General Psychology

Scripture

• James 1:19Wherefore, my beloved brethren, let every

person be swift to hear, slow to speak, slow to wrath: For your anger does not produce God’s righteousness.

Memory

Memory* persistence of learning over time

via the storage and retrieval of information

NAME THE SEVEN DWARFSON PAPER

Memory To name the seven dwarfs, we must get the

information into our brain (encoding), retain it over time (storage), and now get it back out (retrieval).

Forgetting may result from retrieval failure, rather than encoding or storage failure. IT WAS ON THE TIP OF MY TONGUE!!

Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc, and Bashful.

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Memory

Memory is the basis for knowing your friends, your neighbors, the English language, the national anthem, and

yourself.

If memory was nonexistent, everyone would be a stranger to you; every

language foreign; every task new; and even you yourself would be a stranger.

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The Phenomenon of Memory

Memory is any indication that learning has persisted over time. It is our ability to

store and retrieve information.

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Studying Memory: Information Processing Models

Keyboard(Encoding)

Disk(Storage)

Monitor(Retrieval)

Sequential Process

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Information ProcessingThe Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage

model of memory includes a) sensory memory, b) short-term memory, and c)

long-term memory.Bo

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Modifications to the Three-Stage Model

1. Some information skips the first two stages and enters long-term memory automatically.

2. Since we cannot focus on all the sensory information received, we select information that is important to us and actively process it into our working memory.

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Working Memory

A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active

processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of

information retrieved from long-term memory

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Encoding: Getting Information In

How We Encode

1. Some information (route to your school) is automatically processed.

2. However, new or unusual information (friend’s new cell-phone number) requires attention and effort.

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Automatic Processing

We process an enormous amount of information effortlessly, such as the

following:

1. Space: While reading a textbook, you automatically encode the place of a picture on a page.

2. Time: We unintentionally note the events that take place in a day.

3. Frequency: You effortlessly keep track of things that happen to you.

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Effortful Processing

Committing novel information to

memory requires effort just like

learning a concept from a textbook. Such processing

leads to durable and accessible memories.

Spencer Grant/ Photo Edit

© Bananastock/ Alam

y

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Rehearsal

Effortful learning usually requires

rehearsal or conscious

repetition.

Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables: TUV YOF GEK XOZ

Hermann Ebbinghaus(1850-1909)

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Rehearsal

The more times the nonsense syllables

were practiced on Day 1,

the fewer repetitions were required to

remember them on Day 2.

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Memory Effects

1. Spacing Effect: We retain information better when we rehearse over time.

2. Serial Position Effect: When your recall is better for first and last items on a list, but poor for middle items.

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What We Encode

1. Encoding by meaning2. Encoding by images3. Encoding by organization

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Encoding Meaning

Processing the meaning of verbal information by associating it with what we already know or imagine.

Encoding meaning (semantic encoding) results in better

recognition later than visual or acoustic encoding.

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Visual Encoding

Mental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially

when combined with semantic encoding.

Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it.

Both photos: Ho/AP Photo

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Mnemonics

Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids. Mnemonic techniques use vivid imagery and organizational devices in

aiding memory.

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Break down complex information into broad concepts and further subdivide

them into categories and subcategories.

Organizing Information for Encoding

1. Chunking2. Hierarchies

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Chunking

Organizing items into a familiar, manageable unit. Try to remember the

numbers below.1-7-7-6-1-4-9-2-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1

If you are well versed with American history, chunk the numbers together

and see if you can recall them better. 1776 1492 1812 1941.

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Chunking

Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it.

HOMES = Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior

ROY G. BIV = Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet

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Hierarchy

Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided

into categories and subcategories.

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Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy

How good is your memory? I will present you with a table of 25 different objects

• Write down all the objects that you can remember.

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Storage: Retaining Information

Storage is at the heart of memory. Three stores of memory are shown

below:SensoryMemory

WorkingMemory

Long-termMemory

Encoding

RetrievalEncoding

Events

Retrieval

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Sensory Memory

SensoryMemory

WorkingMemory

Long-termMemory

Encoding

RetrievalEncoding

Events

Retrieval

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Sensory Memories

Iconic0.5 sec. long

Echoic3-4 sec. long

Hepatic< 1 sec. long

The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses.

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Working Memory

SensoryMemory

WorkingMemory

Long-termMemory

Encoding

RetrievalEncoding

Events

Retrieval

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Working Memory

Working memory, the new name for short-term memory, has a limited capacity (7±2)

and a short duration (20 seconds).

Sir George Hamilton observed that he could accurately remember up

to 7 beans thrown on the floor. If there were more beans, he guessed.

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Capacity

You should be able torecall 7±2 letters.

The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our

Capacity for Processing Information (1956).

George Miller

M U T G I K T L R S Y P

Ready?

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Chunking

F-B-I-T-W-A-C-I-A-I-B-M

The capacity of the working memory may be increased by “chunking.”

FBI TWA CIA IBM

4 chunks

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Duration

Peterson and Peterson (1959) measured the duration of working memory by

manipulating rehearsal.

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The duration of the working memory is about 20 sec.

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Working Memory Duration

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Long-Term Memory

SensoryMemory

WorkingMemory

Long-termMemory

Encoding

RetrievalEncoding

Events

Retrieval

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Long-Term Memory

Essentially unlimited capacity store.

The Clark’s nutcracker can locate 6,000 caches ofburied pine seeds during winter and spring.

R.J. Erwin/ Photo Researchers

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Memory Feats

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Memory Stores

FeatureSensoryMemory

Working Memory

LTM

Encoding Copy Phonemic Semantic

Capacity Unlimited7±2

ChunksVery Large

Duration 0.25 sec. 20 sec. Years

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Storing Memories in the Brain

1. Loftus and Loftus (1980) reviewed previous research data showing, through brain stimulation, that memories were etched into the brain and found that only a handful of brain stimulated patients reported flashbacks.

2. Using rats, Lashley (1950) suggested that even after removing parts of the brain, the animals retain partial memory of the maze.

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Déjà VuDéjà Vu means “I've experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an

earlier similar experience. ©

The New

Yorker Collection, 1990. Leo Cullum from

cartoonbank.com

. All Rights Reserved

Test

Deja Vu (French)--already seen * cues from the current situation may

subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience

"I've experienced this before.“

Say each word loudly as I show it to you…

REST

TIRED

AWAKE

DREAM

SNORE

BED

EAT

SLUMBER

SOUND

COMFORT

WAKE

NIGHT