Thir CarnaticWar- 1758-63-Capture of Chandernagore by Clive andmore British army at Bengal- Battle of Wandiwasi1760 and defeat of LallyatEyre Coteled- Treaty of Paris- ended French ambitionin India.

4)Battle of Plassey: 1757-Why Bengal-Siraj ud dowla and Mir jafar and MirKasim- Wanted to overthrow- Clive entered and defeated

5) Battle of Buxar-1764 Mir Kasim shifted his capital from Murshidabad toMonghyer-Vansitrat andMir Kasim-Lost- Shah alam became puppet.

6) Anglo Mysore War1 : 1767-69: Haider Ali+Nizam+French- Vs English-Hyder won- Treaty of madras

7) Anglo Mysore –1780-84War2:Hyder+ Nizam+Marathas Hyder killed-Treaty ofMangalore-

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8) Third War: 1790-92- TipuVsEnglish-Nizam and Marathas- Tipu lost-Treatyof Seerangapattinam-Tipu helped Hindus- Temple- coin-Foreignembassy

9) Fourth War: 1799-Tipu- Vs English- Tipu killed

10) First Anglo maratha War: 1775-1782- Sawai Madhava Rao vs Englishwith Ragnath Rao- Treaty of Salabi-20 yearspeace

11) SecondAnglo Maratha War: 1803-05- Baji Rao II- Treaty of Bassein

12) Third War- 1817-1818Lasr PeshwaNanaSahib dethroned and sent toKanpur- satara captured by British

13)First Anglo Sikh War- 1843-46-4 battles ended with Treaty of Lahoreand Sikhs ceded Jullundur to British- Treaty of Bhairowal- Duleep singhmade King by British

14) Second Anglo sikh War: 1848-49- To suppress revolt of Mulraj-Annexation of Punjab in 1849- DuleepSingh pensioned off to England

15) First Afghan War- 1839-42- Forward Policy of Lord Auckland

16) Second War 1878-1880- Lytton’s Forwardpolicy led to the war

17) Burmese Wars

a) First- 1824-26 b) Second- 1852 c) 1885- Lord dufferin.

18) Anglo-Nepalese War (1814-1816) over Nepal’s southward and Britain’snorthward expansion in India. Although the British defeated Nepal, theywere so impressed by the Gurkha fighters that they enticed them to enterthe British (and subsequently, Indian) army. The Gurkhas, known forcarrying razor-sharp curved knives called kukris,

RELEGIOUS AND SOCIAL REFORMSMOVEMENTS1. 19th Century witnessed New vision – Also called renaissance. Impact ofBritish Rule, Religious superstition, Boredom with religious movements socialconditions, Caste factor raising of nationalism and democracy LED TOREFORMS.

2. Social base –Emergence of Middle Class and Western Educationalintellectual – through renaissance, Re-formation and enlightenment

b) Ideological base – Nationalism, Religiosm , Universalism, Humanism andsecularism. Authority in religion was given up and truth in religion wassearched. Universal theism of Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Social Reformmovements played important role. Movements like Brahma Samaj, PradhanaSamaj, Aligarh movements which were reformed and Arya Samaj, Deobandwhich were revivalist played important role

3. Social Reform

a) Social equality and equal worth of individuals which were humanistic andidealist had major impact. Originally it was integral part of Religious Reform.But later on adopted secular approach. Originally upper caste followed; laterlower strata of society also followed. Various organisation and individuals alsoplayed important role. Languages played important rule and Drama, Poetryand press spread their use. Broadly Social Reform had 2 point Agenda

(i) Betterment status of Woman in Society (ii) Removing caste inequalities

4. Betterment of Woman

a) Abolition of Sati – Raja Ram Mohan Roy- 1829 Bengal Presidencyabolished and from 1830 Madras and Bombay presidency

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b) Female Infanticide – Prevalent among upper class Bengalis and Rajputs.Bengal regularisation 1795, 1804 declared infanticide has equivalent to Murderand Act 1870 made compulsory Registration of Birth. Widow RemarriageBrahmo Samaj had the issue in its agenda.

c) Widpw Remarriage But Eswar Chandra Vidhaya Sagar (1822-1891)Principal of Sanskrit College at Calcutta was instrumental in passing Act of1856. Vishnurajagiri Pandit founded Widow remarriage association in 1850. V.Bandulu made in Madras. Karve marriage a widow in 1893 and becameSecretary of Widow remarriage association and opened a home in Pune. Setup Indian woman university at Bombay in 1916.

d) Child marriage

First prohibited in 1872through Native Marriage Act. But limited as notapplicable to Hindus and Muslims- through age of Consent act 1891. marriageage was raised to 12. Other acts to be noted.

e) Education of Woman

Christian Missionary in 1819. Vidhyasagar was associated with 35 GirlsSchool in Bengal-. Iin 1914 Woman Medical Service. Trained Nurses andMidwife. Karreys Indian Woman University 1916 – Laid Harding MedicalCollege in Delhi.

f) Participation in the Swadeshi and acted participation and human rulemoments were new openings and woman faced lathis and Bullets andimprisonment – later they took part in Trade union. Later elected to legislative/Local bodies.

Sarojini Naidu became president of Indian National Congress 1925 and FirstGovernor of United Provinces of India Woman Conference 1927.

g) Various legislative measures in India after Independence to be analysed.

5) Struggle against Caste-Based Exploitation.

a) Various Castes –Chaturvarnashrama – Caste determined who could geteducation, ownership, profession, dress, food etc.,

b) Factors which reduced caste Regidities.

i) Creation of Private property in land ii) New Industries and Opening of NewEconomy

iii) Equality before law Iv) Judicial functions of caste Panchayats taken away

v)Education and Recruitment open to all vi) Social Reform Movements

(vii)National Movement

viii) Congress Government did work for upliftment of the depressed Classeslike free education for Harijans etc.,

ix) Gandhiji founded All India Harijan Sangh in 1932

x)Government of India act 1935 which clear representation.

xi)Jyotiba Phule and Ambedkar who opened All India Schedule CasteFederation in 1942 xii) Other self respect movement.

xiii) New Constitution and Directive Principles.

6) Various Organisations

Brahmo Samaj – Raja Ram Mohan Ray founded – called father of IndianRenaissance –

At the age of sixteen, Rammohun became convinced of the futility ofidol worship and to that effect wrote a treatise, Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidin(Gift to Monotheists) in Persian.In 1815, he founded the Atmiya Sabha.On 20 August 1828, he founded the Brahmo Samaj.He strongly denounced idol worship and called upon the Hindus toabandon it.He called upon the British to make India their permanent home, so thatthe drain of Indian wealth could be stopped.According to the eminent writer Satyendra Nath Majumdar, Rammohunwas the first Hindu of his time to go abroad.

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He Translated Vedas and Upanishads and he set up Atmiya Sabha in Calcuttain 1814. He wrote Precepts of Jesus in 1820. He was a linked between eastand west culture. He knew more than 12 languages. Practice against Sati. Hesupported David Hare to found Hindu College in 1815 in 1825. He establisheda Vedanta College.

b)Maharishi Debendranath Tagore – Father of Tagore – Succeeded Roy –He also found Tattvabodhini Sabha in 1839.

After the demise of Raja Rammohun Roy in 1833, the leadership ofBrahmo Samaj was passed on to the hands of Maharishi DevendranathTagore (1817-1905), the grandfather of Rabindranath Tagore.In 1839, he had founded the Tattvabodhini Sabha, which was megedwith Brahmo Samaj in 1842.

In 1866 the Brahmo Samaj was split into the Brahmo Samaj of India headedby Keshav Chandra Sen and the Adi Brahmo Samaj, which remained underthe guidance of Devendranath Tagore

Brahmo Samaj aimed at 5 principles .

i) It denouonced polytheism and idol worship

ii)It discarded faith in divine avataras (incarnation)

iii)It denied that any scripture could enjoy the status of ultimate authoritytranscending human reason and conscience

iv) It took no definite stand on the doctrine of karma and transmigration of souland left it to individual Brahmos to believe either way v) It criticised the castesystem

c) Prarthana SamajK.C. Sen found in Bombay – Paramhansa Sabha founded in 1849.

d) Young Bengal Movement – Radical, intellectual trend among the youthunder Henry Derozio started. He got inspiration from French Revolution. Hewas called first nationalist poet of modern India.

e) I.C.Vidyasagar.

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar (1820-1891) occupied a prominent placeamong the social reformers and educationists of the 19th century.

In 1849, he founded the Bethune School at Calcutta. The main aim of thisschool was to encourage female education.

He was Principal of Sanskrit College 1850 and open it to admit non brahmins.Introduced western thought in Sanskrit College, Secretary of Bethune School1849. Started Movement in support of Widow remarriage. remarriage.

f)B.C. Chatterjee: The eminent Bengali novelist as well as the composer ofthe famous national song Bande Mataram, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay(1838-1894) aroused a new consciousness in the 19th century Bengalisociety.

