General General Zoology Unit Zoology Unit

TwoTwo

Eukaryotic, unicellular Eukaryotic, unicellular organismsorganismsMany have cell wallsMany have cell walls

Intracellular specialization (division Intracellular specialization (division of labor)of labor)Simple reflexesSimple reflexes

Autotrophic or Autotrophic or heterotrophicheterotrophic

Found wherever life existsFound wherever life existsAsexual reproduction and Asexual reproduction and conjugationconjugation

Protist Protist TaxonomyTaxonomyKingdom - ProtistaKingdom - Protista

Phylum - Chlorophyta Ex. Phylum - Chlorophyta Ex. VolvoxVolvoxPhylum - RetortamonadaPhylum - RetortamonadaClass – Diplomonadea Ex. Class – Diplomonadea Ex. GiardiaGiardia

Phylum - AxostylataPhylum - AxostylataClass – Parabasalea Ex. Class – Parabasalea Ex. TrichomonasTrichomonasPhylum - EuglenozoaPhylum - EuglenozoaClass – Euglenoidea Ex. Class – Euglenoidea Ex. EuglenaEuglenaClass – Trypanosomatidea Ex. Class – Trypanosomatidea Ex. TrypanosomaTrypanosoma

Protist Protist TaxonomyTaxonomy

Eimeria, Eimeria, ToxoplasmaToxoplasmaExs. Exs. Paramecium, Stentor, Paramecium, Stentor, VorticellaVorticella

Phylum - CiliophoraPhylum - Ciliophora

Phylum - ApicomplexaPhylum - ApicomplexaClass – Coccidea Exs. Class – Coccidea Exs. Plasmodium,Plasmodium,

Amebas – no longer a single taxonomic Amebas – no longer a single taxonomic groupgroup Exs. Exs. Amoeba, DifflugiaAmoeba, Difflugia

Exs. Exs. Zooxanthella, Ceratium, Zooxanthella, Ceratium, NoctilucaNoctiluca

Phylum - DinoflagellataPhylum - Dinoflagellata

Unicellular & Unicellular & multicellular algaemulticellular algae

Individual & Individual & colonial speciescolonial speciesMove with flagellaMove with flagella

Have Have chloroplasts, chloroplasts, therefore therefore autotrophsautotrophs VolvoxVolvox

Class - DiplomonadeaClass - DiplomonadeaUnicellular individualsUnicellular individuals

Move with several Move with several flagellaflagellaMany are intestinal Many are intestinal parasites, others live parasites, others live in anoxic conditionsin anoxic conditions

No mitochondria or No mitochondria or Golgi bodiesGolgi bodies

GiardiaGiardia

Class - ParabasaleaClass - ParabasaleaUnicellular individualsUnicellular individuals

Move with several Move with several flagellaflagellaHave an axostyleHave an axostyle

Have Golgi bodies, Have Golgi bodies, but no mitochondriabut no mitochondria

TrichomonasTrichomonas

Class - EuglenoideaClass - EuglenoideaUnicellular individualsUnicellular individuals

Move with a single Move with a single flagellaflagellaHave contractile Have contractile vacuoles & stigmavacuoles & stigma

Have a pellicleHave a pellicle

EuglenaEuglena

Autotrophs that can Autotrophs that can be heterotrophicbe heterotrophic

Class - Class - TrypanosomatideaTrypanosomatideaUnicellular individualsUnicellular individuals

Move with a single Move with a single flagellaflagellaAll members are All members are parasiticparasitic

Have a pellicleHave a pellicle

TrypanosomaTrypanosomaTrypanosomaTrypanosoma causes causes sleeping sickness sleeping sickness (vector - tsetse flies)(vector - tsetse flies)

Class - CoccideaClass - CoccideaUnicellular individualsUnicellular individuals

No structure for No structure for locomotion locomotion Have rhoptriesHave rhoptries

All members are All members are parasiticparasitic

PlasmodiumPlasmodium

PlasmodiumPlasmodium causes malaria causes malaria (vector – (vector – AnopholesAnopholes))EimeraEimera infects fowl, infects fowl, resulting in coccidiosisresulting in coccidiosisToxoplasmaToxoplasma infects infects mammalsmammals

Unicellular Unicellular individualsindividualsHave a pellicleHave a pellicle

Have two nucleiHave two nuclei

Cytoplasm made up Cytoplasm made up of ectoplasm & of ectoplasm & endoplasmendoplasm

