general purpose water accounting report 2011–2012 · recognition, quantification, presentation...

General Purpose Water Accounting Report 2011–2012

Border Rivers Catchment

Publisher: NSW Department of Primary Industries, Office of Water

Level 18, 227 Elizabeth Street GPO Box 3889 Sydney NSW 2001

[email protected]

www.water.nsw.gov.au

General Purpose Water Accounting Report 2011 -2012 – Border Rivers Catchment

First published: December 2012

ISBN: 978 1 74256 398 5

More information

This report may be cited as:

Burrell M., Moss P., Nguyen K., Petrovic J., Ali A., (2012) General Purpose Water Accounting Report 2011-

2012: Border Rivers Catchment, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Sydney

Cover image: River gauging station on the Severn River at Ashford, 638 Megalitres per day flow rate, courtesy of

NSW Office of Water Hydrometric Gauging Team

Jobtrack number: 11586.1

© State of New South Wales through the Department of Trade and Investment, Regional Infrastructure and Services 2012. You may copy, distribute and otherwise freely deal with this publication for any purpose, provided that you attribute the NSW Department of Primary Industries as the owner.

Disclaimer: The information contained in this publication is based on knowledge and understanding at the time of writing (November 2012). However, because of advances in knowledge, users are reminded of the need to ensure that information upon which they rely is up to date and to check currency

i | NSW Office of Water, December 2012

General Purpose Water Accounting Report 2011-2012 – Border Rivers catchment

Table of contents Introduction...............................................................................................................................1

Contextual statement ...............................................................................................................2

Accounting extent .................................................................................................................2

Summary for 2011-2012 .......................................................................................................4

Surface water resources and management ......................................................................8

Water accounting statements.................................................................................................11

Significant water accounting policies ..................................................................................12

Quantification of data..........................................................................................................12

Border Rivers catchment: Physical flows mass balance diagram 2011-2012.................13

Water assets and water liabilities....................................................................................14

Changes in water assets and water liabilities .................................................................15

Note disclosures.....................................................................................................................17

Reconciliation and future prospect descriptions .................................................................18

Note 1 - Surface water storage...........................................................................................20

Note 2 - River channel storage ...........................................................................................22

Note 3 - Allocation accounts ...............................................................................................24

Note 4 - Storage inflow – Glenlyon and Pindari..................................................................28

Note 5 - Storage evaporation and storage rainfall ..............................................................30

Note 6 - River evaporation and river rainfall .......................................................................31

Note 7 - Gauged inflow.......................................................................................................32

Note 8 - Ungauged inflow ...................................................................................................33

Note 9 – Flow leaving system/replenishments ...................................................................34

Note 10 - Extractions from river ..........................................................................................36

Note 11 – Water order debiting...........................................................................................37

Note 12 - Basic rights .........................................................................................................38

Note 13 - Available Water Determination (AWD) (allocation announcement) ....................39

Note 14 – Storage Releases (including transparent releases) ...........................................42

Note 15 – Queensland extractions .....................................................................................44

Note 16 – Supplementary extractions.................................................................................45

Note 17 - Allocation trading ................................................................................................50

Note 18 - Unaccounted volume ..........................................................................................52

ii | NSW Office of Water, December 2012


Note 19 - Held environmental water ...................................................................................53

Note 20 – Environmental stimulus flow...............................................................................56

Note 21 – Account corrections............................................................................................57

Appendix 1 - Groundwater .....................................................................................................58

Groundwater bounded by Border Rivers surface water catchment ....................................59

Groundwater management 2011-12...................................................................................61

Groundwater review 2011-12 .............................................................................................61

Tables Table 1: Water account data accuracy estimates key ..................................................... 12

Table 2: Capacity and dead storage summary table ....................................................... 20

Table 3: Detailed breakdown of 2011-12 river volume estimate...................................... 23

Table 4: Licence category metered usage apportionment table...................................... 25

Table 5: Explanatory information for allocation account summary .................................. 26

Table 6: Allocation account balance summary for the Border Rivers Regulated River 2011-12 .................................................................................................... 27

Table 7: Components for backcalculation of inflow ......................................................... 28

Table 8: Pan factors utilised for calculation .................................................................... 30

Table 9: Storage rainfall and evaporation....................................................................... 30

Table 10: Summary of gauged tributary inflow 2011-12 .................................................... 32

Table 11: Flow leaving system and replenishment summary 2011-12.............................. 34

Table 12: Reconciliation of river extraction to NSW account usage .................................. 36

Table 13: Priority of access licence categories.................................................................. 40

Table 14: Allocation summary report notes ....................................................................... 40

Table 15: Allocation Announcements for Border Rivers Regulated River Water Source 2011-12 ................................................................................................. 41

Table 16: Supplementary Announcements 2011-12 ......................................................... 46

Table 17: Border Rivers Regulated River internal trade summary 2011-2012 .................. 51

Table 18: Explanatory information for Environmental Account Summary.......................... 54

Table 19: Border Rivers Regulated River Environmental Account Summary 2011-12....................................................................................................................... 55

Table 20: Stimulus Flow Summary 2009-10 to 2011-12.................................................... 56

iii | NSW Office of Water, December 2012


Table 21: Border Rivers surface water catchment groundwater sources summary table ................................................................................................................... 63

Figures Figure 1: Surface water geographical extent of the accounts............................................. 3

Figure 2: Annual rainfall for 2011-12................................................................................... 5

Figure 3: Average annual rainfall, 1961 - 1990................................................................... 5

Figure 4: Long-term inflows to Glenlyon Dam against mean and reporting year inflow.................................................................................................................... 6

Figure 5: Daily inflows and rainfall at Glenlyon Dam 2011-12 ............................................ 6

Figure 6: Long-term inflows to Pindari Dam against mean and reporting year inflow.................................................................................................................... 6

Figure 7: Daily inflows and rainfall at Pindari Dam 2011-12 ............................................... 7

Figure 8: Flood events in the Border Rivers, August 2011 to November 2011................... 7

Figure 9: Largest flood even in Border Rivers for 2011-12 season (November 2011).................................................................................................................... 8

Figure 10: Water Availability (AWD plus carry over) ............................................................. 9

Figure 11: Total usage since the commencement of the Water Sharing Plan against entitlement (excluding supplementary) ................................................................ 9

Figure 12: Total supplementary usage since the commencement of the Water Sharing Plan against entitlement ....................................................................... 10

Figure 13: Net trade out of the NSW Border Rivers (excluding supplementary)................. 10

Figure 14: Glenlyon Dam storage level and effective full storage capacity 2011-12 .......... 20

Figure 15: Pindari Dam storage level and effective full storage capacity 2011-12 ............. 21

Figure 16: Glenlyon Dam backcalculated inflows 2011-12 ................................................. 29

Figure 17: Pindari Dam backcalculated inflows 2011-12 .................................................... 29

Figure 18: End of system flow for Border Rivers Regulated River 2011-12 ....................... 35

Figure 19: Storage Releases Glenlyon Dam 2011-12 ........................................................ 43

Figure 20: Storage Releases for Pindari Dam 2011-12 ...................................................... 43

Figure 21: Pindari transparent release vs required transparent release 2011-12............... 43

Figure 22: Border Rivers Daily Supplementary Water Extractions 2011-12 ....................... 46

Figure 23: Border Rivers Surface Water Catchment – Groundwater Water Sharing Plans.................................................................................................................. 60

Figure 24: Border Rivers catchment annual potential recharge (1970-71 to 2011-12)...................................................................................................................... 61

iv | NSW Office of Water, December 2012


Figure 25: Potential Recharge 2011-12 .............................................................................. 62

Figure 26: Average Annual Potential Recharge 1970 - 2012 ............................................. 62

v | NSW Office of Water, December 2012


Abbreviations

Acronym Description

AWAS 1 Australian Water Accounting Standard

AWD Available Water Determination

BoM Bureau of Meteorology

CAIRO Computer Aided Improvements to River Operations

GIS Geographic Information System

GPWAR General Purpose Water Accounting Report

IQQM Integrated Quantity and Quality Model

MDBA Murray‐Darling Basin Authority

ML Megalitres (1,000,000 litres)

MODFLOW Modular Three Dimensional Finite‐Difference Groundwater Flow Model

NSW New South Wales

QLD Queensland

WAS Water Accounting System (Water Management Act 2000)

WASB Water Accounting Standards Board

vi | NSW Office of Water, December 2012


Glossary

Allocation The specific volume of water allocated to water allocation accounts in a given season, defined according to rules established in the relevant water plan.

Allocation assignments The transfer of water between licence holder allocation accounts as a result of a trade agreement. The assignment becomes part of the receiver’s current year allocation account water.

Allocation Account Water account attached to an access licence used to track the balance of account water.

Aquifer Soil or rock below the land surface that is saturated with water. A confined aquifer has layers of impermeable material above and below it and is under pressure. When the aquifer is penetrated by a well, the water rises above the top of the aquifer. In an unconfined aquifer, the upper water surface (water table) is at atmospheric pressure and thus is able to rise and fall.

Available Water Determination (AWD)

The process by which water is made available for use and shared amongst water users who hold a water access licence. It determines the volume of water that is to be added to an individuals licence allocation account.

Australian Water Accounting Standard (AWAS 1)

A national standard that prescribes the basis for preparing and presenting a General Purpose Water Accounting Report (GPWAR). It sets out requirements for the recognition, quantification, presentation and disclosure of items in a GPWAR.

Back‐calculation A calculation approach using a mass balance to determine an unknown variable (used to calculate storage inflows based on balancing the change in storage volume where inflow is the only unknown).

Basic rights The non‐licensed right to extract water to meet basic requirements for household purposes (non‐commercial uses in and around the house and garden) and for watering of stock. It is available for anyone who has access to river frontage on their property.

Computer Aided Improvements to River Operations (CAIRO)

A spreadsheet‐based water balance model used for optimising river operations (orders and releases)

Carryover The volume or share component that may be reserved by a licence holder for use in the proceeding year.

Catchment The areas of land which collect rainfall and contribute to surface water (streams, rivers, wetlands) or to ground‐water. A catchment is a natural drainage area, bounded by sloping ground, hills or mountains, from which water flows to a low point.

Conveyance licence Defined licence category that provides an allowance for losses in the delivery of water.

Dead storage The volume in storage that is generally considered unavailable for use (e.g water level below release valves) due to access and often poor water quality.

Dealings A water dealing refers to a change that can be made to a licence, in particular, those arising from trading including the sale of all or part of an access licence or account water. May also include a change in location, licence category or consolidation/subdivision of licences.

Double entry accounting Double‐entry accounting is a method of record‐keeping that records both where money (or in this case water) comes from and where it goes. Using double‐entry means that water is never gained or lost ‐ it is always transferred from somewhere (a source account) to somewhere else (a destination account).

Effective storage The total volume of storage minus the dead storage component – the volume generally considered as useable.

Effluent Flow leaving a place or process. Sewage effluent refers to the flow leaving a sewage treatment plant. An effluent stream is one which leaves the main river and does not return.

Entity A defined geographical area or zone within the accounting region. Transactions and reports are produced for each entity.

vii | NSW Office of Water, December 2012


End of system The last defined point in a catchment where water information can be measured and/or reported.

Environmental water Water allocated to support environmental outcomes and other public benefits. Environmental water provisions recognise the environmental water requirements and are based on environmental, social and economic considerations, including existing user rights.

Equity Total assets minus total liabilities

Evaporation The process by which water or another liquid becomes a gas. Water from land areas, bodies of water, and all other moist surfaces is absorbed into the atmosphere as a vapour.

Evapotranspiration The process by which water is transmitted as a vapour to the atmosphere as the result of evaporation from any surface and transpiration from plants.

Extraction The pumping or diverting of water from a river or aquifer by licensed users for a specific purpose (irrigation, stock, domestic, towns, etc). The volume is measured at the point of extraction or diversion (river pump, diversion works etc).

General Purpose Water Accounting Report (GPWAR)

A report prepared according to the Australian Water Accounting Standard. It is comprised of a number of components including a contextual statement, a Statement of Water Assets and Water Liabilities, a Statement of Change in Water Assets and Water Liabilities, a Statement of Physical Water Flows, Notes and Disclosures, and an assurance and accountability statement

General security licence A category of water access licence implemented under the Water Management Act 2000. Forms the bulk of the water access licence entitlement volume in NSW and is a low priority entitlement i.e. only receives water once essential and high security entitlements are met in the available water determination process.

Groundwater Water location beneath the ground in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations.

High security licence A category of licence water access licence implemented under the Water Management Act 2000. Receives a higher priority than general security licences but less priority than essential requirements in the available water determination process.