In 1872, he started the publication of a monthly magazine under the titleBanga Darshan from Behrampur.His novel is Anand Math

g) SERVANTS INDIA SOCIETY: G.K.Gokule founded in 1905. TO TRAINNational Machinery and to promoteinterest of Indian people. In 1915Srinivasa Sasthri took over asPresident.h) Social Service Leaque – Narayana Malhoth Joshi founded in Bombay. Healso founded All India Trade Union Congress in 1920.

i) Ramakrishna Movement – Started to propagate Bakthi – Yoga byRamakrishna Pramahamsa (1834-86) – Vocation Priest of Kali Temple inDakshineshwar. He taught salvation by renunciation, mediation and Bakthi. Hesaid all Gods are same though names are different. (Mutt) founded byRamakrishna.

j) Vivekananda (1862-1902) – Known as Narendira Nath Datta – Found

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Ramakrishna Mission in 1897 with Headquarters at Belur. Vivekananda usedtechnology at modern type in the service of mankind. His famous speech atChicago in 1893 is world famous. He never gave any political message. Hewas considered as spiritual father of the Modern National Movement.SubhasChandra Bose regarded him as the founder of modern India who possessedthe heart of Buddha and the intellect of Shankaracharya. Tagore ‘He is geniusof creation.

k)Dayananda Saraswathi – Dayananda founded the Arya Samaj inm Bombayon 10 April 1875 based on a set of 28 principles of Lahore.

For the cause of national liberation Swami Dayananda stressed onSwadeshi, swadharma, swabhasha and swarajya.Annie Besant, the famous Theosophist regarded Dayananda as firstperson, who gave slogan of Indian nationhood, emphasizing thesuperiority of Indian culture.

His famous wok was Sathiyach Prakash. He gave the slogan back to Veda –Revival of Vedic learning. He was against Orthodoxy, Caste, Untouchablity andPolytheism. He supported Cheturvarma - Man not born in any caste butaccording to occupations he followed. It prescribes marriageable age as 25and 16. He started Dayanand Anglo Vedic (DAV) School first at Lahore in1886. He gave ten principles.

l) Seva Sadhan - Started by Parsi Chromji. Malabari. It took care of womenand their welfare.

m)Dharma Sabha. Radha Khan Beg founded in 1830.

n) Sri Narayana Guru Dharma Paribalana – Ezahavas of Kerala – 1902 -Admission, Appointment, Assess to temple and Political representations.

o) Vokkaliga Sangam – Launched in1905 in Mysore.

p) Justice Movement – D.N. Mudaliar, T.M.Nair and Sri Thiyakaraja to securejobs and representations for non-Brahmin. In 1917 Madras PresidencyAssociation was found.

q) Self Respect Movement started by E.B.R. in 1920.

r)Aravippuram Movement in 1988 on the occasion of Sivarathiri by NarayanaGuru to install ideal of Shiva.

s)Temple Entry Movement – Narayana Guru – Kumaran and T.K.Madhavan– in 1924 Vaikom Sathya Giraha of Kesava wanted

opening Hindu Temple to untouchables – Jothas in Punjab.

t) Indian National Conference founded by M.G. Ranadate in 1887 at Madras.

u) Theosophical Movement – Madam Blagalsky and Thomas Alcott foundedin 1875 at USA. In 1882 Shifted Headquarters to Adyar. Believed specialrelationship could be established between God and Soul by prayer revelationet

v)Annie Besant became President in 1907 after the death of Alcot. She cameto India in 1893 and laid foundation of Central Hindu College in Banaras in1898. It became Banaras Hindu University in 1916.

separate peoples and increased communal consciousness. v) Historicalprocess of evolution of composite culture arrested to some extent.

INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

* Founded by 1885 by A.O. Hume.

* Venue of 1st Session – Gokul Tejpal Sanskrit School of Bombay.

* First President – W.C. Banerjee. * First Women President – Annie Besant(1917 Calcutta). * First Indian Women President – Sarojini Naidu.(1925,Kanpur)

* First English President – George Yule * First Muslim President – BadaruddinTayabji* Women President – Annie Besant (1917), Sarojini Naidu (1925) andNalin Sengupta. * Thrice President (Maximum times) – Dadabhi Naoroji(1886,1863,1906), J.L. Nehru (1929, 1936, 1937).

* First Session to hold in village – 1937 (Fazipur). * First split of congress –1907 (Surat). * First – Joint Session of Congress and Muslim League Lucknow

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(1916).

* Word Swaraj was first used from congress platform (1906) Calcutta.

* Only session presided over by Gandhi – Belgaon (1924).

* Complete Independence was demand for the first time (1929), Lahore.

* For the first time National Song was sung in the Calcutta Session (1896) ofINC. i.e., Vande Mataram * For the first time National Anthem (Jana GanaMana ) Was sung in Calcutta session (1911) of INC.

* Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was the youngest president of Inc.

* The first session of congress (Bomaby 1885) was attended by 72representatives.During the fourth session of INC (1888, Allahabad)emphasized was given on formation of its constitution. * Nagpur Session(1891) the word ‘National’ was added to Congress. * Poona session(1895),representatives second time discussed on the formation of its constitution.

* Calcutta session of 1906, its president for the first time used ‘ Swaraj’ in hisspeech. * In Lucknow Session of Congress (1916) the two factions of congress(extremists and Moderates) reunited.

* During Ahmedabad Session of INC (1921) , C. R. Das was elected itsPresident but Azamal Khan presided over the session because C.R. Das wasin prison.

* During Gaya Session (1922 ) differences arose over the issue of councilentry. C.R.Das and Motilal Nehru organized Swaraj Party in 1922.

* During its Delhi session (1923) INC decided to establish All India KhadiBorad.

* Gandhi presided over only Belgaon session (1924) of INC.

* During this session knowledge of weaving was fixed as minimumqualification for its members. Gandhi decide to set up ‘All India CharkhaAssociation declared 1926’ as year of keeping silent.

* During Guwahati session of Inc (1926) wearing Khadi was made compulsoryfor its workers.

* During Madras session of INC 91927), proposals for independence and toboycott Simon commission were passed. Gandhi did not participate.

* During Karachi Session (1931) Fundamentals Rights and Economic PolicyProposals Passed.

* During its 1932 and 1933 session government had declared it anillegal organization.

* During Lucknow Session (1936), J.L. Nehru explained socialism for the firsttime. * During Fazipur Session (1937) congress decided to take part inelection of 1937. * 1938 session of congress held in a village Haripura.Netajielected unopposed. * In Ramgarh Session (1904) decisions on IndividualSatyagarha.

* The word “Congress” Or INC was taken from the history of USA whichmeans group of people. * While Britishers tried to use congress as a safetyvalve, Indian leaders tried to use it as ‘lightening conductor,”* During TripuriSession Of INC (1939) Subhash Chandra Bose Defeated PattabhiSitaramaya(Gandhi’s candidate in presidential election) but later resigned andRajendra Prasad became its president.* During Calcutta Session (1928) firstAll India Youth congress was established.* During Delhi session (1918) alongwith S.N. Banerjee many liberals resigned from INC.

IMPORTANT SESSIONS OF INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

YEARS PRESIDENTS PLACES

1885 Womesh Chandra Banerjee Bombay

1886 Dadabhai Naoroji Calcutta

1887 Badaruddin Tayabji Madras

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1888 George Yule Allahabad

1889 Sir William Wederburn Bombay

1905 Gopal Krishna Gokhale Vanaras

1906 Dadabhai Naoroji Calcutta

1907 Rashbehari Ghosh Surat

1908 Rashbehari Ghosh Madras

1916 Ambika Charan Majumdar Lucknow

1917 Smt. Annie Besant Calcutta

1920 Lala Lajpat Rai Calcutta

1922 Chittaranjan Das Gaya

1924 M.K.Gandhi Belgaon

1925 Sarojini Naidu Kanpur

1928 Motilal Nehru Calcutta

1929 J.L.Nehru Lahore

1931 Vallabhbhai Patel Karachi

1933 Smt. Nalini Sengupta Calcutta

1934 Rajendra Prasad Bombay

1938 Subash Chandra Bose Haripura

1939 Subash Chandra Bose Tripura

1946 J.B.Kriplani- On Independence Meerut

1947 Rajendra Prasad Delhi

1948 Pattabhi Sita Ramaiya Jaipur

INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENTS ( 1885 -1905)

1. Commonly the period between 1885-1905 is known as the period ofmoderates or of moderate nationalism.

2. The moderate leaders of the Congress belonged to the educated middleclass. They held the belief that the English were basically truthful andjust.Banerjee, Naoroi, Mehta, SN banerjee, Tyabi, Dutta, Gokale were knownas moderates

3. In its very first session the moderates asked for reform in the IndianCouncil. They also asked for the abolition of the post of Secretary of State forIndia and India Council.