ParameciumParamecium

Have contractile Have contractile vacuolesvacuolesHave digestive Have digestive complexitycomplexityHave structures for food Have structures for food gathering and protection gathering and protection Most free living, some Most free living, some parasitesparasites

Unicellular individualsUnicellular individualsMove with two flagellaMove with two flagellaSome autotrophic, Some autotrophic, some heterotrophicsome heterotrophicForm the producing Form the producing base for planktonbase for plankton

NoctilucaNoctilucaForm important Form important symbiotic symbiotic relationships relationships

Unicellular Unicellular individualsindividualsNot a monophyletic groupNot a monophyletic group

AsymmetricalAsymmetrical

Cytoplasm made up Cytoplasm made up of ectoplasm & of ectoplasm & endoplasmendoplasm

AmoebaAmoeba

Have contractile Have contractile vacuolesvacuolesMove with Move with pseudopodspseudopodsSome have tests, Some have tests, others are nakedothers are nakedMost free living, some parasitesMost free living, some parasites

Autotrophs – produce their Autotrophs – produce their own foodown foodHeterotrophs – two typesHeterotrophs – two types

Phagotrophs Phagotrophs (holozoic)(holozoic)Osmotrophs Osmotrophs (saprozoic)(saprozoic)

Phagosome – a food vacuolePhagosome – a food vacuoleContractile vacuole – water Contractile vacuole – water excretionexcretion

Surface area increases in multiples of two (L Surface area increases in multiples of two (L x W)x W)Volume increases in multiples of three (L x Volume increases in multiples of three (L x

W x D)W x D)Therefore the volume will increase quicker Therefore the volume will increase quicker than the surface area during cell growththan the surface area during cell growth

A high SA/V ratio means a cell can more A high SA/V ratio means a cell can more easily maintain itself, can grow larger and easily maintain itself, can grow larger and

become more complexbecome more complexThe danger of a high SA/V ratio is that The danger of a high SA/V ratio is that

substances dangerous to the cell can more substances dangerous to the cell can more easily get ineasily get in

Asexual Asexual ReproductionReproduction

Asexual reproduction involves Asexual reproduction involves only one parentonly one parentIt has advantages in that it It has advantages in that it does not require a mate and does not require a mate and the organism can exploit the organism can exploit good environmental good environmental conditionsconditions

Asexual Asexual ReproductionReproduction

These advantages enable the These advantages enable the organism to use its energy organism to use its energy resources most effectively on resources most effectively on reproductionreproductionThe major disadvantage is The major disadvantage is the lack of genetic diversity, the lack of genetic diversity, possibly leading to decreased possibly leading to decreased fitnessfitness

Sexual Sexual ReproductionReproduction

Sexual reproduction involves Sexual reproduction involves two parentstwo parentsIts primary advantage is the Its primary advantage is the genetic diversity it produces genetic diversity it produces and the resulting increase in and the resulting increase in fitness fitness

Sexual Sexual ReproductionReproduction

The primary disadvantage of The primary disadvantage of sexual reproduction is the sexual reproduction is the inefficient use of energy in inefficient use of energy in seeking and competing for seeking and competing for matesmatesThis strategy many times This strategy many times does not allow for the best does not allow for the best exploitation of ecological exploitation of ecological resourcesresources

Binary Binary fissionfission* asexual * asexual

reproductionreproduction* one individual splits * one individual splits into twointo two* cell division due to low * cell division due to low SA/V ratioSA/V ratio

SchizogoSchizogonyny* asexual * asexual

reproductionreproduction* one individual splits * one individual splits into manyinto many* * Plasmodium Plasmodium carries out carries out schizogonyschizogonyBuddingBudding* asexual * asexual reproductionreproduction* a tiny cell grows (buds) * a tiny cell grows (buds) from the side of the parentfrom the side of the parent

* no new individuals * no new individuals produced, but two are produced, but two are changed geneticallychanged genetically

ConjugatiConjugationon* two individuals exchange * two individuals exchange genetic materialgenetic material

* a process in which genes * a process in which genes are recombinedare recombined

a

aa

AutogamAutogamyy * asexual * asexual

processprocess* similar to * similar to conjugationconjugation* * individual self fertilizesindividual self fertilizes

SyngamySyngamy* a sexual * a sexual processprocess* fertilization of a gamete * fertilization of a gamete by anotherby another