HYDSTRA database A database used by NSW Office of Water to store continuous time series data such as river flow, river height, and water quality.

Inflows Surface water runoff and deep drainage to groundwater (groundwater recharge) and transfers into the water system (both surface and groundwater) for a defined area.

Inter‐valley trade Trade of licence holder allocation account water, via allocation assignment, from one catchment to another catchment (or state).

Intra‐valley trade Trade of licence holder allocation account water, via allocation assignment, within the same catchment.

Licence Administration System (LAS)

The system used by NSW Office of Water to manage water access licence information and transaction.

Liability A legally binding obligation to settle a debt.

Median The middle point of a distribution, separating the highest half of a sample from the lowest half.

Non‐physical transaction An accounting transaction representing a process that is not a component of the water cycle (e.g. an available water determination).

Physical transaction An accounting transaction representing a process of the water cycle (e.g. a extraction)

Recharge Groundwater recharge is a hydrologic process where water drains downward from surface water to groundwater. Groundwater is recharged naturally by rain, floods and snow melt and to a smaller extent by drainage directly from surface water (such as rivers and lakes).

Regulated river A river system where flow is controlled via one or more major man‐made structures e.g. dams and weirs. For the purposes of the Water Management Act 2000 a

viii | NSW Office of Water, December 2012

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_water

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow


ix | NSW Office of Water, December 2012

regulated river is one that is declared by the Minister to be a regulated river. Within a regulated river system licence holders can order water against a held entitlement.

Replenishment flows Flows provided along effluent systems downstream of a water source to supply water for household, town use and stock.

Return inflows Water that has been diverted from a river by a water user and is then returned to the river after use (e.g. can include non‐consumptive uses, such as hydropower, cooling water for industry or water for aquaculture). This water is included as an inflow to the basin because the water is available to be diverted downstream or will pass the basin outlet.

Share component An entitlement to water specified on the access licence, expressed as a unit share or in the case of specific purpose licences (eg. local water utility, major water utility and domestic and stock) a volume in megalitres. The amount of water a licence holder is allocated as a result of an available water determination and the amount they can take in any year is based on their share component.

Steady State A condition in a physical groundwater system where the volume does not change over time, or in which any one change in volume is continually balanced by another.

Storage A state‐owned dam, weir or other structure which is used to regulate and manage river flows in the catchment and the water bodies impounded by these structures.

Storage discharge The volume of water released from storage in a specified time frame.

Storage reserve Proportion of water in a storage reserved in the resource assessment process for future essential or high security requirements (e.g. town water).

Storage volume The total volume of water held in storage at a specified time.

Supplementary water Unregulated river flow available for extraction under a supplementary licence.

Surface water All water that occurs naturally above ground including rivers, lakes, reservoirs, creeks, wetlands and estuaries.

Translucent flow The release of an agreed percentage of an incoming flow event from a dam for environmental purposes immediately downstream of the dam.

Transparent flow The release of all or part of an incoming flow event from a dam for environmental purposes at one or more sites downstream of the dam.

Tributary A smaller river or stream that flows into a larger river or stream. Usually a number of smaller tributaries merge to form a river.

Uncontrolled flow Water permitted to be extracted without debt under a general security access licence during a supplementary flow event. The extracted water may be progressively debited to the general security account if water availability exceeds predefined levels.

Ungauged catchment A catchment without a flow gauge to accurately record stream flows. Modelled estimates must be used to approximate the contribution of ungauged catchments to the main river.

Water accounting The systematic process of identifying, recognising, quantifying, reporting, assuring and publishing information about water, the rights or other claims to that water, and the obligations against that water

Water assets The physical water held in storage, as well as any claims to water that are expected to increase the future water resource (e.g. external water entering the system through intervalley trading).

Water liabilities Claims on the water assets of the water report entity including water that has been allocated to licence holder accounts or environmental accounts but yet to be taken at the end of the reporting period.

Water sharing plan A water management plan that defines the rules for sharing of water within a region under the Water Management Act 2000.

Introduction

This document is a General Purpose Water Accounting Report (GPWAR) for the regulated, New South Wales component of the Border Rivers, prepared by the NSW Office of Water under the Australian Water Accounting Standard 1 (AWAS 1) framework (WASB, 2012).

It has been prepared for the reporting period of 1 July to 2011 to 30 June 2012 and aims to provide a consolidated and informative annual summary of the available water resources and the water resource management that occurred for this period.

While groundwater has not been directly included in the GPWAR (aside from those processes that directly affect the regulated river), annual summary information pertaining to physical groundwater flows, and the management of groundwater resources in the Border Rivers is provided as an appendix.

As Commissioner of the NSW Office of Water I hereby declare:

The information presented in these accounts as a faithful representation of the management and operation of the regulated NSW Border Rivers Water Source in 2011-2012

All data presented in this report is based on the best available information at the time of publication.

The NSW Office of Water has to the best of its ability prepared the General Purpose Water Accounting Report for the Border Rivers water report entity for the 2011-12 water year in accordance with the AWAS 1.

1 | NSW Office of Water, December 2012



Contextual statement

The Border Rivers consists of the catchments of the Dumaresq, Severn, Macintyre and Barwon Rivers which drain from the Great Dividing Range between Inverell in far northern New South Wales (NSW) and Warrenbayne in southern Queensland. The catchment occupies an area of approximately 49,500 km2 of which approximately 24,500 km2 is situated within NSW. The Dumaresq River, Macintyre River and part of the Barwon River downstream of the Weir River form the border between NSW and Queensland for approximately 470 km.

The Border Rivers are regulated by three dams – Glenlyon Dam on Pikes Creek (QLD), Coolmunda Dam on Macintyre Brook (QLD), and Pindari Dam on the Severn River (NSW). The main tributaries draining from Queensland are Pikes Creek and Macintyre Brook which enter the Dumaresq River, and the Weir River which enters the Macintyre River. The lower end of the catchment is characterised by a complex series of anabranching channels. The junction of the Weir and Macintyre Rivers marks the start of the Barwon River, and the town of Mungundi on the Barwon River marks the downstream end of the Border Rivers catchment.

The catchment supports a population of around 50,000 people. In NSW the population is concentrated in the major centres of Glen Innes, Inverell, and Tenterfield which support around 30,000 people between the three local government areas. The largest towns in the Queensland part of the catchment are Goondiwindi and Stanthorpe which both have populations of around 5,000 people. The Border Rivers flows through lands previously occupied by the Kamilaroi and Bigambul Aboriginal people.

The main agricultural use of land is for grazing and dryland cropping, and this covers around ninety per cent of the catchment. Irrigation for the production of cotton occurs on the western plains between Goondiwindi and Mungindi.

A more detailed description of the catchment can be found in the document Water resources and management overview – Border Rivers catchment which is available from the NSW Office of Water website.

Accounting extent

The accounted river extent is illustrated in Figure 1 and includes the area managed by the Water Sharing Plan for the Border Rivers Regulated River Water Source.

For the purposes of this General Purpose Water Accounting Report (GPWAR) the Border Rivers component includes the water resources and associated users on the Severn River from Pindari Dam to its junction with the Macintyre River, the Dumaresq River from Glenlyon Dam to it’s junction with the Macintyre River, and the Macintyre River downstream to Mungindi.

The gauged inflow reported in this GPWAR for the Border Rivers consists of inflow from Macintyre Brook, The Mole River, Frazers Creek, Weir River, Tenterfield Creek, Beardy River and Macintyre River (the unregulated component upstream of it’s junction with the Severn River).

As this GPWAR is an account for the NSW Border Rivers, only Pindari and Glenlyon storage volumes are included as major storage assets. While, as previously mentioned, flow exiting Coolmunda Dam on the Macintyre Brook is treated as an inflow to the NSW Border Rivers, The Coolmunda system itself including Coolmunda Dam is not a NSW resource and is subsequently excluded.

Figure 1: Surface water geographical extent of the accounts



While groundwater volumes interacting with the regulated river are indirectly included in GPWAR statements (through forming part of the unaccounted difference), other groundwater flows and groundwater management is excluded from the GPWAR.

Alternatively, supporting information for groundwater in the Border Rivers for 2011-12 has been presented in Appendix 1 of this document.

Summary for 2011-2012

In 2011-12 the Border Rivers catchment experienced a continuation of the wet regime that broke the extended drought sequence in 2010-11. High rainfall during the spring and early summer, particularly in the south western extent of the catchment (Figure 2) produced a number of moderately high runoff events and allowed for timely access for supplementary licence holders. Here some areas were over 400 mm above the average annual historical rainfall (Figure 3).

Typical of isolated summer storm events however, there were some areas of the catchment where rainfall was either generally around or below the historic average. This was apparent in the Glenlyon Dam catchment area where the inflow was significantly low compared to the historic record. In fact with a total inflow of 20,656 ML, 88 per cent of the historic record was in exceedence of this and demonstrates an extreme contrast when compared with the 2010-11 water year where the total inflow was 354,825 ML - the largest inflow to Glenlyon Dam on record Figure 4. In comparison the inflows into Pindari Dam were in excess of the mean as a result of above average rainfall in its catchment. However, due to the storage being full during the period when the majority of these inflows occurred they resulted in the dam spilling.



Figure 2: Annual rainfall for 2011-12

Figure 3: Average annual rainfall, 1961 - 1990

Layer source: Bureau of Meteorology



Figure 4: Long-term inflows to Glenlyon Dam against mean and reporting year inflow

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Figure 5: Daily inflows and rainfall at Glenlyon Dam 2011-12

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Rainfall at Mole River 56055 Glenlyon Dam Inflow (ML)

Figure 6: Long-term inflows to Pindari Dam against mean and reporting year inflow

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Figure 7: Daily inflows and rainfall at Pindari Dam 2011-12

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Rainfall at Pindari 54104 Pindari Dam Inflow (ML)

Following good rainfall a series of small spring events up to 6,000 ML/d occurred in the lower half of the catchment (Figure 8), followed by the major event for the season in late November 2011, peaking just below 90,000 ML/d at Holdfast. With extractions by QLD irrigators and NSW supplementary access holders along with natural attenuation of flows as the event moved down the catchment, the event was reduced to approximately a 10,000 ML peak at Mungindi (Figure 9).

Figure 8: Flood events in the Border Rivers, August 2011 to November 2011

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Flow (ML/d)

Severn River at Strathbogie Macintyre River at HoldfastMacintyre River at Boggabilla Macintyre River at Mungindi



Figure 9: Largest flood even in Border Rivers for 2011-12 season (November 2011)

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Flow (ML/d)

Severn River at Strathbogie Macintyre River at HoldfastMacintyre River at Boggabilla Macintyre River at Mungindi

Surface water resources and management

The NSW Border Rivers regulated system was operated in accordance with the Water Sharing Plan for the NSW Border Rivers Regulated River Water Source. The plan can be viewed at the NSW Office of Water webpage (www.water.nsw.gov.au).

While as mentioned storage inflows in the Border Rivers were relatively low the extremely wet 2010-11 summer season ensured that storage resources were still near capacity at the commencement of 2011-12. The resulted in small spill events Glenlyon (late October) while Pindari spilled continuously from late August through to midway through March. Water availability was at or in exceedence of 100% of share component for all licence categories (Figure 10). However, the total water extracted is still low compared with the total entitlement, with the rainfall and access to supplementary water resulting in a decreased regulated licenced demand (Figure 11).

Water available in excess of 100% in 2010-11 and 2011-12 (Figure 10) results from the water sharing plan placing no restriction on the volume of allocation announced. Limits are set by restricting individual accounts to 100% of entitlement. Hence any usage or net trade out of account water can be replaced by future allocation announcements during the water year.

General Security usage (A + B categories) totalled 70,993 ML compared to 68,647 from the previous year. High Security licenced usage (High security, Local Water Utility, Domestic and Stock) totalled 923 ML compared to 895 ML in 2010-11.

While opportunistic water use overall was less than in 2010-11 it was still significantly high with supplementary licenced extractions totalling 62,186 ML compared to 94,179 ML in 2010-11. This was a result of the continual high flows in the river for significant periods of the water year creating substantial periods of supplementary flow access (see note 16).

Net trade out of NSW (to Queensland) was up slightly on the previous season (approximately 26,000) indicative of higher demand in QLD (Figure 13). In fact there was no water trade from QLD to NSW in 2011-12. For more detail on trade refer to Note 13.