4. The moderates laid great emphasis on the question of appointing Indians tohigh governmental posts.

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5. In the beginning, the Congress paid no attention to agricultural matters, butin its fourth session they asked for a reduction and subsequent fixation of theland revenue.

6. In 1901 a demand for industrial expansion also began.

7. Under the leadership of William Digby, the Congress opened a branch inEngland in1888 and started publishing a magazine called ’India’.

8. In 1905, Gokhale had established the Servants of India Society. He hadalso rejected the title of knighthood and refused to accept a position in theCouncil of the Secretary of State for India.

9. In 1893 Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902) arrived in hey city of Chicago inAmerica with great difficulty, to attend the world Parliament of Religion. In theconference, he was given two minutes to speak on the very first day. It was inthis year on November 16 that Annie Besant (1847-1933) arrived in India. Theyear 1893 was also important year in the life of Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948).This was the year when he went to South Africa in connection with the trial ofa Merchant, Abdullah Seth.

10. Lokmanya Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pal (who are known inIndian History as the revolutionary trio) filled in the Indian people the ideas ofself-respect, self-confidence, patriotism and courage and inspired the work forIndia’s independence.The above three and Aurobind Ghosh wereknown asExtremists.(Moderate Extremist split in sural Session 1907 and reunited in1916 Session due to efforts of Annie Besant.From 1916 Extremists got upperhand.

11. Bal Gangadhar Tilak (1856-1920) was popularly known as a ‘LokamanyaTilak’. In reality he was the chief propagator of a new national consciousnessin the country. Before Mahatma Gandhi no other leader matched his stature.He was born on 23 July 1856 at Ratnagiri in Maharastra. In 1881, he beganhis drive for new awakening by among the Indians publishing two newspapersi.e., the Maratha (English) and Kesari (Marathi). He participated in the Bombaysession in 1889 for the first time and for the next thirty years he remained itsmain leader. By introducing the celebration of Ganesh Chaturthi and Shivajifestivals he tried to bring the Indian society together and inspired patrioticfeelings among the people. In 1906 he introduced two slogans ‘Swaraj is mybirth right’ and ‘Our life and religion are useless without the attainment ofSwaraj’. In 1908 and was sentenced to six years of imprisonment. TheBritishers called him the ‘Father of Indian disaffection’ and the ‘biggest traitor’.

12. The second great leader in this category was Lala Lajpat Rai (1865-1928).He was also known as Sher-e-Punjab. He was born in village Dhoondke inFerozepur district in Punjab on 28 January 1965. He encouraged the use ofHindi language in daily life. He was impressed by the ideas of Arya Samaj. Hebegan his practice of Law in Hissar but soon he shifted to Lahore. Hepublished a few newspapers like ‘The Punjabi’. Later he also published ‘ThePupil ‘in English. While demonstrating against the Simon Commission he washit by a baton on the head and after a short while died on 17 November 1928.Lord Minto wrote that the Congress was very loyal but Lala Lajpat Rai was avery dangerous man.

13. The third member of the trio was Bipin Chandra Pal (1858-1932). He was born on 7 November 1858. He had come into contactwith the Brahmo Samaj and had went to Central Europe andAmerica as its spokesman. He started English weekly called ‘NewIndia’. In 1907 he was tried for treason and was sent to jail.14. Theperiod of Lord Curzon witnessed another terrible famine during 1899-1900. But he never paid any head to it and held a Royal Durbar inDelhi in 1903 in order to commemorate the coronation of Edward VIIwhich was an expensive affair.

PARTITION OF BENGAL1. Reason: Curzon’s imperialist policy of ‘divide and rule’ manifested itselfmost glaringly in the partition pf Bengal. The reasons given were --The areaand population of the Provinces of Bengal was too large. There was a problemof communication. Highways were not safe. The peasants of this provincewere a harassed lot.

2. But actually the cause behind the partition was much more political thanadministrative. Bengal was becoming the nerve centre of nationalist activitiesin India.

3. On 19 July 1905 the Government of India formally proposed the partition

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of Bengal. According to this proposal Chittagong, Rajshahi and Dacca weremerged with Assam to form the new province.

4. The proposed area of the new province was fixed at 1 lakh 6 thousand 5hundred 40 square miles and its population was 3 crore 10 lakh out of whichthe Muslims accounted for 1 crore 80 lakh and Hindus 1 crore 20 lakh.

5. Curzon announced the partition of Bengal on 16 October 1905. SirAurobindo’s Ghosh (1872-1950) played a prominent parting the nationalistmovement of India. Particularly his contribution to the movement against thepartition of Bengal was unparalleled. Sir Aurobindo left Baroda to work in theNational College in Calcutta with a view to make education compatible to thenational needs. The National College in Calcutta had been established on 14August 1906. Sir Aurobindo’s second revolutionary contribution was the editingof the Bande Mataram paper. A series of seven articles published by SirAurobindo’s, between 11 and 23 April 1907 under the heading, ‘Doctrine ofPassive Resistance’ in Bande Mataram became very popular. The Partition ofBengal infused a sense of nationalism among the Indians and also gave birthto the swadeshi movement which galvanized the masses against the partitionof Bengal. Since 16 October 1905, the reactions against the partition of Bengalstarted taking shape. This day was observed as a ‘Black Day’. People tookholy dip in the Ganga and kept vows. They also tied Rakhi in each other’shand as symbol of unity.(Partition of Bengal was annulled in 1911 by LordHardine.)

MUSLIM NATIONALISTMOVEMENT

1. Sir Sayyid was born in 1817 in Delhi. His father was an officer in the courtof Muguals. He felt that the relations of the Muslims with the British should beimproved and therefore he brought out a paper with the title of the ‘LoyalMuhammadans of India. He also inspired the Muslims to adopt the Westerneducation and the Western mode of scientific thinking. He brought out an UrduPaper with the title of ‘Tahaib-al-Akhlaq. In 1875 he found the MuhammadanAnglo-Oriental College at Aligarh, which later grew into the Aligarh MuslimUniversity in 1920. He opposed Polygamy, Purdah. William Graham wrote inthe biography of Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan. He also founded the ‘PatritoticAssociation’ with the assistance of Raja Shivprasad of Banaras. Anotherorganization by the name Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental Defence Associationtoo was set up by him. He opposed it by calling it a Hindu organization.

2. Deoband Movement was founded by Maulanna Hussan Ahmad andMoulana Abul kalam Azad was associated with it. represented by MohammadQasim Nanautavi (1832-1880) and Rashid Ahamd Gangohi (1828-1916).Found the ‘Dar-ul-Ullema’ madarsa at Deoband,

b) Wahabi Movement started by Shah Walliullah. Sayid Ahmad Khan foundAligarh Movement Ahmadia movement by Mirza gulamAhmad .Arharmovement by Mula Mohammad Ali in 19110.

3. Muslim League: The meeting of a Muslim delegation under the leadershipof Aga Khan with Viceroys of India, Lord Minot at Shimla in October 1906 wasvery significant. Demands were for a separate electorate, more representationsin the Legislative Assembly and government services the establishment of aMuslim University and provisions for Muslims representation in the Viceroy’sCouncil. Muslims leaders gathered at a meeting presided over by NawabWakar-ul-Mulk on 30 December 1906 at the invitation of the Nawab SalimUllah Khan of Dacca. The All Indian Muslim League was the result of thisconference. The Constitution of the League was prepared in 1907 at Karachi.Aga Khan became the President of the Muslim League. The objectives behindthe formation of the Muslim League were to create a sense of loyalty amongthe Muslims towards the British Government, to safeguards the political andother rights of the Muslims, to represent the aspirations and sentiments of theMuslims interest and to appoint Sir Aga Kahn as the permanent President ofthe League,-first session at Amristar. League also supported the partition ofBengal.Nawab Salimullah of Dacca and Nawab Moshin ul Mulk were otherswho were involved in formation of League.

REVOLUTIONARYMOVEMENTS1. Two Brothers- Damodar and Balkrishna Chapekar began the process ofrevolutionary activities in India. They formed the ‘Hindu Dharma SangrakshiniSabha’ in 1893 and started celebrating the birthday of Shivaji and GaneshUtsavs.