TrypanosomaTrypanosoma Sleeping Sleeping sicknesssickness

GiardiaGiardia Beaver Beaver feverfever

TrichomonasTrichomonas VaginitisVaginitis

BalantidiumBalantidium Colon Colon

perforationsperforations

PlasmodiumPlasmodium MalariaMalariaAmoeba Amoeba

DysenteryDysentery

DefinitioDefinitionsns

Metazoans – multicellular Metazoans – multicellular animalsanimalsCell aggregates – metazoans Cell aggregates – metazoans with no tissueswith no tissues

Eumetazoans – metazoans with Eumetazoans – metazoans with tissuestissues

Three Hypotheses for the Three Hypotheses for the Evolution of MetazoansEvolution of Metazoans

Syncytical Ciliate Hypothesis – Syncytical Ciliate Hypothesis – metazoans originated from ciliatesmetazoans originated from ciliates

Colonial Flagellate Hypothesis – Colonial Flagellate Hypothesis – metazoans originated from metazoans originated from colonial flagellatescolonial flagellatesPolyphyletic Origin Hypothesis – Polyphyletic Origin Hypothesis – metazoans originated from several metazoans originated from several sourcessources

Eukaryotic, metazoansEukaryotic, metazoansCell aggregatesCell aggregates

All aquatic, most marineAll aquatic, most marineAsymmetricalAsymmetrical

No true tissues or organsNo true tissues or organs

Body covered in poresBody covered in pores

Asexual and sexual Asexual and sexual reproductionreproduction

Made up of several types of Made up of several types of independent cellsindependent cellsSkeleton of spicules, spongin and Skeleton of spicules, spongin and collagencollagenAll are sessileAll are sessile

Poriferan Poriferan TaxonomyTaxonomyKingdom - AnimaliaKingdom - Animalia

Phylum - PoriferaPhylum - PoriferaClass – Calcarea (calcium Class – Calcarea (calcium carbonate spicules) carbonate spicules)

Class – Hexactinellida (silicon based Class – Hexactinellida (silicon based spicules)spicules)

Class – Demospongiae (spongin)Class – Demospongiae (spongin)

Ex. - Ex. - SyconSycon

Ex. - Ex. - EuplectellaEuplectella

Ex. – Ex. – Spongilla, Spongilla, ClionaCliona

Archaeocytes differentiate into Archaeocytes differentiate into other cells that produce the other cells that produce the sponge skeleton (spicules, sponge skeleton (spicules,

collagen and spongincollagen and spongin)

Mesohyl

Sponge Body Forms

Filter feeding organismsFilter feeding organisms

Have calcium Have calcium carbonate spiculescarbonate spiculesAll asconoid forms All asconoid forms are in this classare in this classSome syconoid forms Some syconoid forms are in this classare in this classMost members of this Most members of this class is of the class is of the leuconoid formleuconoid form

Have silicon based Have silicon based spiculesspiculesSometimes Sometimes referred to as referred to as glass spongesglass spongesAll are deep sea All are deep sea formsforms

EuplectellaEuplectella

Some members are Some members are of the syconoid form of the syconoid form while others have while others have the leuconoid formthe leuconoid form

Skeleton mainly Skeleton mainly spongin, with spongin, with silicon spicules in silicon spicules in somesome95% of all extant 95% of all extant sponges are in sponges are in this classthis classAll members of this All members of this class are of the class are of the leuconoid formleuconoid form

DefinitionDefinitionss

Monoecious (one house) – both Monoecious (one house) – both sexes in one individual sexes in one individual (hermaphroditic)(hermaphroditic)Dioecious (two house) - Dioecious (two house) - separate sexes housed in separate sexes housed in different individualsdifferent individualsGemmules – internal buds Gemmules – internal buds formed during adverse formed during adverse conditionsconditions

Sponge ReproductionSponge Reproduction

Most sponges are monoeciousMost sponges are monoecious

Asexual reproduction – budding Asexual reproduction – budding (external buds), gemmules and (external buds), gemmules and

fragmentationfragmentation

Sexual reproduction – sperm released Sexual reproduction – sperm released from individuals and eggs retainedfrom individuals and eggs retained

