general overview of renewable energy and in southern and eastern mediterranean countries dr houda...
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General overview of renewable energy and in Southern and Eastern Mediterranean countries
Dr Houda BEN JANNET ALLAL, OME
German-Italian Cooperation for the Development of Renewable Energies in the Mediterranean
Berlin, 28 March 2008
German-Italian Cooperation for the Development of Renewable Energies in the Mediterranean
Berlin, 28 March 2008
• OME
• Context
• Present situation and prospects
• Example of ongoing projects
• Conclusion
OME essentials
The OME is a unique association, gathering today 34 leading energy
operators
• from the North and from the South,
• from producing and consuming countries,
• from emerging economy and industrialized countries
with the aim to:
(i) promote regional cooperation based on concrete projects,
-(ii) promote dialogue
(iii) carry out joint and shared analysis on issues related to long term energy supply and demand, infrastructure needs, financing, institutional framework, regulation, renewable energy and sustainable development, economic development and environmental protection
Missions & Objectives
- Reference on Mediterranean Energy Issues
- Expertise
- Studies and Publications
- Mediterranean Energy Database & Scenarios
-Promoting Cooperation & Partnership
- Mutual Technical Assistance between Members
- Capacity building
- Communication and Events
Think TankThink Tank
Consulting & AdviceConsulting & Advice
Monitoring & ScenariosMonitoring & Scenarios
Cooperation & PartnershipCooperation & Partnership
ObjectivesObjectives
Strategy of OME - 1
OME member companies have agreed that: :
• Based on their long experience in project implementation in the region, at all levels of the energy supply chain, they continue to commit to the development of energy projects in the Mediterranean, thereby helping the creation of the Mediterranean energy market;
• The energy infrastructure in the Mediterranean basin should be developed with the goal of providing access to affordable energy for the local populations and allowing the reinforcement of energy trade which will enhance solidarities among the different Mediterranean countries;
Strategy of OME - 2
• Energy projects must be implemented on a commercial basis to take full advantage of the financing capabilities of the companies and existing institutions. The need remains, however, to provide financing resources to those activities which would not be undertaken autonomously by the enterprises;
• The realization of energy projects needs the utmost attention from policy makers as it constitutes an important field of cooperation. In order to promote energy projects, the appropriate policies and instruments should be introduced. National Governments and the European Union should increase their commitment to energy-related initiatives in the Mediterranean region.
Demography in the Mediterranean Basin
Source: Plan Bleu, OME
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1950 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
mill
ions
inh
ab
itants
SEMCs
NMCs
Urbanization rate in the MCs increased from 50.5% to 51.9% between 2000 & 2006.
Currently, the urban rate varies from about 43% in Egypt to 65.3 % in Tunisia (63.3 % in Algeria & 55.5 % in Morocco).
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
share (%)of Total Pop
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Urban Population (Share of the Total)
Algeria
Egypt
Morocco
Tunisia
Urban Population (share of the total)
Economic Development in the Mediterranean
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
1971 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2020
SEMCs
NMCs
1971-2000Avg. growth per year
Total MED. 2.9%NMCs 2.7%; SEMCs 3.7%
2000-2005Avg. growth per year:
Total MED. 2.1%NMCs 1.7%; SEMCs 3.8%
2005-2020Average growth per year:
Total MED. 3.0%NMCs 2.5%; SEMCs 4.9%
GD
P u
sin
g e
xc
ha
ng
e r
ate
s (
bil
lio
n $
20
00
)
88%
12%
87%
13%
86%
14%
84%
16%
83%
17%
81%
19%
77%
23%
Energy sources in the South Med countries
The SMCs are unequally endowed with hydrocarbon resources
Range between large exporters to totally importers
Two countries (Algeria & Egypt) are high energy exporters and two countries (Tunisia & Morocco) are net energy importers
It is nowadays widely recognised that energy will continue to play an important role in all the MCs, importers or exporters of energy.
The national energy policies are largely linked to the energy resources available in each of these countries
Oil (Mt) & Gas (bcm) Reserves
Gas ReservesOil ReservesSource: Reserves from BP & CEDIGAZ
Total Oil Reserves = 6145 Mt
4580
1500 1870
370
Total Gas Reserves = 8340 bcm
1400 3900
445
400
Oil Exports in the MCs ( 87 Mtoe in 2006)
Algeria96%
Egypt4%
Gas Exports in the MCs ( 70 Mtoe in 2006)
Algeria80%
Egypt20%
Oil Imports in the MCs (9 Mtoe in 2006)
Morocco91%
Tunisia9%
AlgeriaEgypt
Primary energy consumption (113 Mtoe in 2006)
Algeria32%
Egypt49%
Morocco12%
Tunisia7%
Oil45%
N.Gas 46%
Coal5%
Hydro 3%
RE1%
The 145-million population in MCs is consuming 112 Mtoe of primary energy (of wh. 53 Mtoe of gas, 52 Mtoe oil & 6 Mtoe coal) & 154 TWh of electricity.