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2. In 1896-97 the Chapekar brothers had set up a gymnasium in Pune. TheFamine Commissioner of the Pune, Rand and Lt. Ayrst was killed by them

3. The Savakar brothers (Ganesh, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and NarayanaSavakar), like the Chapekar brothers had been infused with a sense ofpatriotism since their very childhood.Savarkar was qualified as a barrister butfor his patriotic stance he was neither decorated with its degree not was hegiven the degree of Bachelor Arts. Book (The Indian War of Independence)had been seiged by the British government before being published.He wasperhaps the first individual who had set fire to foreign clothes. There heorganized the New Indian Association. (The Indian House had been foundedby Shyamji Krishna Verma). Savarkar was linked to the assacination ofJackson at Aurangabad. On 8 July 1910, he was arrested and then sent toIndia, by a ship. He was sentenced to imprisonment in Andaman between1911-1924. In Bengal an organization by the name of Anushilan Samiti wasfounded. Barindra Kumar Ghose and Bhupendranath Dutta had started thepaper Yugantar in 1906. A 15 year old youth, Khudiram Bose had beenentrusted with the task of throwing the bomb at Kingsford District Judge ofMuzzafarbur. vehicle. On August 11, 1908 Khudiram inspite of being a minorwas hanged to death while his associate Prafulla Chaki shot himself. LalaHardayal (1884-1938) had played an important role in the Gadar Movementand Basant Kumar Biwas were hanged whereas Ram Bihari Bose succeededin feeling to Japan..

Ghadar party: Started by HarDayal and Sohar Singh Bhakna in 1913 at SanFransisco in North America and brought out a Urdu and Gurumukshi weeklyviz Ghadar.During firstworld war moved to Germany and set up IndianIndependence committee.

1906 - 1917

Four major resolutions i.e., Swaraj, Swadesh, Boycott of foreign goods andNational education were passed in this session. ‘Morley-Minto Reforms’ (Act of1909) were announced. Though the moderates did not welcome the reform,yet consented to assist in their implementation. Every effort was made in 1911to make Aga Kahn preside over the incoming Congress Session at Bankipur.The 1912 Bankipur session was the shortest in duration during the entirehistory of the Congress. In total, 207 representatives had taken part in thissession but not a single representative had come from the Muslim majorityprovince of Punjab. To bring the Muslims closer the 1913 session of theCongress was held at Karachi under the president ship of Nawab SayyidMuhammad Bahadur. Bahadur belonged to a lineage, which had familiarrelations with that of Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan. The moderates thought thatBritain was fighting the War in the interest of democracy and after the war shewill do something in this direction in India. Therefore the moderates decided tosupport the British with men and material. During her visit to Ireland in 1913,the Home Rule League there had suggested Annie Besant to launch a similarmovement in India. On her return to India she had brought out a weekly paperby the name of ‘Common Will’ followed by a daily called ‘New India’. Boththese papers had been used to demand Home Rule for India. The aim of theHome Rule Movement was to obtain for India a status equivalent to othercolonies of the British Empire. In short the Home Rule Movement was neitherentirely moderate nor was thoroughly revolutionary. A Home Rule League hadbeen established by Annie Besant at Madras in September 1916. AnnieBesant herself was its President. The other prominent member of the Leaguewas Arundale, P.C. Ramaswamy Iyer and V.P. Wadia. By October 1916,around 500 branches of the league had come up in the country. The Congresshad also passed a resolution in its 1915 Bombay session demanding HomeRule for India. Prior to the establishment of the Home Rule League by AnnieBesant. It was Lokmanya Tilak who had set up a Home Rule League at Punein April 1916. Both Annie Besant and Tilak had agreed to conduct thismovement in cooperation with each other. The Home Rule Movement left adeep impact on Indian politics. Not only it revived the nationalist movement butalso it made the Indian conscious of their rights. In 1915 the prominent leadersof the Congress viz. Mahatma Gandhi, Sarojini Naidu and Madan MohanMalaviya took part in the Muslim League Session. This session of the MuslimLeague was presided over by Muhammad Ali Jinnah; The session gaveemphasis on Hindu-Muslim unity. The Lucknow Pact was signed on the basisof an agreement in 1916.

MAHATMA GANDHI, NATIONAL MOVEMENT

* In 1887, Gandhi went to England for higher education and returned to Indiain 1892 after becoming a Barrister.

* In 1893 he went to South Africa – for a year – spent twenty two years in that

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country.

* He returned to India on January 9 – NRI Day.

* Gandhi recorded his initial thoughts in 1909 in Hind Swaraj.

* Gandhi’s four preconditions – a) perfect chastity b) adopt poverty c) followtruth and d) cultivate fearless.

* Gandhi began his experiments with Satyagraha – Champaran in Bihar in1917 – Indigo Planters.Committee of enquiry of which Mahatma Gandhihimself was made a member.

* The Committee of Enquiry recommended some measures to alleviate themiseries of the Indigo cultivators thereby bringing the Satyagraha to an end.

* The movement launched by the peasants at Kheda(1917) in Gujarat wasanother instance – Peasants not able to pay rent. Vallabhbhai Patel, whobecame one of the most active and dedicated followers of Mahatma Gandhifrom Kheda.

* In 1918 the mill workers of Ahmedabad got into dispute – 35 Percentincreases.

* Gopal Krishna Gokhale as his political Guru (mentor).

* On 30th March 1919 it was decided to launch first nationwide hartal againstRowlatt Act which was called Black Law and which empowered arrest withoutreasons.. But, as the decision could not reach everywhere in the country, thedate was postponed to 6 April

* Satyagarha Sabha – organized at Bombay – Hindu Muslim unity was seen.

* In Delhi – hartal – organized on 30 March 1919. * On April 1919 Gandhi –arrested.

* Jallianwala Bagh - 13 April – day of Baisakhi – Punjab as a special day tocelebrate the harvesting season – Government proclaimed a ban.* At 4.00 p.mon the same day a public meeting was called – Jallianwala Bagh was not agarden – rather it was an open space near the Golden Temple in Amristar.Atone point of time it was a personal property of a person named Jalli.

* General Dyre – when speakers reciting the poem ‘Fariyad’ –ordered troopsto shoot at the crowd from the exit point.

* As per Government Report – 179 people were killed in the accident -according to the Congress Committee the number of people who died couldaround one thousand.

* An enquiry committee under the Chairmanship of Hunter was setup on 19October 1919. The committee submitted its report after about a year on 26May 1920.Some

* Called him as the ‘the defender of the British Empire’ and honored him withsword and an amount of 2,00,000 pound – Gandhi after this event the Britishlost the moral authority to rule over India – Rabindranath Tagore renouncedknight hood titles as a mark of protest.

* Khilafat – Sultan of Turkey was regarded as the Caliph or the religious headof the Muslims all over the worlds – a movement to express the Muslimsupport for the Caliph of Turkey against the allied powers, particularly Britain.

* Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Dr. M.A. Ansari, Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew, MaulviAbdulbari (Lucknown), Hakin Ajmal Khan and the Ali brothers were theprominent leaders of this movement.

* On October 1919, he whole country had observed the Khilafat day– Committee had been formed in September 1919. – March 1920committee under the leadership of Maulanan Shaukat Ali andMohammad Ali was also sent to England.

* British Government – signed Treaty of Tibers on 10 August 1920 – Turkeywas partitioned – Sultan was made a prisoner and sent to Constantinople.

* On 1, August 1920, in a communication to the governor General, MahatmaGandhi announced his plan to begin non-cooperation with the Government asa sequel to the Rowlat Act, Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the Khilafatmovement.

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* Gandhi’s plan was approved by the Indian national congress in a specialsession at Calcutta in December 1920.C.R.Das opposed it.

* Mohammed Ali Jinnah, Annie Besant and Bipin Chandra Pal were not inagreement with the congress declaration of non-cooperation and, thus they leftthe Congress.

Features of Non Cooperation: Boycott of Law Courts, foreign clothes,establishment of panhayattis, promotion of Khadi.Prince of Walesboycotted inNov 1921 during his visit.

* The Khilafat meeting in Malabar incited so much of communal feelingsamong the Muslims peasants (The Moplahs) that it took an anti-Hindu turn inJuly 1921 – Moplah rebellion.

* On 5 February an agitated crowd gheraoed the police station at Chaurichaura in the Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh and set fire it. Twenty twopolicemen including the station officer died in the incident.

*Gandhi announced the suspension of the movement.

Revolutionary movements :

Kakori Robbery: * Pandit Ram Prasad Bismil occupies a special place. Hepublished book with the title ‘How did America get Freedom’ and a pamphletwith the heading ‘A Message for the countrymen’ * On 9, August 1925 whenthe money sent by the government from Saharnpur to Lucknow by train waslooted at the Kakori railway station. In December 1927, on the charges ofconspiracy, Ram Prasad bismil, Rajendra Lahiri, Roshan singh andAshfaquallah Kahn were hanged.

* Ashfaqualah Khan was the first Muslim revolutionary of India to be hangedfor the sake of the country’s freedom.

Saunder’s Murder and Central hall Bomb throwing: * On 9, June 1931Harishen was hanged on the grievous charges of murder. Sardar BhagatSingh born in Banga in Layalpur district – found the Punjab Naujawan BharatSabha in 1926.