Figure 10: Water Availability (AWD plus carry over)

Water Availability

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titlem

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Domestic and Stock Local Water Utility General Security A General Security B General Security High Security

Figure 11: Total usage since the commencement of the Water Sharing Plan against entitlement (excluding supplementary)

240,000

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Share Componen

t)

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Figure 12: Total supplementary usage since the commencement of the Water Sharing Plan against entitlement

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Supplementary Water

Figure 13: Net trade out of the NSW Border Rivers (excluding supplementary)

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Water accounting statements




Significant water accounting policies

The water accounting statements in this GPWAR have been prepared using an accrual basis of accounting. All figures are in megalitres (ML).

The ‘Statement of Physical Flows’ has been excluded for this GPWAR as all transactions have been presented in the statements ‘Water Assets and Liabilities’ and ‘Changes in Water Assets and Water Liabilities’.

The introduction of a ‘Physical Flow Diagram’ that represents the physical movements of water has been included in order to provide a clearer picture of this process.

For a detailed explanation on how to interpret the Office of Water water accounting statements refer to the report Interpreting New South Wales Office of Water General Purpose Water Accounting Reports, available for download on from the NSW Office of Water website.

Quantification of data

Data accuracy

It is important to recognise that the data used to account for water movement and management in the reporting entity has been obtained from a variety of sources and systems. The data ranges from observed values where a high accuracy would be anticipated through to modelled results and estimates where accuracy can be highly variable depending on a range of factors. To address the inconsistencies in accuracy and prevent misuse of the data in the accounts, all figures in the water accounting statements will be accompanied by an assessment of accuracy (Table 1).

Table 1: Water account data accuracy estimates key

Accuracy Description

A1

+/- 0% Data is determined rather than estimated or measured. Therefore the number contains no inaccuracies.

A +/- 10%

B +/- 25%

C +/- 50%

D +/- 100%


Border Rivers catchment: Physical flows mass balance diagram 2011-2012

Boomi River Offtake

59,893

Evaporation

13,639

238,042

Release Inflow

212,127Rainfall

7,017

01/07/11 309,679

01/07/12 277,142

Change: (32,537)

Glenlyon Dam

Macintyre River01/07/11 8,866

01/07/12 4,280 Change: (4,586)

End of System

845,028

All figures in megalitres

Weir

Major Storage

Outflow

Inflow

River Inflows

Rainfall: 15,643

Gauged Inflow: 685,697

Ungauged Inflow: 183,661

Inflow from Mcintyre Brook Regulated System: 18,204

Evaporation: 28,142

NSW Extractions: 71,916

QLD Extractions: 115,216

Basic Rights: 8,000

Supplementary Licenced Extractions: 62,186

River Outflows

Unaccounted difference

213,852

Severn River

Dumaresq River

01/07/11 2,543

01/07/12 1,866

Change: (677)

Boggabilla Weir

Rainfall

Evaporation

32,019

Inflow

20,656

12,887

Release

7,535

01/07/11 250,930

01/07/12 244,919

Change: (6,011)

Pindari Dam

Inflow to Mcintyre River

250,188



Border Rivers catchment

Water assets and water liabilities

For the year ended 30 June 2012

Surface water assets

1. Surface Water Storage Accuracy Notes 30 June 2012 30 June 2011

Glenlyon Dam A 1 244,919 250,930

Pindari Dam A 1 277,142 309,679

Boggabilla Weir A 1 1,866 2,543

River B 2 4,280 8,866

Total Surface Water Storage (ASWS) 528,207 572,018

Change in Surface Water Storage (43,811) 433,676

Surface water liabilities

2. Allocation Account Balance Accurac

y Notes 30 June 2012 30 June 2011

General Security A1 3 0 44

General Security (A) A1 3 10,431 6,593

General Security (B) A1 3 200,924 202,869

Total Allocation Account Balance (LSWS) 211,355 209,506

Change in Allocation Account Balance 1,849 181,171

3. Environmental Stimulus Flow Account Balance Accurac

y Notes 30 June 2012 30 June 2011

Stimulus Flow Account (LESF) A1 20 8,000 8,000

Change in Environmental Stimulus Flow Account Balance 0 4,000

Net Surface Water Assets (ASWS ‐ LSWS – LESF) 308,852 354,512

Change in Net Surface Water Assets (45,660) 248,505

Groundwater assets and groundwater liabilities

Groundwater has not been specifically included in this GPWAR. Summary information relating to groundwater resources and management in 2011-12 is available in appendix 1.




Changes in water assets and water liabilities

For the year ended 30 June 2012 (1 of 2)

1. Changes in surface water storage (physical water balance) Surface Water Storage Increases Accuracy Notes 2011‐12 2010‐11

Glenlyon Dam Inflow A 4 20,656 354,825 Rainfall B 5 12,887 15,101

Pindari Dam Inflow A 4 212,127 572,337 Rainfall B 5 7,017 9,672

River Rainfall C 6 15,643 22,814 Inflow from Releases A 14 245,577 488,914 Tributary inflow Gauged Inflow A 7

Inflow from Macintyre Brook regulated system 18,204 457,820 Inflow to McIntyre River 250,188 349,953 Other Gauged Inflow 685,697 2,138,691

Ungauged Inflow C 8 183,661 615,000 Total Surface Water Storage Increases (ISWS) 1,651,657 5,025,127

Surface Water Storage Decreases Accuracy Notes 2011‐12 2010‐11

Glenlyon Dam Releases A 14 7,535 150,219 Evaporation B 5 32,019 24,929

Pindari Dam Releases (Other) A 14 217,547 310,131 Releases (Transparent) A 14 20,495 28,564 Evaporation B 5 13,639 12,157

River Evaporation C 6 28,142 34,171 Flows Leaving System A 9

Boomi River (Other) 59,893 141,982 Boomi River (Replenishment) 0 3,591 End of System 845,028 1,394,788

Extractions from River A 10 NSW 134,102 163,718 QLD

Regulated 42,362 30,558 Unregulated 72,854 160,207

Basic Rights Extractions C 12 8,000 8,000 Total Surface Water Storage Decreases (DSWS) 1,481,616 2,463,015 Unaccounted Volume (Balancing Item) (USWS) D 18 213,852 2,128,436

Net Surface Water Storage Increase (ISWS ‐ DSWS ‐ USWS) (43,811) 433,676

2. Changes in allocation account Allocation Account Increases Accuracy Notes 2011‐12 2010‐11

Available Water Determinations A1 13 Domestic and Stock (Domestic) 52 55 Domestic and Stock (Stock) 100 100 Domestic and Stock (D&S) 818 858 General Security 0 44 General Security (A) 15,434 21,537 General Security (B) 90,230 254,098 High Security 1,500 1,500 Local Water Utility 620 620




Changes in water assets and water liabilities

For the year ended 30 June 2012 (2 of 2) Allocation Account Increases (Continued) Accuracy Notes 2011‐12 2010‐11

New Licences 0 0 Supplementary Water A 16 62,186 94,176 Internal Trade ‐ Buyers A1 17 4,255 7,502 Trade in from QLD A1 17 0 0 Account Corrections A1 21 0 0

Total Allocation Account Increases (IAA) 175,195 380,490

Allocation Account Decreases Accuracy Notes 2011‐12 2010‐11 Account usage (Total) A1 3

Domestic and Stock (Domestic) 2 0 Domestic and Stock (Stock) 6 2 Domestic and Stock (D&S) 417 343 General Security 0 0 General Security (A) 10,776 15,254 General Security (B) 60,217 53,393 High Security 53 152 Local Water Utility 445 398 Supplementary Water A 16 62,186 94,176

Account Forfeiture A1 3 Domestic and Stock (Domestic) 50 52 Domestic and Stock (Stock) 94 98 Domestic and Stock (D&S) 401 507 General Security (A) 36 42 General Security (B) 5,606 387 High Security 427 123 Local Water Utility 175 192

Water Ordering Debiting (Orders > Usage) A1 3, 11 General Security (A) 382 844 General Security (B) 1,662 2,542 Local Water Utility 0 1

Licences Cancelled A1 3 Domestic and Stock (D&S) 0 8 Domestic and Stock (Domestic) 0 3 General Security 44 0

Internal Trade ‐ Sellers A1 17 4,255 7,502 Trade out to QLD A1 17 26,112 23,300

Total Allocation Account Decreases (DAA) 173,346 199,319

Net Allocation Account Balance Increase (IAA ‐ DAA) 1,849 181,171

3. Change in environmental stimulus flow account balance Environmental Stimulus Flow Account Increases (Is)

Start of Water Year Increase A1 20 4,000 4,000 Environmental Stimulus Flow Account Decreases

Stimulus Account Forfeit A1 20 4,000 0 Stimulus Account Usage A1 20 0 0

Net Environmental Stimulus Flow Account Balance Increase (IAA ‐ DAA)

0 4,000

Change in Net Surface Water Assets (ISWS ‐ DSWS ‐ USWS ‐ IAA + DAA) (45,660) 248,505



Note disclosures



Reconciliation and future prospect descriptions

This information is included in the note disclosures for this GPWAR according to the requirement of the water accounting standards defined in AWAS 1. The following information shall be disclosed in the notes:

a) Reconciliation of change in net water asset to net change in physical water storage;

b) Reconciliation of closing water storage to total surface water assets; and

c) Water assets available to settle water liabilities and future commitments within 12 months of reporting date.

Reconciliation of change in net water asset to net change in physical water storage

2011 2010

ML ML

CHANGE IN NET SURFACE WATER ASSETS (45,660) 248,505

Non‐physical adjustments

Net Change in Allocation Accounts 1,849 181,171

Net Change in Environmental Stimulus Account 0 4,000

1,849 185,171

NET CHANGE IN PHYSICAL SURFACE WATER STORAGE (43,811) 433,676

Reconciliation of closing water storage to total surface water assets

2011 2010

ML ML

CLOSING WATER STORAGE

Surface Water Storage

Pindari 277,142 309,679

Glenlyon 244,919 250,930

Less Glenlyon Qld Share 105,315 108,490

Boggabilla Weir 1,866 2,543

River 4,280 8,866

TOTAL SURFACE WATER ASSETS 422,892 463,528

Notes:

All figures can be derived from or found directly in the Water Accounting Statements of the General Purpose Water

Accounting Report.



Water assets available to settle water liabilities and future commitments within 12 months of reporting date

(ML) Note (ML)

TOTAL WATER ASSETS AS AT 30 June 2010 (WARP) 422,892

Plus: Water Asset increases within 12months of reporting date (WAI)

Minimum Storage Inflow 0 (a) 0

Less: Water assets not available to be accessed and taken or delivered within 12 months of reporting date. (WANA)

Storage Loss 26,920 (b)

Delivery Loss 2011‐12 89,070 (c)

Essential Supplies Delivery Loss 6,000 (d)

Minimum Storage Release 6,080 (e)

Dead Storage 2,200 1 130,270

Water assets available to be accessed and taken or delivered within 12 months of reporting date.

296,622

Less: Water liabilities and future commitments expected to be settled within 12 months of the reporting date.

Water Liabilities expected to be delivered within 12 months of reporting date. (WLE)

Surface Water Carryover 211,355 3

Environmental Stimulus Flow 8,000 20 219,355

Future Commitments expected to be delivered within 12 months of reporting date. (FC)

Indicative Allocations and Basic Rights (f)

General Security Increment 44 (g)

General Security Increment A 11,596 (g)

General Security Increment B 39,987 (g)

Towns 620 3

Domestic and Stock 1,002 3

High Security 1,500 3

Replenishment 10,000 (h)

Basic Rights 8,000 12 72,749

292,104

Surplus of available water assets over water liabilities and future commitments expected to be settled within 12 months of the reporting date. (SWA)

SWA = WARP + WAI ‐ WANA ‐ WLE – FC (i)

518

Notes: (a)The statistical long term annual minimal inflow sequence to storages. (b)This is an estimate of the annual impact of the net effect rainfall and evaporation on the NSW share of storages. (c)This is the volume of water set aside to account for the losses encountered in the delivery of the water liabilities and future commitments. It is based on the equivalent of 30% of the balance of its consumptive use accounts. (d)This is an allowance for loss set for those periods or areas outside general irrigation releases when essential requirements are required to be supplied. These essential supplies are provided for a period of 1 year and consist of towns, domestic and stock, high security, basic rights and replenishment seen under indicative allocations and basic rights. (e)This is the minimum storage release. (f)Indicative Allocation represents a starting allocation 100% for towns, domestic and stock and high security licences. (g)These represent the indicative general security increments at the conclusion of the reporting period to be applied at commencement of the next period. An increment represents the additional water added to accounts as a result of an available water determination. There are three categories of general security licences in the Borders Rivers general security, general security A and general security B. (h)Water set aside under the water sharing plan for replenishment flows along the Boomi River to supply households and stock. (i)Represents the volume of water in transit at the end of the reporting period and is not taken into account until its benefit has been fully realised. It will contribute to future available water determinations.