Number of customers in residential sector is 26.6 million for electricity and 2.5 million for natural gas.
Although the global electrification rate reached 96.6%, about 6-10 million of persons still have no access to electricity.
Efforts are deployed in the renewable energy sector in the MCs particularly in wind and solar energy and PV installations for electrification of remote villages, isolated rural households and rural schools.
Primary energy consumptionPrimary energy consumption
Coal7% Oil
10%
Hydro8%
RE1%
N. Gas74%
Algeria20%
Egypt61%
Morocco11%
Tunisia8%
Electricity generation in the MCs (175
TWh in 2006)
Electricity today and in 2020
SEMCs 2005 (460 TWh)
Coal20%
Oil17%
Gas50%
RE0.4%
Hydro13%
SEMCs 2020 (1100 TWh)
Coal20%
Oil6%
RE3%
Nuclear4%
Hydro13%
Gas54%
Share of energy sources in power generation for SEMCs
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
RURAL ELECTRIFICATION RATE
Algeria
Egypt
Morocco
Tunisia
(%)
Rural electrification rateRural electrification rate
18
Installed capacity and production of electricity
571
114
291
70
291
7059
1359
13
306
84
306
84162
39
162
39
338338215
215 13 313 3
235
235
5010
5010
358
358
105
20
105
20
4613
4613
Capacité installée (GW)
Production d’électricité (TWh)
Capacité installée (GW)
Production d’électricité (TWh)
2005
Source: Observatoire Méditerranéen de l’Énergie
Electricity networks and links
Figure 2 – Existing and planned interconnection projects in the Mediterranean
ITALY
SPAIN
FRANCE HUNGARYROMANIA
BULGARIA
TURKEY
LIBYA
ALGERIAMOROCCO
MediterraneanSea
BlackSea
TUNISIA
FYROM
GREECE
ALBANIA
Cyprus
Seville
Rabat
Madrid
Toulouse Milan
Rome
Palermo
Brindisi Tirana
Belgrad
Sofia
Athens
Ankara
Istanbul
Palestine
Cairo
Benghazi
TunisAlgiers
Existing Interconnection
Interconnection Project
2010
1997/ 2006
2007/ 2010
2010 2010
2003
1998/ 2010
1998/ 2010
2008
2008
2007
2010
2003/ 2010
2007/ 2010
EGYPT
Lebanon
Israel
Syria
Jordan
2010
Tripoli
2008
2003/ 2010
ITALY
SPAIN
FRANCE HUNGARYROMANIA
BULGARIA
TURKEY
LIBYA
ALGERIAMOROCCO
MediterraneanSea
BlackSea
TUNISIA
FYROM
GREECE
ALBANIA
Cyprus
Seville
Rabat
Madrid
Toulouse Milan
Rome
Palermo
Brindisi Tirana
Belgrad
Sofia
Athens
Ankara
Istanbul
Palestine
Cairo
Benghazi
TunisAlgiers
ITALY
SPAIN
FRANCE HUNGARYROMANIA
BULGARIA
TURKEY
LIBYA
ALGERIAMOROCCO
MediterraneanSea
BlackSea
TUNISIA
FYROM
GREECE
ALBANIA
Cyprus
Seville
Rabat
Madrid
Toulouse Milan
Rome
Palermo
Brindisi Tirana
Belgrad
Sofia
Athens
Ankara
Istanbul
Palestine
Cairo
Benghazi
TunisAlgiers
Existing Interconnection
Interconnection Project
2010
1997/ 2006
2007/ 2010
2010 2010
2003
1998/ 2010
1998/ 2010
2008
2008
2007
2010
2003/ 2010
2007/ 2010
EGYPT
Lebanon
Israel
Syria
Jordan
2010
Tripoli
2008
2003/ 2010
Electricity med ring
Figure 4 - Interconnection projects in 400-500 kV for the whole ELTAM region
Marsat Matrouh
Tabarka Sud Sarman
Bouchama
Jendouba
El Hadjar
Hassi Ameur
Bouredim Taba
Meloussa
Interconnection projects Internal interconnection projects 400 kV Internal interconnection projects 500 kV
Mernakia Spain
Source: 3éme Conférence du COMELEC, Alger, 13-14 Novembre 2006
kWh/capita
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
ELECTRICITY per capita (in kWh/capita)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
ENERGY per capita (in koe/capita)
Algeria
Egypt
Morocco
Tunisia
Energy indicators
Source: OME
RE in SEMCs: high potential but relatively modest present situation
RE installed capacity 2006 in the SEMCs (excluding large hydro) MW
Algeria Egypt Libye Morocco Tunisia Turkey Small hydro (321 MW)
85 - 30 30 176
Wind (410 MW) 0.5 225 114* 20 50 PV systems (13.3 MW)
1 3 1 6 2 0.3
Geothermal 20.4 Biomass 36 0.1 Source: OME * 2007 data (60 MW have been inaugurated on April 2007)
Characteristics of wind resources in the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean countries
Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Tunisia Turkey Wind speed (m/s)
2 - 6 6 - 11 5 – 10.5
8 - 11 7 - 10 5-11