DefinitionDefinitionssDiploblastic – having two germ Diploblastic – having two germ

layers from which tissues and layers from which tissues and structures arisestructures ariseEctoderm – outer germ layer Ectoderm – outer germ layer that gives rise to tissues and that gives rise to tissues and structures that cover the structures that cover the outsideoutsideEndoderm – inner germ layer Endoderm – inner germ layer that gives rise to tissues and that gives rise to tissues and structures that cover the insidestructures that cover the insideMesoglea – jelly-like substance Mesoglea – jelly-like substance found between the inner and found between the inner and outer layersouter layers

Eukaryotic, eumetazoansEukaryotic, eumetazoansDiploblasticDiploblastic

All are marineAll are marineRadially symmetrical (no Radially symmetrical (no cephalization)cephalization)

Have true tissues, but no Have true tissues, but no organsorgans

Polymorphic – two forms (polyp & Polymorphic – two forms (polyp & medusa)medusa)

Asexual and sexual Asexual and sexual reproductionreproduction

Cnidocytes – stinging cellsCnidocytes – stinging cellsHave a nerve netHave a nerve netPolyps are sessile, while medusae Polyps are sessile, while medusae can movecan move

Cnidarian Cnidarian TaxonomyTaxonomyKingdom - AnimaliaKingdom - Animalia

Phylum - CnidariaPhylum - CnidariaClass – HydrozoaClass – Hydrozoa

Class – Scyphozoa (true jellyfish)Class – Scyphozoa (true jellyfish)

Class – CubozoaClass – Cubozoa

Ex. – Ex. – Physalia, Obelia, Hydra, Physalia, Obelia, Hydra, GonionemusGonionemus Ex. – Ex. – Aurelia, Aurelia, CassiopeiaCassiopeiaEx. – Ex. – CarybdeaCarybdea

Class – AnthozoaClass – AnthozoaEx. – Ex. – Metridium, Gorgonia, Metridium, Gorgonia, TubiporaTubipora

Cnidarian PolymorphismCnidarian Polymorphism

Polyp AnatomyPolyp Anatomy

GonionemusGonionemus

AureliAureliaa

CnidocCnidocyte yte

AnatoAnatomymy

Most are marine and Most are marine and colonial in formcolonial in formMost forms exhibit Most forms exhibit alternation of alternation of generations between generations between asexual polyps and asexual polyps and sexual medusae, but sexual medusae, but some have only one some have only one or the other formor the other form Hydr

aObeliaPhysaliPhysaliaa

Referred to a the true Referred to a the true jellyfishjellyfishAll are solitaryAll are solitaryPolyp stage is much Polyp stage is much reduced or absentreduced or absent

AureliaAurelia

Main body is cup Main body is cup shapedshaped

Most are relatively small Most are relatively small in sizein sizeAll are solitaryAll are solitary

Polyp stage is much Polyp stage is much reducedreduced

CarybdeaCarybdea

Main body is cube Main body is cube shapedshaped

Polyp form Polyp form predominant, no predominant, no medusa stagemedusa stageSome are solitary, Some are solitary, while others are while others are colonialcolonialMany form Many form zooxanthellae zooxanthellae relationship with algaerelationship with algae

Metridium

Most ecologically Most ecologically important group due to important group due to reef buildingreef building GorgoniaTubiporaTubipora

Alternation Alternation of of

generationsgenerations

PlanulaPlanula

BuddingBudding

Alternation of Alternation of generationsgenerations

PlanulaPlanula

BuddingBudding

Eukaryotic, eumetazoansEukaryotic, eumetazoansDiploblasticDiploblastic

All are marineAll are marineBiradially symmetrical (no Biradially symmetrical (no cephalization)cephalization)

Have true tissues, but no Have true tissues, but no organsorgans

Rows of comb platesRows of comb plates

Sexual reproductionSexual reproduction

Tentacles with colloblastsTentacles with colloblastsHave a nerve netHave a nerve netExhibit bioluminescenceExhibit bioluminescence

Ctenophore Ctenophore TaxonomyTaxonomy

Kingdom - AnimaliaKingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - CtenophoraPhylum - CtenophoraClass – Tentaculata Class – Tentaculata

Class – NudaClass – Nuda

Ex. – Ex. – Pleurobrachia, Pleurobrachia, Cestum, Cestum, Coeloplana, Coeloplana, MnemiopsisMnemiopsis Ex. – Ex. – BeroeBeroe

Pleurobrachia

Cestum

Mnemiopsis

Beroe

Ctenophore AnatomyCtenophore Anatomy