Note 1 - Surface water storage

This is the actual volume of water stored in the individual surface water storages at the date of reporting. The volumes provided represent the total volume of water in the storage, including dead storage which is the volume of water which can’t be accessed under normal operating conditions e.g. volume below low level outlet. It is assumed that the dead storage can be accessed if required via alternative access methods e.g. syphons.

The volume presented in the statements is the full volume held within Glenlyon and Pindari storages and Boggabilla Weir as of the reporting date. The actual volume available to settle NSW liabilities (removing the QLD share of the volume) can be obtained from the reconciliation and future prospect statements within this GPWAR.

Data type

Derived from measured data

Policy

Not applicable

Data accuracy

A – Estimated in the range +/- 10%

Providing agency

NSW Office of Water

Data source

NSW Office of Water – HYDSTRA

Methodology

Storage volumes are calculated by processing a gauged storage elevation through a rating table that converts it to a volume. The following table provides a breakdown of the storage capacities and dead storages. Plots on the following page provide the 2011-12 daily storage volumes and percentages.

Table 2: Capacity and dead storage summary table

Storage Capacity (ML) Dead storage (ML)

Glenlyon Dam 254,310 160

Pindari Dam 312,000 80

Figure 14: Glenlyon Dam storage level and effective full storage capacity 2011-12

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1/07/2011

1/08/2011

1/09/2011

1/10/2011

1/11/2011

1/12/2011

1/01/2012

1/02/2012

1/03/2012

1/04/2012

1/05/2012

1/06/2012

Volume (ML x 1000)

85

90

95

100

105

110

Effective Full Storage

(%)

Volume (ML x 1000) Dead Storage Effective Full Storage (%)



Figure 15: Pindari Dam storage level and effective full storage capacity 2011-12

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1/07/2011

1/08/2011

1/09/2011

1/10/2011

1/11/2011

1/12/2011

1/01/2012

1/02/2012

1/03/2012

1/04/2012

1/05/2012

1/06/2012

Volume (ML x 1000)

0

20

40

60

80

100

Effective Full Storage

(%)

Volume (ML x 1000) Dead Storage Effective Full Storage (%).



Note 2 - River channel storage

The volume of water stored in the river channel on the day of reporting.

Policy

Not applicable

Data type


Data accuracy

B – Estimated in the range +/- 25%

Providing agency

NSW Office of Water

Data sources

NSW Office of Water: HYDSTRA, CAIRO

Methodology

For each river section S(n):

V = Q x T

The river channel storage will be equal to the sum of all river section volumes.

River channel storage = S(n) V

Summary of calculation components

Symbol Variable Data Source Unit

Q Average flow in the river section. Calculated by averaging the daily flows at the upstream and downstream river gauges.

HYDSTRA ML/d

V Volume in each river section. Calculated ML

T Average travel time for a parcel of water to travel through the river section. CAIRO days

Assumptions and approximations:

Travel times are estimated to the nearest day.

Daily flow change between gauging sites assumed to be linear.



Additional information

Table 3: Detailed breakdown of 2011-12 river volume estimate

UPSTREAM DOWNSTREAM

Site Flow (ML/d) Site Flow (ML/d)

Average Flow (ML/D)

Travel Time (days)

Volume (ML)

Dumaresq

Glenlyon Dam 0 Roseneath 100 50 1 50

Roseneath 100 Bonshaw Weir 114 107 1 107

Bonshaw Weir 114 Glenarbon 115 114.5 1 114.5

Dumaresq Total 271.5

Severn

Pindari Dam 41 Ashford 68 54.5 1 54.5

Severn Total 54.5

Mcintyre

Holdfast 625 Boggabilla Weir 1,475 1,050 1 1,050

Boggabilla Weir 1,475 Terrawah 616 1,045.5 2 2,091

Terrawah 616 Boomi Weir 232 424 1 424

Boomi Weir 232 Kanowna 33 132.5 2 265

Kanowna 33 Mungindi 91 62 2 124

Mcintyre Total 8 3,954

Total Volume 4,280



Note 3 - Allocation accounts

This note is reference for the volume held in the allocation accounts at the time of reporting but also relevant for the various processes that occur to either increase or decrease an allocation account throughout the water year.

The volume of water that is in the licence allocation accounts at the time of reporting is a net balance for the relevant licence category and represents that water that can be carried forward to the next water year as dictated by the carryover rules in place for that year or required under the water sharing plan. These carryover rules determined for licence categories determine whether water can or cannot carryover to the next year, as well as restrictions on the amount of carryover that is permitted.

A negative number for the carryover figure indicates that more usage has occurred than has been allocated to the account, and the deficit must be carried forward to the next season. Water that is in accounts at the end of a water year but is not permitted to be carried over is forfeited and has been represented as a decrease in water liability.

Supplementary water was not individually represented as a liability account; only the actual amount of Supplementary water taken during the year was recognised. Details about supplementary accounts and events can be found in Note 16.

Data type


Policy

Water Act 1912

Water Sharing Plan for the NSW Border Rivers Regulated River Water Source 2003

Available on the NSW Office of Water website at www.water.nsw.gov.au

Data accuracy

A1 – Nil inaccuracy +/- 0%

Providing agency

NSW Office of Water

Data source

State Water Corporation/NSW Office of Water – Water Accounting System (joint ownership)

Methodology

This figure is the sum of the remaining volume of water in individual’s allocation accounts at the conclusion of the water year once all transactions and forfeit rules have been applied to the accounts. These balances are at the licence category level and represent the water that can be carried forward for use in the next year. Below is list of typical transactions that can apply to an allocation account:

AWD (detailed in note 13)

Licenced extractions

Over order debits

Forfeiture due to:

o Carryover rules

o Account spillage as a result of AWD

o Licence conversions

Licence conversion


http://www.water.nsw.gov.au/


Trade of allocation water between accounts (detailed in note 17)


Usage information is determined by either on-farm meters that measure extraction, gauges on diversion works or orders/releases when the volume cannot be effectively metered, such as an environmental watering event.

Meter readings are collected for individual licence holders at intervals during the year and converted via a calibration factor to a volume of water extracted. Water diverted from the river is measured by recording the height at either the gauge or weir with the volume diverted being derived by passing these heights through a rating table. However, with multiple categories of access licences being extracted through the same pumps additional information and methodologies are required to separate use under the various licence categories. Below is a description of these:

Based on periods of announcement – during periods of supplementary water announcements extractions can be debited against the Supplementary Water Licences.

Extractions based on water orders – users place orders for water against an access licence and extractions are debited against accounts in proportion to the orders placed.

Licence Category Apportionment – if no water orders are available water extracted is apportioned against categories of access licence in order of priority as set out in the table below. The prioritising is based on the nature and rules around each of the licence categories.

The following table provides the order in which extractions are apportioned to access licence categories. In the table following licensed extractions are apportioned in order of priority starting at priority 1. This is a generic list where not all categories will necessarily appear in this GPWAR. There are also various sub categories of licence associated with some of the categories.

Table 4: Licence category metered usage apportionment table

Priority Surface Water

1 Supplementary

2 Uncontrolled Flow

3 Domestic and Stock

4 Regulated River High Security

5 Regulated River General Security

6 Conveyance

7 Local Water Utility

8 Major Water Utility




The tables on the following page provide a balanced summary of the water allocation accounts for each category of access licence. Below is a description of each of the table components.

Table 5: Explanatory information for allocation account summary

Heading Description

Share This is the total volume of entitlement in the specific licence category on the specified date.

Opening Balance The volume of water that has been carried forward from previous years allocation account.

AWD The total annual volume of water added to the allocation account as a result of allocation assessments.

New Increase in account water as a result of issuing new access licences Licences

Cancelled Decrease in account water as a result of licence cancellation

In Increase in account water as a result of temporary trade in. Assignments

Out Decrease in account water as a result of temporary trade out.

Accountable Volume of water that is extracted or diverted from the river under controlled river conditions and is accountable against the licence.

Account Usage

Over Order Debit Volume of water ordered that exceeded the recorded usage for corresponding periods which must also be accountable against the licence (excluding supplementary licence holders)

During Year Forfeit Account water forfeited throughout the year as a result of the accounting rules specified in the water sharing plan. Forfeited water may occur due to account limits being reached, conversions between licence categories and various types of other licence dealings.

Available That part of the remaining account balance that is available to be taken at the conclusion of the water year.

End of Year Balance

Non Available That part of the remaining account balance that is not available to be taken at the conclusion of the water year.

End of Year Forfeit Account water that is forfeited at the end of the water year as a result of carryover rules that restrict the carry forward volume.

Carry Forward This represents the account water that is permitted to be carried forward into the next water year as determined by the carryover rules.


Table 6: Allocation account balance summary for the Border Rivers Regulated River 2011-12

Assignments Account Usage End of Year Balance

Licence Category Share 30 June 2010

Opening Balance

AWD Licences Cancelled In Out Accountable Over Order

Debit

During Year Forfeit Available Non

Available

End of Year forfeit

Carry Forward

Domestic and Stock 818 0 818 0 0 0 417 0 0 401 0 401 0

Domestic and Stock [Domestic]

52 0 52 0 0 0 2 0 0 50 0 50 0

Domestic and Stock [Stock]

100 0 100 0 0 0 6 0 0 94 0 94 0

Local Water Utility 620 0 620 0 0 0 445 0 0 175 0 175 0

Regulated River (General Security A)

22,027 6,593 15,434 0 902 1,304 10,776 382 36 10,431 0 0 10,431

Regulated River (General Security B)

241,211 202,869 90,230 0 3,353 28,043 60,217 1,662 5,606 154,956 45,968 0 200,924

Regulated River (General Security)

0 44 0 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Regulated River (High Security)

1,500 0 1,500 0 0 1,020 53 0 0 427 0 427 0

Supplementary Water 120,001 0 120,001 0 2,971 2,971 62,186 0 0 57,815 0 57,815 0



Note 4 - Storage inflow – Glenlyon and Pindari

Storage inflow refers to the volume of water flowing into the major headwater storages – Glenlyon Dam and Pindari Dam.

Policy

Not applicable

Data type


Data accuracy


Providing agency

NSW Office of Water

Data sources

NSW Office of Water: HYDSTRA, Integrated Quantity and Quality Model (IQQM)

Methodology

In most of the major storages in NSW there is no direct measurement of inflows. However, it is possible to calculate inflows by using a mass balance approach (based on balancing the change in storage volume) where inflow is the only unknown. This is referred to a backcalculation of inflows.

The backcalculation figures were derived using a one day time step with the inflow calculated according to the equation below. The daily inflows are then summed to provide an annual inflow figure.

I = ΔS + O + Se + ((E – R)* Kp* A)

Table 7: Components for backcalculation of inflow

Symbol Variable Unit

I Inflow ML/day

ΔS Change in storage volume ML

O Outflow ML/day

Se Seepage ML/day

R Rainfall mm/day

E Evaporation mm/day

Kp Pan evaporation factor

A Surface area ‐ derived from height to surface areas lookup curve ha

Assumptions and approximations:

Constant storage specific pan evaporation factors are applied (one annual factor).

Seepage was assumed to be zero




Figure 16: Glenlyon Dam backcalculated inflows 2011-12

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

7001/07/2011

1/08/2011

1/09/2011

1/10/2011

1/11/2011

1/12/2011

1/01/2012

1/02/2012

1/03/2012

1/04/2012

1/05/2012

1/06/2012

Inflow (ML/d)

Figure 17: Pindari Dam backcalculated inflows 2011-12

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

1/07/2011

1/08/2011

1/09/2011

1/10/2011

1/11/2011

1/12/2011

1/01/2012

1/02/2012

1/03/2012

1/04/2012

1/05/2012

1/06/2012

Inflow (ML/d)



Note 5 - Storage evaporation and storage rainfall

This refers to the volume of water effective on Glenlyon and Pindari Dams that is either lost as a result of evaporation, or gained as a result of rainfall.

Data type


Policy

Not applicable

Data accuracy

B – Estimated in the range +/- 25%

Providing agency

NSW Office of Water

Data source

NSW Office of Water – IQQM backcalculation, HYDSTRA

Methodology

While the backcalculation program within IQQM requires the effect of evaporation and rainfall on the storage to be calculated, it is currently output as a net evaporation figure. The ED AWAS 1 specifies that off-setting should be avoided and as such, a further calculation was required to split the net evaporation figure to rainfall and evaporation. This is achieved by first, outputting daily time-series of storage surface area from the backcalculation (which uses a height to area lookup curve as defined in HYDSTRA). Daily rainfall and evaporation data is then applied to the area time-series to achieve a volume in megalitres which is then aggregated to an annual figure. The rainfall and evaporation data utilised is equivalent to the data used in the storage inflow backcalculation, with the same pan factor applied to the evaporation data.