Wind potential (MW)
Na 20 000 Na 6000 2000 88000 (technical) and 10000 to 12000
economic
PV capacity in the MCs (26 MWp in 2006)
Algeria9%
Egypt20%
Morocco63%
Tunisia8%
Nb of HH with PV systems PV (54856 in 2006)
Algeria2%
Egypt8%
Morocco69%
Tunisia21%
PV applicationsPV applications
Wind installed capacity (304 MW in 2006)
Egypt76%
Morocco18%
Tunisia6%
Algeria
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
MW
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Tunisia
Morocco
Egypt
Algeria
Wind Capacity Installed (MW)
Wind generation (904 TWh in 2006)
Egypt76%
Morocco20%
AlgeriaTunisia
4%
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
GWh
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Tunisia
Morocco
Egypt
Algeria
Wind Generation (GWh)
Hydro Generation in the MCs (14.5 TWh in 2006)
Egypt87%
Morocco11%
Tunisia1%
Algeria1%
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
GWh
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Tunisia
Morocco
Egypt
Algeria
Hydro Generation (in GWh)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1971 1980 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2020
NMC Importers
SEMC Importers
Global Energy Dependency (%)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1971 1980 2000 2005 2010 2020
NMC Importers
SEMC Importers
Natural Gas Dependency (%)
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1971 1980 2000 2005 2020
NMC Importers
SEMC Importers
Oil Dependency (%)
Energy dependency is increasing …
Source: OME
CO2 Emissions from Energy Consumption in the Mediterranean
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1971 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2020
SEMCs
NMCs
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
(in
Mt
CO
2)
89%
11%
84%
16%
74%
26%
68%
32%
67%
33%
62%
38%
55%
45%
“On current trends, we are on course for an unstable, dirty & expensive energy future” quote from IEA Executive Director
•A more sustainable future is needed
•A more sustainable future is possible
•High potential for energy efficiency
•Renewable energy have also an important role to play
•OME is working on these issues through its RESDC
Key energy messages valid also for SEMKey energy messages valid also for SEM
Barriers need to be removed
– Institutional and legal barriers: in most of the countries, there is no institutional and regulatory framework specific
to RE
– Competing resources: RE are competing with conventional energies relatively abundant, widely deployed and subsidised in several countries of the region.
Regional and internationalcontext is favourable
– Regional: EC, EIB, MEDREP, MEDENER, MEDITEP, OME
– Kyoto Protocol: the Clean Development Mechanism, an opportunity not yet fully exploited
– The Mediterranean Strategy for Sustainable Development: a framework in favour to RE and EE
– RE perspectives are encouraging
Source: OME
RE perspectives are encouraging in the SEMCs
Orientations for RE in the SEMCs
Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Tunisia Turkey RE specific law
Yes Ongoing No Ongoing Yes Yes
Targets
(not mandatory)
5% of power
generation based on
solar energy by
2010
20% RE share in
electricity demand by 2020
6% of RE share in
electricity demand by 2020
RE: 10% share in
TPES and 20% in
electricity generation by 2012
Yes, by technology
(wind, SWH, …)
2006-2012: + 926 MW
RE
2010-2015: + 625 MW
Feed in tariffs Yes Yes No No No Yes RE funds Yes Foreseen RE subsidies Yes
(SWH)
R&D law Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Public awareness programmes
Yes Yes (strong)
• Several ongoing projects• Regional projects supported by the EC (6th FP, 7th FP)• Euro-Mediterranean consortium
• Projects coordinated by OME:
– MEDRES (RE in rural and peri-urban areas; Algeria, Egypt, Morocco & Tunisia)– REMAP (CSP and wind; Algeria, Jordan, Tunisia & Turkey)– MED-CSD (CSP and water desalination; Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, PNA)
