generating random numbers which are observations … 4 - simulation software.pdfflexsim ... basic...
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Generating random numbers which are observations from a U(0,1) probability distribution
Generating random variates from a specified probability distribution
Advancing simulated time
Determining the next event from the event list and passing control to the appropriate block of
code
Adding records to, or deleting records from, a list
Collecting output statistics and reporting the results
Detecting error conditions
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Simulation software
Simulation packages
Programming languages
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Common Modeling Elements
entities
attributes
resources
queues
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Desirable software features
General capabilities (including modeling flexibility and ease of use)
Hardware and software considerations
Animation
Statistical features
Customer support and documentation
Output reports and plots
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• Modeling flexibility
• Ease of use
• Hierarchy
• Debugging aids
• Fast model execution speed
• User-friendly model “front ends”
• Run-time version
• Import/export data from/to other applications
• Cost module
• Combined discrete-continuous simulation
• External routines
• The state of a simulation can be saved at the end of a run
• Cost of simulation software
General Capabilities
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• Ability to define and change attributes for entities and also global variables, and to use both
in decision logic
• Ability to use mathematical expressions and mathematical functions
• Ability to create new modeling constructs and to modify existing ones, and to store them in
libraries for use in current and future models
Flexible Capabilities
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• With a good random-number generator, the generator should have at least 100 different streams that can be assign to different sources of randomness in a simulation model
• Produce the same results on different executions if the default seeds are used for the various streams, and the user should be able to set the seed for each stream
• Standard theoretical distribution should be found and used into a model
• Triangular distribution is often used as a model for a source of randomness when no system data are available
• Getting confidence interval for a mean by replication running
• To specify a warm up period can make statistical counter calculating more accurate data for “steady-state”
• With optimization capability
Statistical Capabilities
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Uses of simulation have evolved with hardware, software
The early years (1950s-1960s)
Very expensive, specialized tool to use
Required big computers, special training
Mostly in FORTRAN (or even Assembler)
Processing cost as high as $1000/hour for a sub-286 level machine
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The formative years (1970s-early 1980s)
Computers got faster, cheaper
Value of simulation more widely recognized
Simulation software improved, but they were still languages to be learned,
typed, batch processed
Often used to clean up “disasters” in auto, aerospace industries
• Car plant; heavy demand for certain model
• Line underperforming
• Simulated, problem identified
• But demand had dried up — simulation was too late
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The recent past (late 1980s-1990s)
Microcomputer power
Software expanded into GUIs, animation
Wider acceptance across more areas
• Traditional manufacturing applications
• Services
• Health care
• “Business processes”
Still mostly in large firms
Often a simulation is part of the “specs”
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The present
Proliferating into smaller firms
Becoming a standard tool
Being used earlier in design phase
Real-time control
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The future
Exploiting interoperability (互通性) of operating systems
Specialized “templates” for industries, firms
Automated statistical design, analysis
Networked sharing of data in real time
Integration with other applications
Distributed model building, execution
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Model Building Features
Modelling worldview
Input-data analysis capability
Graphical model-building
Simulation programming
Syntax
Input flexibility
Modeling conciseness (简洁性)
Randomness
Specialized components and templates
User-built custom objects
Continuous flow
Interface with general-programming language
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Runtime Environment
Execution speed
Model size; number of variables and attributes
Interactive debugger
Model status and statistics
Runtime license
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Animation and layout features
Type of animation
Import drawing and object files
Dimension
Movement
Quality of motion
Libraries of common objects
Navigation
Views
Display step
Selectable objects
Hardware requirements
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Output Features
Scenario manager
Run manager
Warm-up capability
Independent replications
Optimization
Standardized reports
Customized reports
Statistical analysis
Business graphics
Costing module
File export
Database maintenance
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Vendor Support and Product Documentation
Training
Documentation
Help system
Tutorials
Support
Upgrades, maintenance
Track record
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Arena www.arenasimulation.com
AutoMod www.automod.com
Extend www.imaginethatinc.com
Flexsim www.flexsim.com
ProModel www.promodel.com
SIMUL8 www.simul8.com
WITNESS www.witness-for-simulation.com
SIMIO www.simio.com
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Usage
Arena is a simulation environment consisting of module
templates, built around SIMAN language constructs and
other facilities, and augmented by a visual front end
Widely used in academic research and engineering
for discrete-event simulation and continuous simulation
Edition
Basic Edition
Standard
Professional
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Characteristics
Intelligent object-based simulation software
Full 3D designing and running environment
Plenty of application packages
External language integration
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Characteristics
AnyLogic is an extremely flexible simulation tool. Ability to extend the built-in modeling language
with virtually any Java code makes any model implementable with AnyLogic
The only simulation tool that supports Discrete Event, Agent Based, and System Dynamics
Simulation within one modeling language and one model development environment
An AnyLogic model is completely separable from the development environment and can be
exported as a standalone Java application
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Common features
In recent years, many packages have added optimization as one of the analysis tools
Optimization is used to find a “near-optimal” solution. The user must define an objective or fitness
function, usually a cost of cost-like function that incorporates the trade-off between additional
throughput and additional resources.
Some popular algorithms of optimization are used in simulation packages, such as artificial
intelligence, neural network, genetic algorithm, evolutionary strategies, Tabu search and scatter
search
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Products
Arena Output and Process Analyzer
Autostat for AutoMod
OptQuest (used in a number of simulation products)
Simrunner for Promodel
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