Rainfall: Volume (ML) = Rainfall (mm) x Area (m2) x 10-6

Evaporation: Volume (ML) = Pan Evaporation (mm) x Pan Factor x Area (m2) x 10-6

Table 8: Pan factors utilised for calculation

Storage Pan factor applied

Glenlyon 1.0

Pindari 1.0


An error was identified in the previously published 2010-11 GPWAR (General Purpose Water Accounting Report 2010-11 – Border Rivers Catchment) for the split between storage evaporation and rainfall. That comparison year has now been corrected and updated accordingly.

Table 9: Storage rainfall and evaporation

Storage Previously reported 2010‐11 Rainfall

Corrected 2010‐11 Rainfall

Previously reported 2010‐11 Evaporation

Corrected 2010‐11 Evaporation

Glenlyon 670 15,101 10,498 24,929

Pindari 1,013 9,672 3,498 12,157



Note 6 - River evaporation and river rainfall

This refers to the volume of water effective on the accounted river reach that is either lost as a result of evaporation, or gained as a result of rainfall.

Data type


Policy

Not applicable

Data accuracy

C – Estimated in the range +/- 50%

Providing agency

NSW Office of Water

Data source

NSW Office of Water: HYDSTRA, ARCGIS

QLD Department of Natural Resources: SILO

Methodology

The volume applied for evaporation and rainfall on the regulated river is achieved by first calculating a daily time-series of river area. This is achieved by breaking the river up into reaches and utilising the cross sections recorded at river gauging locations to determine the average width of the river with a given daily flow. River length is then determined between two gauging locations using ARCGIS and as such an area for each reach can be defined.

Area (m2) = Average W (m) x L (m)

Where W is the daily width determined from the gauging cross sections and L is the length as determined through ARCGIS analysis.

With daily area determined, various climate stations are then selected based on their proximity to each river reach. Rainfall and evaporation data is then extracted from SILO and applied to the area time-series to achieve a volume in megalitres which is then aggregated to an annual figure.

Rainfall: Volume (ML) = Rainfall (mm) x Area (m2) x 10-6

Evaporation: Volume (ML) = ET0 (mm) x Kc x Area (m2) x 10-6

Where ET0 = reference evapotranspiration from SILO and Kc = crop factor for open water (1.05)




Note 7 - Gauged inflow

The inflow into the regulated river that occurs downstream of the headwater storages that is measured at known gauging stations.

Policy

Not applicable

Data type

Measured data

Data accuracy


Providing agency

NSW Office of Water

Data sources

NSW Office of Water: HYDSTRA

Methodology

The flows are obtained by measuring river heights at gauging stations along the river, and then passing these heights through a rating table that converts them to a daily flow volume.


The total gauged inflow for 2011-12 is the sum of the inflows for the gauged tributaries defined in the table below.

Table 10: Summary of gauged tributary inflow 2011-12

Station Area (km2) Volume (ML)

416008 Beardy River at Haystack 866 47,794

416010 Macintyre River at Wallangra 2,020 250,188

416021 Frazers Creek at Westholme (Ashford) 804 81,083

416032 Mole river at Donaldson 1,610 83,522

416415A Macintyre Brook at Booba Sands 4,092a 18,204

416207A Weir River at Mascot 13,500 442,391

416310A Dumaresq River at Farnbro 1,309 28,824

416312A Oaky creek at Texas 422 130

416305B Brush Creek at Beebo 335 1,952

Total Gauged Tributary Inflow 954,089

a End of System gauge for regulated Macintyre Brook = Inflow from Macintyre Brook regulated system


Note 8 - Ungauged inflow

The estimated inflow into the river that occurs downstream of the headwater storages that is not measured.

Policy

Not applicable

Data type

Estimated

Data accuracy


Providing agency

NSW Office of Water

Data sources

NSW Office of Water, Statewater: CAIRO

Methodology

The amount of ungauged catchment runoff contributing volume to the river asset was estimated using the gauged flow information, the relative catchment areas and a climatic factor to account for rainfall differentiation across the catchments.

The methodology assumes that runoff events in the gauged sub-catchments respond similar to rainfall events in ungauged sub-catchments subject to area and rainfall volume.

UE = ((GI x Au)/Ag) x RF

Where

UE = Ungauged estimate

GI = Total gauged inflow from representative sub-catchments 2011-2012

Au = Area of contributing ungauged catchment

Ag = Area of representative gauged sub-catchments

RF = Rainfall factor (estimated total rainfall in ungauged area / estimated total rainfall in gauged areas)

For the purposes of this calculation, catchment areas and runoff for Pindari dam, Glenlyon Dam and the Macintyre Brook regulated system were excluded. Ungauged contribution to the accounting entity downstream of Boggabilla was assumed to be zero. The rainfall factor used was 0.84, based on comparing the rainfall in 2011-12 at Tenterfield (assumed representative of gauged areas) with the rainfall that fell at Pindari Dam (assumed representative of ungauged areas).



Note 9 – Flow leaving system/replenishments

This refers to flow that leaves the entity and does not return to the entity. Replenishment flows refers to water that has been set aside as part of the essential requirements for the provision of flows along the Boomi River to supply water households and stock. The annual requirements and limits associated with this provision are detailed in the water sharing plan.

Data type


Policy

Not applicable

Data accuracy


Providing agency

NSW Office of Water

Data source

NSW Office of Water – HYDSTRA

State Water Corporation – Annual compliance report (internal document)

Methodology

The end of system flow is calculated by taking the total gauged flow at Mungindi for 2011-2012. Flow also leaves the entity down the Boomi River which has been measured with the flow gauge at the Boomi Weir offtake. Water leaving the system down the Boomi River is tagged as Replenishment or other based on information in the State Water Corporation annual compliance report.


The wet conditions and uncontrolled flow down the Boomi River ensured no additional replenishment water was required to be delivered in 2011-12

Table 11: Flow leaving system and replenishment summary 2011-12

Gauging Station Total Measured Volume (ML)

Replenishment Reported Volume

(ML)

416001 Barwon River at Mungindi 845,028 N/A 845,028

416037 Boomi River at Boomi Weir Offtake

59,893 0 59,893

Total 904,920



Figure 18: End of system flow for Border Rivers Regulated River 2011-12

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

20,000

1/07/2010

1/08/2010

1/09/2010

1/10/2010

1/11/2010

1/12/2010

1/01/2011

1/02/2011

1/03/2011

1/04/2011

1/05/2011

1/06/2011

Flow (ML/d)

Boomi River at Boomi Weir Offtake Barwon River at Mungindi



Note 10 - Extractions from river

With the exception of basic rights (which has been reported as a separate line item and detailed in note 12), this refers to the actual volume of water directly pumped or diverted from the regulated river.

Occasionally (generally in the case of environmental water) volumes are ordered against a licence account for in-stream benefits or for end of system flow events. As such the volume reported to be physically extracted from the river will not always be equal to the amount of water debited to accounts for usage, which has been reported in detail in note 3. Further to this QLD extractions form part of the physical volume of water taken from the regulated river.

Data type

Measured data

Policy

Not applicable

Data accuracy


Providing agency

NSW Office of Water

Data source

State Water/NSW Office of Water – Water Accounting System (Joint ownership of system).

NSW Office of Water – Water Ordering and Usage database

QLD Department of Environment and Resource Management

Methodology

For the purposes of this GPWAR extraction from the river is considered to be the total usage volume metered and debited to the NSW allocation accounts minus any water that can be identified as being used within the system, or ordered to be passed through the system, plus water directly extracted on diverted by QLD holders (It should be noted the QLD volume is only for those licence holders extracting from the entity defined in this GPWAR, i.e. excluding Macintyre Brook system).


Table 12: Reconciliation of river extraction to NSW account usage

Volume (ML)

Extractions from river (excl basic rights) 249,318

plus

Licenced flow leaving system 0

plus

In stream licenced usage 0

minus

QLD extractions 115,216

plus

Over‐ordering 2,044

equals

Total Allocation Account usage 136,146



Note 11 – Water order debiting

Currently in the NSW Border Rivers the allocation accounts are managed using an over-ordering debiting system. Accounting under this system implies that the accounts are reduced by the greater of:

the volume of water extracted

the volume of water ordered for extraction against an access licence.

Therefore the volume appearing in statements against the line item water order debiting reflects the amount of water ordered against a category of licence that is in excess to the physical extraction that occurred.

Data type

Measured/calculated

Policy

Water Sharing Plan for the NSW Border Rivers Regulated River Water Sources 2003

Part 9 – Rules for managing access licences.

o Division 2 – Water allocation account management.

o - Clause 41 – Volume taken under access licences.

Available on the NSW Office of Water website at: www.water.nsw.gov.au.

Data accuracy


Providing agency

NSW Office of Water.

Data source

State Water/NSW Office of Water – Water accounting system (joint ownership of system).

Methodology

Water order debiting is a required component of balancing the allocation accounts detailed in note 3. The over-order component is calculated by analysing the recorded extractions against orders.



Note 12 - Basic rights

This is the non-licensed right to extract water to meet basic requirements for household purposes (non-commercial uses in and around the house and garden) and for watering of stock. It is available for anyone who has access to river frontage on their property.

This water cannot be used for irrigating crops or garden produce that will be sold or bartered, for washing down machinery sheds or for intensive livestock operations.

In times of limited supply, there may be restrictions on taking water for domestic and stock use.

Data Type

Estimated

Policy

Water Sharing Plan for the Border Rivers Regulated River Water Source 2003

Part 4 Basic Landholder Rights

o Clause 15 Domestic and stock rights


Data accuracy


Providing agency

NSW Office of Water

Data source

Water Sharing Plan for the Border Rivers Regulated River Water Source 2003

Methodology

The estimation of domestic and stock rights uses a series of estimates for water usage, stocking rates, population and property shape based on local knowledge to calculate riparian (stock and domestic) requirements in megalitres per year. The annual extraction for Domestic and Stock rights in the water accounts is assumed to be the estimated figure stated in the Water Sharing Plan for the Border Rivers Regulated River Water Source 2003 (8000 ML).




Note 13 - Available Water Determination (AWD) (allocation announcement)

This is the process by which the regulated surface water asset available for use within the regulated system is determined and shared. It determines the volume of water that is to be added to an individuals licence allocation account. Announcements of allocations are made on a seasonal basis - usually corresponding with the financial year and are updated on a regular basis or following significant inflow events. Under the Water Management Act 2000 the announcements are termed available water determinations, while under the Water Act 1912 this process is known as an allocation announcement.

Data type

Derived from measured data.

Policy

Water Act 1912.

Water Management Act 2000 (NSW).

Chapter 3 – Part 2 Access Licences.

o Clause 59 – Available Water Determinations.

Water Sharing Plan for the Border Rivers Regulated River Water Source 2003.

Part 8 – Limits to the availability of water

o Division 2 – Available Water Determinations.


Data accuracy


Providing agency


Data source


Available Water Determination Register - NSW Office of Water website at www.water.nsw.gov.au

Methodology

In the Border Rivers Regulated Water Source AWDs are calculated based on a concept of continuous accounting which assesses the resource (water) contained in the headwaters storage, periodically updating projections and distributing the regulated (stored) resource available. All projections are for one (1) year from the date of the assessment. It is important to note that under continuous accounting the AWD’s are based on the actual volume of water in storage at the time of the resource assessment and does not account for sequences of future inflows. However, these future inflows will assist in the delivery of essential requirements beyond the one year.

Each assessment process firstly involves the assessment of the effective storage, being the available storage volume after storage losses are accounted for. This is to account for the fact that storage losses cannot be controlled by a management rule and, therefore, must be provided for first. Following this existing commitments are taken into account and then any uncommitted water is first committed to essential supplies, then added to the delivery loss account to targeting a volume equivalent to a maximum of 30% of the deliverable general






security and then to the Environmental Stimulus Flow account. Any remaining uncommitted water is then shared in proportion to the amount of entitlement in the remaining resource categories.

The essential supplies mentioned above consist of items such as stock and domestic requirements, Local Water Utilities (e.g. town water supplies, industrial use), High Security (permanent plantings e.g. orchards, vineyards), end of system flow requirement resulting from the system operation and minimum storage releases.