* Lala Lajpat Rai owing to a police lathi charged led by Saunders was taken asa national humiliation and the later was assassinated on 17 December 1928.

* Bhagat Singh in the mean time had left Lahore in disguise. He had alsoparticipated in the congress Session at Calcutta in 1928 – he chose theCentral legislative Assembly at Delhi as his targets * The throwing of the bombin the Assembly on 8 April 1929 by Bhagat Singhand Batukeshwar Dutt shookup the whole country into a new enthusiasm – Bhagat Singh, Rajguru andSukhdev were hanged.

CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT

Swaraj party- Pro and No Changers: * The leaders of the congress werespilt into two groups. The first group comprised of those who wanted a changein the programme of the Congress and in reality did not approve the Non-Cooperation Movement. Prominent among such leaders were DeshbandhuChittranjan Das and Motilal Nehru, who were called ‘pro-changers’.

* The other groups consisted of those members who supported the non-cooperation movement and retained full faith in the leadership of MahatmaGandhi. This group came to be known as ‘no-changers’. Prominent among theno-changers were C.Rajagopalachari and Dr. M.A. Ansari.

* In March 1923, Chittaranjan Das along with Motilal Nehru formed the SwarajParty at Allahabad to take parting November 1923 council elections.

* Elections – in November 1923 – Motilal Nehru became the leader of theparty whereas in Bengal the party was headed by Chittranjan Das.

* Simon Commission – the act of 1919 included a provision for its reviewafter a lapse of ten years. Thus, such a review was due in 1929.

* The Conservative Party appointed the review commission two years aheadof its schedule, in 1927.

* Simon commission after the name of its chairman, Sir John Simon – all itsseven members were Englishmen, the Commission was also called the ‘Whitemen Commission’.

* There were no Indian member in it, the Commission faced a lot of criticism –

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all the political parties including the Congress, the Hindu Mahasabha and theMuslim League decided to oppose the Commission tooth and nail – 3February 1928 when the Commission reached Bombay.

* At Lahore the student took out a large anti-Simon commission - LalaLajpatRai was seriously injured in the police lathi charge ordered by Saunders,assistant superintendent of Police of Lahore. As a result of which he passedaway after one month – His last words, “Every blow on my body will prove anail in the coffin of the British Empire.

* With the sole exception of a few members of the Muslim League, the rulersof the Princely States and zamindars, all political parties and the sections ofthe Indian people opposed the Simon Commission – report published in May1930 – Dyarchy was unsuccessful – recommended special powers toGovernor General at the centre and Governors at the Provinces.

* Indians rejected the Simon commission report out of Hand as it did notmention anything in regard to conferring the Dominion Status – SimonCommission’s report became the basis for enacting the Government of IndiaAct 1935.]

* Secretary of State, Lord Birkenhead, while delivering a speech on the floorof the British Parliament challenged the Indians to produce a Constitution.

* The Report published by this Committee in July 1928 came to be known asthe ‘Nehru Report’.

* Muslim League – Central Sikh League, Sardar Kharak Singh also rejected it– Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Dr. M.A. Ansari and Hakim Ajmal Kahnsupported it. * Jinnah, thereafter convened an All Indian conference of theMuslims where he drew up a list of fourteen point demand.

* Nehru Report was approved by a majority vote in the annual session of theCongress held in Calcutta on 2 December 1928, an ultimatum was served onthe British government to accept the Report by 31 December 1929.

* Poorna Swaraj-The annual session of the congress was held at Lahore inDecember 1929. The place where this session was held was named as theLajpat Rai Nagar.

* Dandi March – Gandhi reached the coast of Dandi on 5 April 1930 aftermarching a distance of 200 miles with 78 handpicked followers and on 6 Aprilformally launched the Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking the salt laws.

* On 9 April, Mahatma Gandhi laid out the programme of the movement whichincluded making of salt in every village in violation of the existing salt laws;picketing by women before the shops selling liquor, opium and foreign clothes;organizing the bonfires of foreign clothes; spinning clothes by using charkha;fighting untouchability; boycotting of schools and colleges by students andresigning from government jobs by the people.

* Many Muslims kept themselves aloof from this movement – northwestFrontier Province an organization of Khudai Khidmatgar (Servants of God) wasformed under the leadership of Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan. Most of thevolunteers donned red clothes, because of which they came to be known asthe Red Shirts.

* The khudai Khidmatgars accepted the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi andparticipated in the movement in full measures.

* The government had to send a detachment of the 18th Royal Garhwal Riglesto suppress this movement. But as the Garhwali soldiers refused to open fireon the unarmed people, the government pressed the air force into action.

* Round table conference – first such conference held on 12 November 1930at London, failed to resolve he communcal question as it was boycotted it bythe Congress.First civil disobedience movement –Gandhi put 11 demandsincluding cut in military expenses, total prohibition,release of political prisonersetc,.

* On 8 March 1931 the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was singed. As per this pact Gandhiagreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement and participate in theSecond Round Table conference but most of the leaders did not like this pact.

* On 7 September 1931, the Second round Table conference was held atLondon; Gandhi joined the Conference on 12 September but returned o Indiadisappointed as no agreement could be reached on the demand of completeindependence on the communal question.

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* On 3 January 1932, the civil disobedience Movement was resumed. Thegovernment responded to it by arresting Gandhi and Sardar Patel and byreimposing the ban of the Congress Party.

(Dr Ambedkar: * In July 1924 Ambedkar had organized a Bahishkrit hitkarSabha (the Depressed Classes Institute) with the objective of raising the moraland material status of the untouchables.)

* Fist Round Table Conference he had demanded separate electorates fordepressed.

* On 16 August 1932, British Prime Minister Ramsay Macdonald made anannouncement, which came to be as the ‘communcal Award’.

* According to this award the depressed classes were considered as aseparate community and as such provisions were made for separateelectorates for them.

* Gandhi protested against the Award and went on a fast unto death in theYeravada jail on 20 September 1932.

* Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, Ghanshyam and DasBirla, C. Rajagopalachari and Dr. Ambedkar gathered at Pun and hammeredout an agreement with the consent of Gandhi and Dr. Ambedkar. Thisagreement came to be called as the ‘Poona Pact’ British Government alsoapproved of it.

* 148 seats in different Provincial legislatiures were reserved for theDepressed Classes in place of 71 as provided in the Communal Award. ACommon electorate of all Hindu, including the Depressed Classes was agreedupon.

* Special provision for representation of the depressed people in local bodiesand civil service were also made.

* The Third Round table conference was held from 17 November to 24December 1932. The Congress once more did not take part in it.

* In March 1933, the British Government issued a White Paper, which becamethe basis for the enactment of the Government of India Act, 1935.

* In July 1933, the Congress decided to launch an Individual CivilDisobedience in place of Mass Civil Disobedience.

* Under the Morely-Minto Reforms of 1909 only one percent , and underthe Montague Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 two and half percent of Indiangot voting rights, under the Government of India Act of 1935 only 13percent of India’s population became eligible voters.

* In accordance with the provinces of the government of Indian Act of 1935elections to the Provincial Legislatures were held in February 1937.

* Congress – virtually swept the polls – Muslim League – faced miserabledefeat – out of the 482 Muslim seat it could register victory only in 81 seats.

* On 7 July 1937, after the Viceroy Lord Linlithgow assured theCongress of his cooperation the party formed its Ministery in 7Provinces.

THE SECOND WORLD WAR AND THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT

* Congress Ministeries were formed in seven states of India. These stateswere the North West Frontier Province, the Central Provinces, Bombay, Bihar,Orissa, the United Provinces and Madras.In two provinces namely Sindh andAssam, ministries were formed with the Congress support whereas in Punjabthe Unionist Party and the Muslim League formed the coalition ministry ofKrishak Praja Party and the Muslim League came to power.

* Second World War broke out. The British Government withoutconsulting the people of India involved the country in the war. TheCongress vehemently opposed it – also resigned from Ministries in allProvinces.

* Muslim League raised the slogan ‘Islam is in danger’. At this juncture, Jinnahalso presented the ‘two-nation theory’ – inflamed communal feelings by sayingthat now Hindi would become the national language of India and BandeMataram would be its national song.

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* Pirpur Report and the Sharif Report also inflamed the communalpassions.

* Muslim League celebrated 12 December 1939, the day on which theCongress Ministries from office as the ‘Deliverance Day’ – accepting two-nation theory in its annual session at Lahore – Jimait-ul-Ulema-e-Hindopposing the demand for Pakistan – Khudai Khidmatgar and the Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-hind too opposed the idea.

* On 8, August 1940 which came to be known as the ‘August Offer’-It said Indians would set up to frame the new Constitution.Mahatma Gandhi decided to launch individual Staygraha – limitedsymbolic and non-violent in nature – On 17, October 1940, VinobaBhave was the first to offer Satyagraha and he was sentenced tothree months imprisonment.