The volume of water distributed to licence categories is expressed as either a volume per share or as a percentage of share component depending on the category of licence. The following table details each licence category and how it is announced.

Table 13: Priority of access licence categories

Licence Category Announcement Type

General Security Volume per share

High Security Volume per share

Domestic and Stock* Percentage of Share Component

Local Water Utility Percentage of Share Component

Note: Domestic and Stock is further broken down into three sub categories: Domestic and Stock,

Domestic and Stock (Domestic) and Domestic and Stock (Stock). For the purposes of this report and

the general purpose water account they were all treated as Domestic and Stock

It should be noted that the AWD for supplementary licence accounts is a separate process and is not dependent on water asset available. It is made once at the start of the year and unless there is a management change due to the growth in use strategy it is maintained at the maximum value prescribed in the plan generally 100% of share component. Therefore it is not considered to create a liability on the system and is only considered in terms of an extraction that reduces the water asset.


The following pages contain the allocation summary reports for 2011-12. Below is a table containing report notes to help interpret the report.

Table 14: Allocation summary report notes

Allocation Summary Report Notes

Start Remaining allocation account balances at the conclusion of the previous season that is allowed to be carried forward to this season.

Individual Announcement Actual announcement made to each licence category

Share Component (Entitlement) Sum of the licensed volume of water within the licence category on the announcement date.

Allocation Volume Volume of water credited to accounts within a licence category as a result of the AWD announcement made.

Cumulative Volume Cumulative total of the announced volumes for the water year and licence category.

Percent of Share Component (Entitlement)

This is the announced volume expressed as a percentage of the entitlement applicable on the particular date.

Balance Available Sum of water available in allocation accounts that has been made available to be taken during the season.

Non Available Water allocated that is not accessible at this point in time.

Supplementary Water Water that is not a stored source of water and is only made available if an uncontrolled flow event occurs.



Table 15: Allocation Announcements for Border Rivers Regulated River Water Source 2011-12

AWD date Individual Announcement

Share Component(Entitlement)

Allocation Volume (ML)

Cumulative Volume (ML)

Percent of Share

Component

Cumulative Percent

Balance Available (ML)

Non Available (ML)

Total (ML)

Balance Available

(%)

Balance Total (%)

Domestic And Stock

Start 850 0 0 0 0.0 0.0

1‐Jul‐11 AWD 100.0 % 850 850 850 100.0 100.0 850 0 850 100.0 100.0

Domestic And Stock[Domestic]

Start 52 0 0 0 0.0 0.0

1‐Jul‐11 AWD 100.0 % 52 52 52 100.0 100.0 52 0 52 100.0 100.0

Domestic And Stock[Stock]

Start 100 0 0 0 0.0 0.0

1‐Jul‐11 AWD 100.0 % 100 100 100 100.0 100.0 100 0 100 100.0 100.0

Local Water Utility

Start 620 0 0 0 0.0 0.0

1‐Jul‐11 AWD 100.0 % 620 620 620 100.0 100.0 620 0 620 100.0 100.0


Start 22,027 6,593 0 6,593 29.9 29.9

1‐Jul‐11 AWD 0.0 ML per Share 22,027 15,434 15,434 70.1 70.1 22,027 0 22,027 100.0 100.0


Start 240,911 202,869 0 202,869 84.1 84.2


7‐Nov‐11 AWD 0.44 ML per Share 241,211 15,567 53,909 6.5 22.3 240,911 15,867 256,788 100.0 106.6

18‐May‐12 AWD 1.0 ML per Share 241,211 36,320 90,230 15.1 37.4 240,911 52,187 293,098 100.0 121.7

Regulated River (General Security)

Start 44 44 0 44 100.0 100.0


Start 1,500 0 0 0 0.0 0.0


Supplementary Water

Start 120,001 0 0 0 0.0 0.0



Note 14 – Storage Releases (including transparent releases)

The volume of water released or spilled from either Pindari Dam or Glenlyon Dam. In the accounting this release is represented as both a decrease in the storage asset and an equal increase in asset to the river asset (shown as the combined total release in the line item ‘Inflow from releases’). The policy for planned environmental water outlined in the water sharing plan requires that a transparent flow of up to 200 ML be released from Pindari dam when a range of specified triggers have been met. Releases that satisfy the transparent release requirement have been presented as a separate sub component of the total release.

Data type

Measured data

Policy


Part 3 Environmental Water Provisions

o Clause 12 – Planned Environmental Water

Refer to applicable Water Sharing Plan on NSW Office of Water website at www.water.nsw.gov.au

Data accuracy


Providing agency

NSW Office of Water

Data source

NSW Office of Water – HYDSTRA database

State Water Corporation Annual Compliance Report (internal document)

Methodology

The flows are obtained by measuring river heights at a gauging station downstream of the dam release site and then passing these heights through a rating table that converts them to a daily flow volume. The releases have been represented in the Statement of Changes in Water Assets and Water Liabilities as both a decrease in water asset (water leaving the dam) and an equal volume of increases in water asset (water released increasing the volume of the river).

To provide more detail the dam release for Pindari Dam has been split into the volume released to meet transparent, water sharing plan requirements, and the volume released for other purposes.

Additional Information

The Pindari Dam required minimum release of 10 ML per day was met or exceeded at all time throughout 2011-12.

Pindari volume was at capacity (or spilling) for the majority of the year and as a result transparent releases were generally met naturally.


http://www.water.nsw.gov.au/Water-Management/Water-sharing/default.aspx


Figure 19: Storage Releases Glenlyon Dam 2011-12

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

1/07/2011

1/08/2011

1/09/2011

1/10/2011

1/11/2011

1/12/2011

1/01/2012

1/02/2012

1/03/2012

1/04/2012

1/05/2012

1/06/2012

Release (ML/d)

Figure 20: Storage Releases for Pindari Dam 2011-12

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

1/07/2011

1/08/2011

1/09/2011

1/10/2011

1/11/2011

1/12/2011

1/01/2012

1/02/2012

1/03/2012

1/04/2012

1/05/2012

1/06/2012

Release (ML/d)

Figure 21: Pindari transparent release vs required transparent release 2011-12

0

50

100

150

200

250

1/07/2011

1/08/2011

1/09/2011

1/10/2011

1/11/2011

1/12/2011

1/01/2012

1/02/2012

1/03/2012

1/04/2012

1/05/2012

1/06/2012

Release (ML/d)

Pindari Release/Spill Required Transparent Release



Note 15 – Queensland extractions

The volume of water extracted from the accounted river extent by Queensland licence holders. While detailed information is not available within this account, it is necessary to include the bulk figures extracted to maintain the integrity of the river physical mass balance. Total volumes extracted in ML for 2010-11 have been provided for the NSW equivalent of regulated (termed Supplemented in QLD) and supplementary (termed unsupplemented in QLD) extractions.

Data type

Measured data

Policy

Water Resource (Border Rivers) Amendment Plan 2007

New South Wales – Queensland Border Rivers Intergovernmental Agreement 2008

Available at the QLD Department of Environment and Resource Management webpage (http://www.derm.qld.gov.au)

Data Accuracy


Providing Agency

Murray Darling Basin Authority

QLD Department of Environment and Resource Management

Data Source

N/A

Methodology

N/A


http://www.derm.qld.gov.au/


Note 16 – Supplementary extractions

This is the volume of water extracted or diverted under supplementary access licences during announced periods of supplementary water. Supplementary flow events are announced periodically during the season when high flow events occur with the period of extraction and volume of water to be extracted determined based on the rules as set out in the water sharing plans. It is important to note that supplementary access licences differ from other categories of access licence in that the volume of water in the account refers to an annual upper limit for extractions and its provision is totally reliant on the occurrence of high flow events.

Data type

Measured data

Policy


Part 8 Limits to the availability of water

o Division 2 - Available water determinations

- Clause 38 - Available water determinations for supplementary water access licences

Part 9 Rules for managing access licences

o Division 3 - Extraction conditions

- Clause 45 - Taking of water under supplementary water access licences upstream of the Macintyre River and Dumaresq River junction

- Clause 46 - Taking of water under supplementary water access licences downstream of the Macintyre River and Dumaresq River junction


Data accuracy


Providing agency

NSW Office of Water

Data source


Methodology

Supplementary water extraction and diversion data is collected by either on farm meters that measure extraction or gauges on diversion works. Meter readings are collected for individual licence holders at intervals during the year and converted via a calibration factor to a volume of water extracted. Water diverted from the river is measured by recording the height at either the gauge or weir with the volume diverted being derived by passing these heights through a rating table. However, with supplementary water being extracted through the same pumps as those extracting water under other categories of access licences additional information is required to separate out supplementary extraction. Licence holders are therefore required to provide notification of their intention to pump prior to pumping or diverting water during the declared supplementary event and provide meter readings both at the commencement and conclusion of pumping. This enables the supplementary flow extraction to be assessed independent of other categories of access licences.





Figure 22: Border Rivers Daily Supplementary Water Extractions 2011-12

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

30001/07/2011

1/08/2011

1/09/2011

1/10/2011

1/11/2011

1/12/2011

1/01/2012

1/02/2012

1/03/2012

1/04/2012

1/05/2012

1/06/2012

1/07/2012

Usage (ML/d)

Table 16: Supplementary Announcements 2011-12

Catchment Section Start End % of Share Component Limit

Severn river Pindari Dam to Ashford 01 July 2011 27 September 2011 100

Severn river Pindari Dam to Ashford 30 September 2011 14 November 2011 100

Severn river Pindari Dam to Ashford 26 November 2011 31 December 2011 100

Severn river Ashford to Macintrye Junction 01 July 2011 27 September 2011 100

Severn river Ashford to Macintrye Junction 30 September 2011 14 November 2011 100

Severn river Ashford to Macintrye Junction 26 November 2011 14 February 2012 100

Dumaresq river Glenlyon to Roseneath 01 July 2011 23 September 2011 100

Dumaresq river Glenlyon to Roseneath 30 September 2011 14 November 2011 100

Dumaresq river Glenlyon to Roseneath 26 November 2011 31 December 2011 100

Dumaresq river Glenlyon to Roseneath 30 January 2012 15 March 2012 100

Dumaresq river Glenlyon to Roseneath 08 May 2012 18 May 2012 100

Dumaresq river Roseneath to Bonshaw Weir 01 July 2011 27 September 2011 100

Dumaresq river Roseneath to Bonshaw Weir 30 September 2011 14 November 2011 100

Dumaresq river Roseneath to Bonshaw Weir 26 November 2011 31 December 2011 100

Dumaresq river Roseneath to Bonshaw Weir 30 January 2012 15 March 2012 100

Dumaresq river Roseneath to Bonshaw Weir 08 May 2012 18 May 2012 100

Dumaresq river Bonshaw Weir to Texas Bridge 01 July 2011 23 September 2011 100

Dumaresq river Bonshaw Weir to Texas Bridge 30 September 2011 14 November 2011 100

Dumaresq river Bonshaw Weir to Texas Bridge 26 November 2011 31 December 2011 100

Dumaresq river Bonshaw Weir to Texas Bridge 30 January 2012 15 March 2012 100

Dumaresq river Bonshaw Weir to Texas Bridge 08 May 2012 18 May 2012 100

Dumaresq river Texas Bridge to Cunningham Weir 01 July 2011 23 September 2011 100




Dumaresq river Texas Bridge to Cunningham Weir 07 October 2011 28 October 2011 70

Dumaresq river Texas Bridge to Cunningham Weir 29 October 2011 14 November 2011 26

Dumaresq river Texas Bridge to Cunningham Weir 26 November 2011 31 December 2011 100

Dumaresq river Texas Bridge to Cunningham Weir 30 January 2012 15 March 2012 100

Dumaresq river Texas Bridge to Cunningham Weir 08 May 2012 18 May 2012 100

Dumaresq river Cunningham Weir to Glenarbon 01 July 2011 23 September 2011 100

Dumaresq river Cunningham Weir to Glenarbon 30 September 2011 14 November 2011 100

Dumaresq river Cunningham Weir to Glenarbon 26 November 2011 31 December 2011 100

Dumaresq river Cunningham Weir to Glenarbon 30 January 2012 15 March 2012 100

Dumaresq river Cunningham Weir to Glenarbon 08 May 2012 18 May 2012 100

Dumaresq river Glenarbon to Mcintyre Brook Junction 01 July 2011 23 September 2011 100

Dumaresq river Glenarbon to Mcintyre Brook Junction 30 September 2011 14 November 2011 100

Dumaresq river Glenarbon to Mcintyre Brook Junction 26 November 2011 31 December 2011 100

Dumaresq river Glenarbon to Mcintyre Brook Junction 30 January 2012 15 March 2012 100

Dumaresq river Glenarbon to Mcintyre Brook Junction 08 May 2012 18 May 2012 100

Dumaresq river Macintyre Book Junction to Macintyre River 01 July 2011 23 September 2011 100

Dumaresq river Macintyre Book Junction to Macintyre River 30 September 2011 14 November 2011 100

Dumaresq river Macintyre Book Junction to Macintyre River 26 November 2011 31 December 2011 100

Dumaresq river Macintyre Book Junction to Macintyre River 30 January 2012 15 March 2012 100

Dumaresq river Macintyre Book Junction to Macintyre River 08 May 2012 18 May 2012 100

Macintyre river Bedwell Downs to Yetman 01 July 2011 27 September 2011 100

Macintyre river Bedwell Downs to Yetman 30 September 2011 14 November 2011 100

Macintyre river Bedwell Downs to Yetman 26 November 2011 15 February 2012 100

Macintyre river Yetman to Holdfast 01 July 2011 27 September 2011 100

Macintyre river Yetman to Holdfast 30 September 2011 14 November 2011 100

Macintyre river Yetman to Holdfast 26 November 2011 15 February 2012 100

Macintyre river Holdfast to Dumaresq Junction 01 July 2011 27 September 2011 100

Macintyre river Holdfast to Dumaresq Junction 03 October 2011 28 October 2011 70

Macintyre river Holdfast to Dumaresq Junction 29 October 2011 06 November 2011 26

Macintyre river Holdfast to Dumaresq Junction 26 November 2011 31 December 2011 100

Macintyre river Holdfast to Dumaresq Junction 16 January 2012 20 January 2012 22

Macintyre river Holdfast to Dumaresq Junction 02 February 2012 06 March 2012 100

Macintyre river Dumaresq Junction to Boggabilla Weir 01 July 2011 23 September 2011 100

Macintyre river Dumaresq Junction to Boggabilla Weir 03 October 2011 28 October 2011 70

Macintyre river Dumaresq Junction to Boggabilla Weir 29 October 2011 06 November 2011 26

Macintyre river Dumaresq Junction to Boggabilla Weir 26 November 2011 31 December 2011 100

Macintyre river Dumaresq Junction to Boggabilla Weir 16 January 2012 20 January 2012 22

Macintyre river Dumaresq Junction to Boggabilla Weir 02 February 2012 06 March 2012 100




Macintyre river Dumaresq Junction to Boggabilla Weir 08 May 2012 18 May 2012 100

Macintyre river Dumaresq Junction to Boggabilla Weir 29 June 2012 29 June 2012 100

Macintyre river Boggabilla Weir to Goondiwindi Weir 03 October 2011 27 October 2011 70

Macintyre river Boggabilla Weir to Goondiwindi Weir 29 October 2011 06 November 2011 26

Macintyre river Boggabilla Weir to Goondiwindi Weir 26 November 2011 31 December 2011 100

Macintyre river Boggabilla Weir to Goondiwindi Weir 16 January 2012 20 January 2012 22

Macintyre river Boggabilla Weir to Goondiwindi Weir 02 February 2012 06 March 2012 100

Macintyre river Boggabilla Weir to Goondiwindi Weir 29 June 2012 29 June 2012 100

Macintyre river Goondiwindi Weir to Royston 03 October 2011 27 October 2011 70

Macintyre river Goondiwindi Weir to Royston 29 October 2011 07 November 2011 26

Macintyre river Goondiwindi Weir to Royston 26 November 2011 31 December 2011 100

Macintyre river Goondiwindi Weir to Royston 16 January 2012 20 January 2012 22

Macintyre river Goondiwindi Weir to Royston 02 February 2012 21 February 2012 100

Macintyre river Royston to Trinkie 03 October 2011 28 October 2011 70

Macintyre river Royston to Trinkie 29 October 2011 07 November 2011 26

Macintyre river Royston to Trinkie 26 November 2011 01 January 2012 100

Macintyre river Royston to Trinkie 17 January 2012 21 January 2012 22

Macintyre river Royston to Trinkie 02 February 2012 21 February 2012 100

Macintyre river Trinkie to Avymore 04 October 2011 28 October 2011 70

Macintyre river Trinkie to Avymore 29 October 2011 08 November 2011 26

Macintyre river Trinkie to Avymore 26 November 2011 02 January 2012 100

Macintyre river Trinkie to Avymore 17 January 2012 21 January 2012 22

Macintyre river Trinkie to Avymore 02 February 2012 23 February 2012 100

Macintyre river Avymore to Lockadair 04 October 2011 28 October 2011 70

Macintyre river Avymore to Lockadair 29 October 2011 08 November 2011 26

Macintyre river Avymore to Lockadair 26 November 2011 02 January 2012 100

Macintyre river Avymore to Lockadair 17 January 2012 21 January 2012 22

Macintyre river Avymore to Lockadair 02 February 2012 23 February 2012 100

Macintyre river Lockadair to Couralie 04 October 2011 28 October 2011 70

Macintyre river Lockadair to Couralie 29 October 2011 08 November 2011 26

Macintyre river Lockadair to Couralie 26 November 2011 03 January 2012 100

Macintyre river Lockadair to Couralie 17 January 2012 21 January 2012 22

Macintyre river Lockadair to Couralie 02 February 2012 23 February 2012 100

Macintyre river Couralie to Boomi Weir 04 October 2011 28 October 2011 70

Macintyre river Couralie to Boomi Weir 29 October 2011 08 November 2011 26

Macintyre river Couralie to Boomi Weir 26 November 2011 03 January 2012 100

Macintyre river Couralie to Boomi Weir 17 January 2012 21 January 2012 22

Macintyre river Couralie to Boomi Weir 02 February 2012 23 February 2012 100




Macintyre river Boomi Weir to Bonanga 05 October 2011 28 October 2011 70

Macintyre river Boomi Weir to Bonanga 29 October 2011 08 November 2011 26

Macintyre river Boomi Weir to Bonanga 26 November 2011 04 January 2012 100

Macintyre river Boomi Weir to Bonanga 18 January 2012 22 January 2012 22

Macintyre river Boomi Weir to Bonanga 02 February 2012 24 February 2012 100

Macintyre river Bonanga to Koramba 05 October 2011 28 October 2011 70

Macintyre river Bonanga to Koramba 29 October 2011 09 November 2011 26

Macintyre river Bonanga to Koramba 26 November 2011 05 January 2012 100

Macintyre river Bonanga to Koramba 18 January 2012 22 January 2012 22

Macintyre river Bonanga to Koramba 02 February 2012 25 February 2012 100

Macintyre river Koramba to Barra 05 October 2011 28 October 2011 70

Macintyre river Koramba to Barra 29 October 2011 09 November 2011 26

Macintyre river Koramba to Barra 26 November 2011 05 January 2012 100

Macintyre river Koramba to Barra 18 January 2012 22 January 2012 22

Macintyre river Koramba to Barra 02 February 2012 27 February 2012 100

Macintyre river Barra to Alluri 06 October 2011 28 October 2011 70

Macintyre river Barra to Alluri 29 October 2011 09 November 2011 26

Macintyre river Barra to Alluri 26 November 2011 06 January 2012 100

Macintyre river Barra to Alluri 17 January 2012 02 February 2012 22

Macintyre river Barra to Alluri 02 February 2012 27 February 2012 100

Macintyre river Alluri to Weir River Junction 07 October 2011 28 October 2011 70

Macintyre river Alluri to Weir River Junction 30 October 2011 10 November 2011 26

Macintyre river Alluri to Weir River Junction 26 November 2011 07 January 2012 100

Macintyre river Alluri to Weir River Junction 20 January 2012 27 February 2012 22

Barwon river Weir River Junction to Mungindi Weir 29 October 2011 10 November 2011 26

Barwon river Weir River Junction to Mungindi Weir 26 November 2011 07 January 2012 100

Barwon river Weir River Junction to Mungindi Weir 20 January 2012 27 February 2012 22



Note 17 - Allocation trading

This represents the temporary assignment of allocation of water between allocation accounts within the NSW Regulated Border Rivers, or equivalent QLD licences within the Border Rivers.

Data type

Administration

Policy


Part 10 Access licence dealing rules

o Clause 48 rules relating to constraints within a water source

o Clause 53 Rules for interstate assignment of water allocations

o Available on the NSW Office of Water Website at www.water.nsw.gov.au

o Water Act 1912

Data accuracy


Providing agency

NSW Office of Water

Data source


Methodology

Trading of allocation is permitted between certain categories of access licences and between states. This is detailed in the water sharing plan or stipulated under the licence holder’s conditions.

Internal trade within NSW within licence categories results in a net effect of zero for a water year. In order to present the information however, and for the purposes of this GPWAR such trades have been accounted as both a water liability decrease (sellers of water) and a water liability increase (buyers of water). Trades that occur between categories of licence, and between states result in the associated liability being increased or reduced accordingly.


The tables below shows the allocation assignment figures between licence categories for the Border Rivers. All figures represent a volume in megalitres.




Table 17: Border Rivers Regulated River internal trade summary 2011-2012

TRADE TO

NSW Border Rivers

License

Category

General

Security A

High

Security B Supplementary

QLD

Total

Trade

From

General Security A 229 106 969 1,304

General Security B 214 3,026 24,803 28,043

High Security 459 221 340 1,020

TRADE FR

OM

NSW

Border Rivers

Supplementary 2,971 2,971

Total Trade To 902 3,353 2,971 26,112 33,338



Note 18 - Unaccounted volume

In theory if all the processes of a water balance could be accurately accounted for the unaccounted difference would be zero. In reality due to the large uncertainties in many of the volumes presented in the accounts, the various sources from which the data has been obtained and the fact that not all processes of the water cycle have been accounted, the statements are not balanced at the end of the accounting process. In order to balance the accounts a final balancing entry is required, and this is termed the unaccounted difference. As technology progresses and accuracy improves in the account estimates, it is anticipated that relatively, this figure should reduce in future accounts.

Data type

Calculated

Policy

Not applicable

Data accuracy

D – Estimated in the range +/- 100%

Providing agency

NSW Office of Water

Data source

Not applicable

Methodology

For surface water the unaccounted difference is equal to the amount required to obtain the correct volume in river at the end of the reporting period, after all the known physical inflows and outflows have been accounted. The double-entry accounting process attempted to represent the physical movement of water by creating a river asset. The opening and closing balance of the river volume was estimated according to Note 2.

UDSW = Rs – Rc + RI - Ro

Where:

UDSW = Unaccounted difference for Surface Water

Rs = Opening river volume estimate

Rc = Closing river volume estimate

Ro = Physical outflows from the river (e.g. extractions)

RI = Physical inflows to the river (e.g. runoff, return flows, dam releases)



Note 19 - Held environmental water

This represents environmental water that is held as part of a licensed volumetric entitlement. These licences are held within the same licence categories as all other water access licences hence are subject to the same operating rules. Therefore they are subject to the following key rules:

Available Water Determinations (AWD) for their share of the entitlement to be added to accounts.

Carryover rules hence the forfeiting of unused water that cannot be carried over.

Provide water orders prior to use.

These licences are used to provide environmental benefit and outcomes to the catchment by either providing water to, or supplementing water requirements of, a specific environmental events or incidents.

Data type

Measured

Policy

Water Management Act 2000


Available on the NSW Office of Water Website at www.water.nsw.gov.au

Data accuracy


Providing agency

NSW Office of Water

Data source

State Water/NSW Office of Water – Water Accounting System (Joint ownership of System).

Available Water Determination Register - NSW Office of Water website at www.water.nsw.gov.au

Methodology

The water held for the environment represents a volume of water in corresponding allocation accounts. This allocation account represents the sum of the remaining volume of held environmental water at the conclusion of the water year once all transactions and forfeit rules have been applied to the accounts. These environmental balances are at the licence category level and represent the water that can be carried forward for use in the next year. Below is list of typical transactions that can apply to an environmental allocation account:

AWD (including pro rata of AWD for new licences)

Licensed extractions

Over order debits

Forfeiture due to:

o Carryover rules

o Account spillage as a result of AWD

o Licence conversions

o Excess orders (where water order debiting is in place)






Licence conversion

Trade of allocation water between accounts

In addition the trade and purchase of environmental water is tracked to capture the movement of environmental entitlement both in number of entitlements, and volume.


The table on the following page provides a summary of held environmental water for 2011-12.

Table 18: Explanatory information for Environmental Account Summary

Heading Description

No. Licences This is the number of environmental licences held.