* Jawaharlal Nehru was the second Satyagrahaist ; the third Satyagrahi wasBrahma Dutt - continued for nearly 15 months –

British sent Sir Stafford Cripps to India on 23 March 1942.

* Cripps proposals included Dominion Status to India, protection ofminorities and setting up of Constituent Assembly. The majorpolitical parities of the country rejected the Cripps proposals.

* The Muslim League was also dissatisfied as its demand for Pakistan had notbeen conceded – 26 April 1942, he asked the British to quit India.

* In July, the Congress Executive Committee passed the Quit India Resolutionat Wardha. The All India Congress Committee further considered it at Bombayin its meeting on 7-8 August 1942. * Mahatma Gandhi was kept in prison aPoona.

* Working Committee of the Congress Socialist Party was in session,where it was decided to carry forward the movement from underground. Among its prominent leaders who took this decision wereRam Manohar Lohia, Achyuta Patwardhan, Ramananda Mishra andS.M. Joshi.

* Quit India Movement had passed through four stages. The first stage wasfrom 9 to 11 August 1942 when strikes, demonstrations and public meetingwee organized in various towns and cities.

* In its second stage from 12 August to 22 September themovement reached the rural areas. During this stage theGovernment adopted a policy of repression. Government structures,municipality buildings, railways stations, police stations, post officesand trains came under public ire.

* In the third stage from 23 September 1942 to February 1943 there werearmed attacks on government buildings in Madras and Bengal. Bombs werethrown at many places in Bombay and the United Provinces

* February 1943 to 9 May 1944 was the fourth stage of the movement whenGandhi was released from jail. During this period, many demonstrations wereheld, processions taken out, anniversaries of national leaders celebrated andnational weeks observed. Students’ peasants and workers took active part init. The Muslims by and large, remained indifferent.

* Participation – lower middle class, political parities, Communists,Muslim league, Liberals opposed the movement, Savakar criticizedthe Government and directed his followers not to take part in themovement, and Anglo-Indian Community under the leadership ofAnthony opposed the movement.

* Hindu Mahasabha established in 1915 on the occasion of the Kumbh Mela atHaridwar by Madan Mohan Malaviya.

* Lord Linlithgow described it most dangerous since the 1857 revolt.

* The Communist Party of India had come into being by 1925. TheBritish government which declared the organization illegal in 1934.This ban continued in 1942.British Removed the ban on theCommunist Party of India in July 1942 in return for the latter’spromise to extend full cooperation to the British in its war efforts.

* Subash Chandra Bose was born on 23 January 1897 at Cuttack in Orissa.He passed the Civil Services Examination in 1920 but not joined to serve the

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nationalist cause instead of serving the British Empire.

* Chittaranjan Das was instrumental in inspiring him top join the nationalfreedom struggle – unanimously elected President of the Congress at itsHaripura session.

* In May 1939, Subash Chandra Bose formed a new group which came to becalled the Forward Bloc. July 1940 subhas was arrested under the Defence ofIndia Rules. In the guise of a Pathan left the country on 16 February 1941 andreached Kabul along with his friend Bhagat Ram.

* He went to Germany and met Hilter. He was first addressed as Netaji inGermany. Indian National Army goes to Captain Mohan Singh, who set up thefirst division of the INA on 1 September 1942.

* On 2 July 1943, Subhas Chandra Bose reached Singapore and gave therousing war cry of ‘Dilli Chalo’.

* Formation of the Azad Hind Government and proclaimed ‘Give meblood and I will give you freedom’. He organized the Indian NationalArmy and gave the country the slogan of ‘Jai Hind’.

* the name of the INA’s three Brigades were the Subhas Brigade, GandhiBrigade, and Nehru Brigade – women’s detacgnebt after the name of RaniLaximibai – was recognized by Japan, Germany, Italy, China, Ireland, Burma(Brahma Desh) and Philippines.

* On 8 November 1943, Japan headed over Andaman and Nicobar Islands toSubhas Chandra. In turn, Nataji named these islands as ‘Shaheed Island’ and

‘Swaraj Island’ respectively. Germany accepted defeat on 7 May 1945. On 6August 1945, atom bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

* After crossing the Formosa Island on his way to Tokyo died on 18 August1945 as his plane suddenly caught fire. The trial of the soldiers of INA washeld at Red Fort in Delhi, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Bhulabhai Desai and TejBahadur Sapru fought the case on behalf of the soliders.

* On 20 January 1946, some soliders of the Air force staged a hartal againstthe British Government in Karachi. The hartal soon spread to Bombay, Lahoreand Delhi.

* About this time, on 19 February 1946, some Indians serving in theRoyal Indian Navy also ined mutiny. They also demanded equaltreatment. The civilian population of Bombay also joined hands withthem by striking work – due to the efforts of Sardar Patel, thisagitation came to end.

INDIA TOWARDS PARTITION* The British, with an aggravating war situation were expectingincreased cooperation from the Indians. Thus, they began a processof diplomatic engagement with the Indian leaders by openingnegotiations on contentious issues. The Wavell Plan, ShimlaConference and Cabinet Mission Plan were the results of theseefforts.

* Lord Wavell came to India on October 1943, - barring Mahatma Gandhi’srelease from prison on 6 May 1944, nothing spectacular happened.

* Rajapolachari evolved a formula in March 1944. But it wasshooting down by Jinnah, who would not settle for anything lessthan a separate State.

* Lord Wavell also put forth on 14 June 1945, which came to be popularlyknown as the Wavell Plan.

* The Principal objectives behind the plan were to assuage the widespreadpublic ire in India, obtain Indian cooperation against the surging military tide ofJapan and build up public opinion for the conservative party in the forthcominggeneral elections in Britain.

* Wavell invited the prominent Leaders of all political parties in the country toa conference in Shimla on June 1945. Conference was held from 25 June to14 July and was attended by 21 leaders.

* The conference began on a hopeful note but ultimately broke downdue to the insistence of Jinnah that the Muslim League alone

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represents Indian Muslims and hence no non-League member couldbe nominated to the Viceroy’s Council.

* Clement Atlee took over as the Prime Minister and the Sir PethickLawrence was appointed as the new Secretary of State for India.

*Cripps Mission: On 15 March 1946, Lord Atlee’s government made ahistoric announcement in which the Indian’s right to self-determination andframing of a constitution were conceded. Three members of the British Cabinet– Pethick Lawrence Sir Stafford Cripps and A.B. Alexander were sent to India.

* Features – formation of union of India, Constituent Assembly, InterimGovernment. * On 6 June the Muslim League and on 25 June 1946 theCongress accepted the plan. Elections were held in July 1946 for theformation of a Constituent Assembly. The Congress secured 205 out of 214General seats. They also had the support of 4 Sikh members.

* The Muslim League got 73 out of 79 Muslim seats. Jinnah became greatlydisturbed by the elections results.

* End of July they resolved to withdraw its acceptance of the Cabinet MissionPlan and went on to pass the ‘Direct Action’ resolution. 16 August 1946 wasfixed as the ‘Direct Action Day’ – communal riots broke out.

* On 13 October 1946, communal riots also broke out in Noakhali. MahatmaGandhi reached Noakhali on 29 October. Interim government was formedunder the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru on 2 September 1946.

* League joined the Interim Government on 26 October 1946, not towork it but to wreck it from within. Atlee decided to sent LordMountbatten as viceroy to India in place of Lord Wavell.

* Lord Mountbatten armed with vast powers became India’s Viceroy on 24March 1947. Put forth the plan of partition of India on 3 June 1947.

* Sardar Patel also felt that if the plan of India’s partition had not beenaccepted them. “We would not have had one Pakistan but several”.

* India would be divided in two parts, namely the Union Of India and Pakistanand both would be granted freedom on 15 August 1947 instead on June 1948.India Independence Act on 18 July 1947.

MAKING OF THE INDIAN CONSITUTION AND LIBERATION OF GOA ANDPONDICHERY

* Before Independence the number if native states in India was 562, whichaccounted for 48% of the country’s total area and 20% of its total population.

* In 1934 Dr. Rajendra Prasad proposed the introduction of responsiblegovernments in the Princely states – Patel – with a hurricane tour of 40 days– to join the Indian Union by the 5th of August.

* Only Hyderabad, Junagarh and Kashmir did not take a decision by theaforesaid date about their joining the Union.

* The ruler of Junagarh was a Muslim whereas most of its people wereHindus. In February 1948, through a referendum the people of this statedecided to join India. The Nawab of Junagarh therefore left for Pakistan.

* Mahatma Gandhi also met the king of Kashmir, but in August 1947, thePakistan in the guise of Qubailis began intruding into Jammu and Kashmir.

* On October 26, Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir sent his Prime Minister.Meharchand Mahajan, with the signed papers of merger to India, which wereaccepted.