Share This is the total volume of entitlement in the specific licence category on the stated date.

Opening The volume of water that has been carried forward from previous years allocation account.

AWD The total annual volume of water added to the allocation account as a result of allocation assessments.

In Increase in account water as a result of Temporary Trade in. Assignments

Out Decrease in account water as a result of Temporary Trade out.

Account Usage Volume of water that is extracted or diverted from the river under controlled river conditions and is accountable against the licence.

During Year Forfeit Account water forfeited throughout the year as a result of the accounting rules specified in the water sharing plan. Forfeited water may occur due to account limits being reached, conversions between licence categories and various types of other licence dealings.

Available Account balance that is available to be taken at the conclusion of the water year. End of Year Balance

Non Available Account balance that is currently not available for use (e.g. restricted due to drought conditions or annual use limit restrictions)

End of Year Forfeit Account water that is forfeited at the end of the water year as a result of carryover rules that restrict the carry forward volume.

Carry Forward This represents the account water that is permitted to be carried forward into the next water year as determined by the carryover rules.

Table 19: Border Rivers Regulated River Environmental Account Summary 2011-12

As at 30/6/2011 As at 30/6/2012 Assignments End of Year Balance

Licence Category Share 30/6/12 No.

Licences Share No.

Licences Share Opening AWD In Out Account Usage

During Year Forfeit

Available Non Available

Forfeit End of Year

Carry Forward


0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


269 1 269 1 269 24 245 0 0 0 0 269 0 0 269


0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Note: No environmental trade in the Border Rivers in 2011-12



Note 20 – Environmental stimulus flow

A provision for an environmental stimulus flow is detailed in the plan which is put aside and called upon to supplement natural flow events when the defined triggers are met. At the beginning of each water year a volume of 4,000 ML must be set a side in the resource assessment process for Pindari dam. If at any time during 1 April to 31 August, inflows to Pindari exceed 1,200 ML per day, the water will be called upon to provide an environmental stimulus flow. The timing, rate and total volume is to be determined by the Department of Environment and Heritage in consultation with the NSW Office of Water. The unused water held within the account may be carried forward to the following water year, however the account may not exceed 8,000 ML at the beginning of any water year.

In 2011-12 the environmental stimulus account was not called upon due to prevailing wet conditions of the catchment. Therefore, 8,000 ML was carried forward to the 2012-13 season.

Data type

Administration

Policy


Part 3 Environmental Water Provisions

o Clause 12 – Planned Environmental Water


Data accuracy


Providing agency

State Water Corporation

Data source

Annual Compliance Report (internal document)

Methodology

N/A


Table 20: Stimulus Flow Summary 2009-10 to 2011-12

Water Year

Carry Over In

Increase Account Usage

End of Year Forfeit

Carry Forward Balance

2009‐10 0 4000 0 4000

2010‐11 4000 4000 0 8000

2011‐12 8000 4000 0 4000 8000




Note 21 – Account corrections

This is a line item that is used to correct balances in the allocation account balances. The double entry accounting being applied is a continuous process whereby the closing balance of one year is the opening balance for the proceeding year. Occasionally corrections will be required for a variety of reasons including when an error is identified in prior year reporting or when a process that had previously been reported is unable to be supplied and the associated asset or liability must be removed to maintain the integrity of the statements. This is different to the unaccounted difference component which is a physical volume required to achieve mass balance after all the known processes have been accounted.

For errors or updates identified in previously reported physical figures the figures are directly updated and the change is identified in the associated note.

Data type

Calculated

Accuracy


Providing agency


Data source

Not applicable

Methodology

N/A


There were no account corrections



Appendix 1 - Groundwater




Groundwater bounded by Border Rivers surface water catchment

Groundwater management for the area bounded by the NSW Border Rivers surface water catchment is covered by 5 Water Sharing Plans and all or part of 11 of the groundwater sources within these plans that are detailed below. More detail can be found in both Figure 23 following and Table 21at the end of this section.

Water Sharing Plan for the NSW Great Artesian Basin (GAB) Groundwater Sources

o Surat Groundwater Source

o Eastern Recharge Groundwater Source

Water Sharing Plan for the NSW Great Artesian Basin (GAB) Shallow Groundwater Sources

o Surat Shallow Groundwater Source

Water Sharing Plan for the NSW Murray Darling Basin Fractured Rock Groundwater Sources

o Lachlan Fold Belt Groundwater Source

o New England Fold Belt Groundwater Source

Water Sharing Plan for the NSW Murray Darling Basin Porous Rock Groundwater Sources

o Gunnedah-Oxley Basin MDB Groundwater Source

Water Sharing Plan for the Lower Gwydir Groundwater Source

o Lower Gwydir Groundwater Source

Water Sharing Plan for the NSW Border Rivers Unregulated and Alluvial Groundwater Sources

o Macintyre Alluvial Groundwater Source

o NSW Border Rivers Upstream Keetah Bridge Alluvial Groundwater Source

o NSW Border Rivers Downstream Keetah Bridge Alluvial Groundwater Source

o Ottleys Creek Alluvial Groundwater Source

With no planning model available, and the absence of sufficient monitoring bore data, the NSW Office of Water’s used the soil water budget accounting method to analyse the movement of water among various components of the hydrologic system utilising by applying a daily accounting procedure to the NSW Border Rivers surface water catchment. It provides a method to estimate the spatially distributed runoff and potential recharge when no groundwater bore information is available via a basic book keeping technique that tracks the balance between the inflow of water from precipitation and the outflow of water by evapotranspiration, stream flow and drainage (potential groundwater recharge). A detailed description of this method is available in ‘General Purpose Water Accounting Reports - Groundwater methodologies’ (referred to as method C) and can be accessed via the NSW Office of Water website.


Figure 23: Border Rivers Surface Water Catchment – Groundwater Water Sharing Plans



Groundwater management 2011-12

All groundwater licences in the NSW Border Rivers were granted an equivalent allocation of 1 ML per share with the exception of supplementary licences within the Lower Gwydir Alluvium which received an allocation of 0.571 ML per share. However, this represents minimal entitlement for the NSW Border Rivers as only the far top edge of the Lower Gwydir Alluvium crosses into the Border Rivers Surface water management boundary. Under the terms set out in the Water Sharing Plan for the Lower Gwydir Groundwater Source 2003 the announcement for supplementary licences is reduced each year by 0.143 ML with the announcement set to be zero from the 2015/16 season onwards. The purpose of this licences category was to reduce entitlements to a sustainable level, while allowing significant time and flexibility for effective users to adapt to these changes.

Management of groundwater in the Border Rivers catchment is via rules set out in the water sharing plans. These plans provide long term average annual extraction limits for each water source within the plans which determine the maximum volume of water that may be extracted under access licences and pursuant to domestic and stock rights and native title rights from each groundwater source on a long-term average annual basis.

Groundwater review 2011-12

The simulated total potential recharge for the method C area between 1 July 2011 and 30 June 2012 was 168,000 ML. The comparison between the potential recharge in 2011-12 and the average annual potential recharge since 1970-71 shows that the recharge, while a significant fall from last year and below the average, was still the second highest in the last 10 years (see Figure 24). The spatial view of the potential recharge in 2011-12 compared to the average long term potential recharge, while not significant, indicates a fall below the long term average in the eastern parts of the catchment (see Figure 25 and Figure 26).

The metered usage for the area in 2011-12 was 11,163 ML with the majority in the Eastern Recharge and NSW Border Rivers Upstream Keetah Bridge Alluvial groundwater sources.

Figure 24: Border Rivers catchment annual potential recharge (1970-71 to 2011-12)

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1970‐1971

1975‐1976

1980‐1981

1985‐1986

1990‐1991

1995‐1996

2000‐2001

2005‐2006

2010‐2011

Potential Recharge

(ML)

Potential Recharge Volume 2011‐12 Potential Annual Recharge Volume (ML)Average Potential Recharge Volume



Figure 25: Potential Recharge 2011-12

Figure 26: Average Annual Potential Recharge 1970 - 2012



Table 21: Border Rivers surface water catchment groundwater sources summary table

Long Term Annual Extraction Limit

(ML/Year) Licence Category Share

Allocation Announcement

Water Source % within

Border Rivers

Metered Usage

within Border Rivers 2011‐12

NSW Great Artesian Basin Groundwater Sources

Domestic and Stock Rightsb 28,100 NA

Local Water Utility 3,415 100% of Share Surat 75,000a

Aquifer 15,100 1 ML/Share

11.0%

159

Domestic and Stock Rights 2,000

Local Water Utility 500 100% of Share Eastern Recharge 19,000c


83%

6,976

NSW Great Artesian Basin Shallow Groundwater Sources

Domestic and Stock Rightsb 978 NA 11.0%

Local Water Utility 146d 100% of Share 4.7%Surat Shallow 143,335

Aquifer 5,068 1 ML/Share 11.0%

0

NSW Murray Darling Basin Fractured Rock Groundwater Sources


Local Water Utility 5,101 100% of Share

Aquifer 68,498 1 ML/Share Lachlan Fold Belt 821,250

Salinity and Water Table Management 236 100% of Share

2%

0


Local Water Utility 667 100% of Share New England Fold Belt 204,784


39%

0

a This figure represents the volume of water required to maintain pressure levels experienced under the level of water extraction associated with the water entitlements, infrastructure and management rules in place at 1990 (sustainable pressure estimate equivalent). The Long term average extraction limit is calculated based on this figure and adjusted as specified in the plan. b Domestic and Stock Rights are not a licenced entitlement and therefore do not have an allocation announcement associated with them. The value in the table is that specified in the water sharing plans for each of the water sources. c This figure represents the long-term average annual net recharge. The Long term average extraction limit is calculated based on this figure and adjusted as specified in the plan. d This figure is for the entire Water Sharing Plan. It is not split on groundwater Source within the Plan.



Table 21: Border Rivers surface water catchment groundwater sources summary table

Long Term AnnualExtraction Limit

(ML/Year) Licence Category Share

Allocation Announcement

Water Source % within

Border Rivers

Metered Usage

within Border Rivers 2011‐12

NSW Murray Darling Basin Fractured Rock Groundwater Sources ‐continued


Local Water Utility 56 100% of Share Inverell Basalt 25,807


65%

0

NSW Murray Darling Basin Porous Rock Groundwater Sources


Local Water Utility 112 100% of Share Gunnedah‐Oxley Basin MDB 199,893


13% 0

Lower Gwydir Groundwater Source

Domestic and Stock Rightsb 700 NA

Local Water Utility 3,581 100% of Share

Aquifer 28,719 1 ML/Share Lower Gwydir 41,108

Supplementary 14,200 0.571 ML/share

6% 764

NSW Border Rivers Unregulated and Alluvial Groundwater Sources


Local Water Utility 35 100% of Share Macintyre Alluvial 373

Aquifer (High Security) 1,558 1 ML/Share

100% 22


Local Water Utility 10 100% of Share NSW Border Rivers Upstream Keetah Bridge Alluvial 8,085


100% 3,242

Domestic and Stock Rightsb 66 NA NSW Border Rivers Downstream Keetah Bridge Alluvial 316

Aquifer 485 1 ML/Share 100% 0

Ottleys Creek Alluvial 30 Domestic and Stock Rightsb 29 NA 100% 0

b Domestic and Stock Rights are not a licenced entitlement and therefore do not have an allocation announcement associated with them. The value in the table is that specified in the water sharing plans for each of the water sources.

References BOM 2010, Pilot National Water Account, Bureau of Meteorology

Scozzafava M. & Tallini M. (2001) - Net infiltration in the Gran Sasso Massif (Central Italy): Thornthwaite water budget using the CN method (Soil Conservation Service). Hydrogeology Journal, 9, 461-475.

Thornthwaite, C.W., 1948, An approach toward a rational classification of climate. In: Geographical Review, v. 38, p. 55–94.

Thornthwaite, W.C. and J.R. Mather, 1955, The Water Balance, Publication in Climatology, Vol 8(1), 104 pp, Lab. of Climatol., Drexel Inst, of Technol., Centerton N.J.

Thornthwaite, W.C. and J.R. Mather, 1957, Instruction and Tables for Computing the Potential Evapotranspiration and the Water Balance, Publication in Climatology, Vol 10(3), 311 pp, Lab. of Climatol., Drexel Inst, of Technol., Centerton N.J.

WASB 2012, Australian Water Accounting Standard 1 Preparation and Presentation of General Purpose Water Accounting Reports (AWAS 1), Bureau of Meteorology


general purpose water accounting report 2011–2012 · recognition, quantification, presentation...

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