* But in the meantime, on 21-22 October 1947, with the help of the PathanQubailis Pakistan invaded Kashmir and these intruders advanced up oSrinagar.

* Even today about a third of Kashmir territory remains illegally occupied byPakistan which it calls as Azad Kashmir.

* Pakistan got a share of the country’s 40% of cotton production, 85% of juteproduction and 40% of wheat production whereas all the related mills andfactories came under India’s share. This led to a shortage of raw materials inIndia which in turn led to shortage of food grains and textiles.

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* In 1948, in the wake of announcing an economic policy, the first schemeknown as the Sarvodaya scheme was presented by Jaiprasksah Narain.

* Chandernagore had acceded to India on the basis of a plebiscite.

* In 1946 the French Indian National congress and the French Indian StudentsCongress had been established with this objective. All these organizationexpressed their wish to liberate Pondicherry from French control and mergewith the Indian Union.

* Within two years, all the five French enclaves came under Indian controlthough the legal transfer of territories took place only in 1962.

* The Portuguese had established their control over Goa, Diu and Damansince 1510, 1546 and 1559 respectively. Including Dara and Nagar Haveli thiswhole area used to be referred to as Goa.

* a Goa Liberation Army constituting all political parties was formed to liberateGoa. The Satyagraha of June 18, 1954 was particularly significant as severalsatyagrahis were arrested in it for unfurling the national flag.

* On 22 July, Dadra and Nagar Haveli came under the control of theliberators.

* In November 1961, the Portuguese injured crew members of the shipS.S.Sabarmati besides killing a fisherman. Ultimately the, Government of Indiaannounced operation ’Vijay’ for the liberation of Goa. This military operationwas carried out under the command of general J.M. Choudhary on 17-18December 1961 and was completed by 19 December. In this way, the IndianArmy freed Goa, Daman and Diu.

GOVERNOR-GENERALS AND VICEROYS

ROBERT CLIVE 1757-60 AND 1765-67: Battle of Buxar- Siraj Ud doula- DualGovt in Bengal- First Treaty of Allahbad in 1765 with Shuja ud Doula andsecond with Shah Alam II..First Governor of Bengal. Battle of Plassey was in1764 and Governor was Pensitrat

Warren Hastings (1772-85) First Governor-General of Bengal.

Creation of the post of Collector- Regulating Act of1773

The Act of 1781 (it made a clear demarcation between the jurisdiction of theGovernor General-in-Council and that of then Supreme Court at Calcutta).

-Pitt’s India Act of 1784.--The Rohila war (1774) and annexation ofRohilkhand by the Nawab of Oudh with help of the British.---First Maratha war(1775-82) and the Treaty of Salbai (1782).--Second Mysore war (1780-84)(First one was fought in 1766-69).--Nand Kumar episode (1775) FirstEnglish translation Gita by Charles Wilkins --Foundation of the AsiaticSociety of Bengal by Hastings and Sir William Jones (1784). After his return toEngland (1785), impeachment proceedings were started against him. After aprolonged trial (seven years), he was finally acquitted.

Lord Cornwalls (1786-93)

Third Mysore War (1790-92) and the Treaty of Seringapatam (1792).

Permanent revenue settlement.Reform of the judiciary- Creation OF districtJudge (1793) – Code – Europeonisation of Civil Service.

Sir John Shore (1793-98)

In the introduction of the permanent settlement (1793) he played an importantrole as the President of the Board of Revenue, but his Governor-Generalshipwas very uneventful.

Lord Wellesley (1798-1805)

Introduction of the system of Subsidiary Alliance (1798), and the firstSubsidiary Treaty with the Nizam of Hyderabad (1798)-Fourth Mysore War(1799) and the annexation of many parts of Mysore.-Subsidiary Treaty ofBassein (1802) and Second Maratha War (1803-05).

Formation of the Madras Presidency after the annexation of thekingdoms of Tanjore and Carnatic.Fort Williams- Training College.

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Lord Minto I (1807-13)Before Minto, Sir George Barlow was the governor-general for two years (1805-07). Main event was the Vellore Mutiny (1806).

Treaty of Amritsar with Ramjit Singh (1809).--Charter Act of 1813

Lord Hastings (1813-23)

War with Nepal or the Gorkha War (1814-16); due to his success in this war,he was made Marquis of Hastings (1816).

Third Maratha War (1817-1818) – abolition of Peshwaship andannexation of all his territories, and creation of the BombayPresidency (1818).Pindari wars (1817-1818).Introduction of the ryotwari settlement in Madras Presidency bygovernor, Thomas Munro (1820).

Lord Amherst (1823-28)First Burmese War (1824-26)Capture of Bharatpur(1826)

Lord William Bentinck (1828-35)- First Governor General of India.

Prohibition of sati (1829).

Suppression of thuggee (1829-35).-Charter Act of 1833.Macaulay’s Minutes and introduction of English as the medium ofinstruction (1833)Visit of Rammohan Roy to England (1830) and his death there (1833).Deposition of the Raja of Mysore and annexation of his territories(1831).

Charles Metcafle 1835-36- Famous Press law and Liberator of Press in India

Lord Auckland (1835-42)

First Afghan War (1836-42) – disaster of the British in the war and recall ofAuckland.-Death of Ranjit Singh (1839).

Lord Ellenborough (1842-44).

Termination of the first Afghan war (1842).

Conquest and annexation of Sind (1843)-War with Gwalior (1843).

Lord Hardinge (1844-48)

First Sikh war (1845-46) and treaty of Lahore (1846)

Prohibition of female infanticide and suppression of the practice of humansacrifice among the Gonds of central India.

Lord Dalhousie (1848-56)

Second Sikh war (1848-49) and annexation of the Punjab.

Second Burmesewar (1852) and annexation of Lower Burma.Charter Act of 1853.Application of the Doctrine of Lapse and annexation of Satara(1848), Sambalpur (1849), Jhansi (1853) Nagpur (1854), etc.Annexation of Oudh (1856).Wood’s (President of the Board of Control) Education Despatch of 1854and British assumption of the responsibility of educating the masses.Introduction of the Railways (First train-Bombay to Thana),Telegraph (First line-Calcutta to Agra) and the Postal System in1853.Widow/Remarriage Act (1856)Establishment of a separate Public Works Department in everyprovince.Santhal uprising (1855-56)

Lord Canning (1856-57)

Establishment of three universities (at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay) in1857.

Revolt of 1857.

VICEROYS (1858-62)

Lord Canning (1858-62)-First Viceroy

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Queen Victoria’s Proclamation and the India Act of 1858.

‘White Mutiny’ by the European troops of the EICO in 1859.

India Councils Act of 1861. Portfolio system. Withdrawl of Doctrine ofLapse

Lord Elgin I (1862)

His sudden death in 1862; administration carried on by Sir Napier and SirDenison from 1862 to 1864.

Lord John Lawrence (1864-69)

War with Bhutan in 1865.

Establishment of the High Courts at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in1865.

Lord Mayo (1869-72)

Establishment of two colleges for the education and political training of theIndian Princes-the Rajkot College in Kathiawar and the Mayo college at Ajmerin Rajasthan.

First step in the direction of separation of central and provincial financesin 1870.-Organisation of Statistical Survey of India.First Census

Establishment of a Department of Agriculture and Commerce.Beginning of thesystem of State Railways.His assassination by a convict in the Andamans in1872.

Lord North Brook (1872-76)

Visit of the Prince of Wales (later Edward VII) to India in 1875.

His resignation over the Afghan question.

Lord Lytton (1876-80)

Royal Titles Act of 1876 and the assumption of the title of ‘Empress of India’by Queen Victoria; the Delhi-Durbar in January 1877.

Vernacular Press Act and the Arms Act of 1878.Second Afghan War of (1878-80)Appointment of the first Famine Commission under Sir RichardStrachey in 1878.

Lord Ripon (1880-84)

First Factory Act of 1881.

First Census taken in India (1881)-254 millions.Introduction of Local Self-Government in 1882.Repeal of the Vernacular Press Act in 1882.Division of the finances of the center in 1882.Appointment of an Educational Commission under Sir William Hunter in1882.The libert Bill Controversy (1883).Coming into existence of the Famine Code in 1883.

Lord Dufferin (1884-88)Third Burmese war (1885-86)Foundation of the IndianNational Congress (Lord Cross was the Secretary of State at that time).

Lord Lansdowne (1888-94)

Second Factory Act of 1891.

Division of the Civil Services into Imperial, Provincial and Subordinate.Indian Councils Act of 1892.Appointment of the Durand Commission and its definition of the DurandLine between British India and Afghanistan (now between Pakistan andAfghanistan) in 1893.

Lord Elgin II (1894-99)

Assassination of two British officials by the Chapekar brothers of Poona in1897.

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Lord Curzon (1899-1905)Appointment of a commission under Sir Thomas Raleigh in 1902 to suggestreforms regarding universities, and the passing of the Indian Universities Actof 1904 on the basis of its recommendations.

· Ancient Monuments Preservation Act of 1904.

· Establishment of an Agricultural Research Institute at Pusa inDelhi.

· Partition of Bengal in 1905.

· Col.Younghusband’s Expedition to Tibet in 1904. I.S.T.

Lord Minto II (1905-10)

Anti-Partition and Swadeshi Movements.

Surat Session and split in the Congress (1907)Minto-Morley Reforms or the Indian Councils Act of 1909.Foundation of the Muslim League by the Aga Khan, the Nawab ofDacca, etc, in 1906.

Lord Hardinge II (1910-16)

Annulment of the partition of Bengal and creation of a Governorship for Bengallike Bombay and Madras in 1911. (Lieutenant Governorship for Bihar andOrissa, and Chief Commissionership for Assam).

Transfer of the Imperial capital from Calcutta to “Delhi (1911).Coronation Durbar of King George V and Queen Mary at Delhi(December, 1911).Death of G.K.Gokhale in 1915.Division of Bengal repealedFoundation of the Hindu Mahasabha in 1915 by Madan MohanMalviya and some Punjabi leaders.

Lord Chelmsford (1916-21)

Foundation of two Home Rule League – one by Tilak in April, 1916 andanother by Mrs. Annie Besant in September, 1916.

Lucknow session and the reunion of the Congress (1916) (Mrs.Besantplayed an important role in the reunion).Lucknow Pact between the Congress and the Muslim League in1916. (Tilak played an important role in this).Return of Gandhi to India (1915); foundation of the Sabarmati ashram(1916); Champaran satyagraha (the first time Gandhi experimented hisnew technique in India-1917); satyagraha at Ahmadabad (1918); Khairasatyagraha (1918).August Declaration (1917) by Montague, the then Secretary of State,and Montford reforms or the Government of India Act of 1919.Resignation of some veteran leaders led by S.N. Banerji from theCongress, and their foundation of the Indian Liberal Federation (1918).Rowlatt Act (March, 1919)and the Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre (13th

April, 1919)Death of Tilak on Ist August, 1920.Formation of the Khilafat Committee and the launching of the KhilafatMovement (1919-20).Launching of the Non-cooperation Movement (1920-22).Nagpur session of the Congress (Dec. 1920-kchanges in theconstitution of the Congress.Foundation of the Women’s University at Poona (1916)Appointment of Sir S.P. Sinha as Lieutenant Governor of Bihar (SirSinha was the first Indian to become a Governor and the second Indianto become a member of the British Parliament, the first being DadabhaiNaoroji).

Lord Reading (1921-26)

Chauri Chaura incident (February 5, 1922) and the withdrawal of the Non-cooperation Movement by Gandhi.

Formation of the Swaraj Party by C.R. Das (Deshbandu) and MotilalNehru in December 1922.Foundation of the Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangha (RSS) byK.B.Hedgewar at Nagpur in 1925.Repeal of the Rowlatt Act.

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Holding of simultaneous examinations for the ICS in England and Indiawith effect from 1923.Beginning of Indianisation of the officer’s cadre of the Indian army.Foundation of the Communist Party of India in 1925.

Lord Irwin (1926-31)(Popularly known as the ‘Christian Viceroy’)

Appointment of the Simon Commission (Nov. 1927) and the boycott of theCommission by the Congress.

Appointment of the Harcourt Butler Indian States Commission inNov.1927 (to recommend measures for the establishment of betterrelations between the Indian states and the Central Govt.). and theconvening of the All India Civil Services Coaching Centre StatesPeople’s Conference in Dec. 1927 by the states’ people in response.‘Deepavali Declaration’ by Lord Irwin (on 31st, 1929) that India wouldbe granted dominion status in due course.Lahore session of the Congress (Deg. 1929) and the Poorna Swarajresolution; Fixing 26th Jan. 1930 as the first Independence Day.Launching of the Civil Disobedience Movement by Gandhi with hisDandi March (12th March, 1930), boycott of the first session of theRound Table Conference by the Congress (1930), Gandhi-Irwin pactand the suspension of the movement (March 1931).

Lord Wellingdon (1931-36) Participation of Gandhi in the second session ofthe Round Table Conference (Sep. 1931) and the failure of the conference,return of Gandhi to India (Dec.1931) and resumption of the movement,Gandhi’s imprisonment, final suspension of the movement in May, 1934.

Third session of the Round Table Conference in London (1932)without the representation of the Congress.Announcement of the ‘Communal Award’ by Ramsay Macdonald, BritishP.M. (1932); Gandhi’s fast unto death in the Yeravadi prison and thePoona Pact between Gandhi and Ambedkar (Sept.1932).Government of India Act of 1935.Separation of Burma from India (1935).Foundation of the Congress/Socialist Party by Acharya Narendra Devand Jai Prakash Narayan (1934).Formation of the All-India Kisan Sabha in 1936.

Lord Linlithgow (1936-43)

Formation of Congress Ministries in majority of the provinces (1937).

Resignation of Subhas Chandra Bose from the Presidentship of the Congressas well as from its membership in 1939, formation of the Forward Block byBose and his followers (1939).

Resignation of the Congress Ministries after the out break of the World War II(1939).

Celebration of the Congress Ministries’ resignation as ‘Deliverance Day’ by theMuslim League (1939), and its Lahore Resolution (23rd March, 1940),demanding separate state for the Muslims. (It was at this session that Jinnahpropounded his Two-Nation Theory).

August Offer’ by Linlithgow (1940); its rejection by the Congress and thestarting of individual satyagraha by Gandhi.

Escape of S.C. Bose from India in 1941.

Cripps Mission (March, 1942) offering Dominion Status to India, and itsrejection by the Congress.

Passing of the ‘Quit India’ Resolution by the Congress at Bombay (8th

August, 1942), arrest of all the Congress leaders and the outbreak of the‘August Revolution’ or Revolt of 1942.

Lord Wavell (1943-47)

C.R.Formula evolved by C.Rajagopala Chari in 1944 and the Gandhi-JinnahTalks (1944) based on it: failure of the talks.Famine in Bengal

-Wavell Plan and the Simla Conference (1945) to discuss it; its failure.

-INA Trials and the Naval Mutiny (1946).

General Knowledge: MODERN INDIA HISTORY

http://examsguru.blogspot.in/2008/10/modern-india-history.html[8/9/2014 4:29:49 AM]

-Cabinet Mission (Three members-Lawrence, Cripps and Alexander) andacceptance of its plan by both the Congress and the League (1946)

-Formation of Interim Government by the Congress (Sep. 1946).

-Launching of ‘Direct Action Day’ by the League (17th Aug. 1946) but it alsojoined the Interim Govt. in Oct. 1946, though it abstained from the ConstituentAssembly.

Lord Mountbatten (March-August, 1947) Mountbatten plan; partitionof India and achievement of freedom. Also First governor General of FreeIndia –Gandhi murder-Kashmir annexation

C.Rajajai :Second and Last GG of Independent India-

CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT POINTS

1.Regulating Act – Governor General of Bengal – SC at Calcutta –Executive Council with 4 members – Dual Government abolished

2. Pitts India Act – Board of Control – E.C. 4 to 3 – Bombay and Madrassubordinate to Bengal

3.1793 Charter Act –Trade Monopoly extended for 20 years – LocalGovernment – Higher Post for Europeans

4. Charter Act 1813 – Monopoly ended – China Opium and Tea for 20years – Education Advance – Christian Missionary to India

5. Charter Act 1833 – Governor General of India – Law Member Macaulay– Trade Monopoly in China Ended– Governor General can frame Law –Patronage system abolished

6. Charter Act 1853 – Lt. Governor for Bengal – Competitive Exam –Legislative Council with 12 members

7. Government of India Act 1858 – Power Transfer-Secretary of State –India Council - - Home Government – Viceroy – abolition of the Board ofControl and Court of Directors

8. Indian Councils Act 1861 – Portfolio System, Legislative Councils inMadras, Bombay and Bengal – Rigid Centralisation – Ordinance makingPower of GG

9. Indian Councils Act 1892 – Indirect Election- Budget Discussion,Question - no voting

10.Minto Morley Reforms 1909 – Direct Elections – Separate electorate forMuslims

11. GOI Act 1919 – Dyarchy in Provinces – Central bicameral – two lists –towards responsible Government – Local Govt – UPSC – HighCommissioner of India

12. Government of India Act 1935 – Provincial Autonomy – Dyarchy –Abolition in Province – introduced at Centre – Three lists – Indian Councilabolished – communal representation extended – Federal Court

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Labels: MODERN INDIA HISTORY

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General Knowledge: MODERN INDIA HISTORY

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