generator paralleling concepts

7/28/2019 Generator Paralleling Concepts

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ConceptsConcepts

Gen.

#1

Gen.

#2

Gen.

#3

Gen.

#4

Gen.

#5

Presenter: Daniel Barbersek

Power Solutions Manager

Generac Power Systems, Inc.


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What Topics Will Be Covered

Upon completion of this presentation, participants will be able to describe the basicconcepts and implementation approaches to parallel generator operation includingboth Traditional and todays Integrated techniques. They will also be able to

applications. Specifically they will be able to:

Describe the concept of creating larger power systems using paralleled generators.

Describe generator to grid and generator to generator configurations.

Describe the differences between the traditional and integrated approach to generator

paralleling.

Describe the electrical requirements needed for proper operation of parallel operation.

List and describe the functional and economic limitations of Traditional generator

paralleling.

List and describe the key benefits of the Integrated approach to generator paralleling.

List and describe the key benefits of an Integrated parallel system over a Single

enerator.


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What is paralleling?

Generator to Utilit Grid Inter-Connected

Generator to Generator


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RUNNING HEADLINEGenerator to Utility Grid Connection

Electrically connected to the utility grid

Energy management

Emissions (natural gas engines)

Spark Spread (cost feasibility)

Utility barriers (standby charges, ratchets, grid interconnect)

EPA Regulated Tier 4 Required Engines if utilizing diesel


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RUNNING HEADLINEMomentary Grid Paralleling

Make-before-break transfers

Soft-load Closed transition (few seconds)

Synchronize the generator to the utility momentarily

Exercise with load

No outage on retransfer

Circuit Breaker or Contactor Styles available

Generator Utility

Load


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RUNNING HEADLINEParalleling Generators for Capacity

What is a paralleling system?

equipment to form a larger capacity power source.

52-G252-G1

500 kW

+ 500 kW

1000 kW

500 kW500 kW

GENERATOR #2GENERATOR #1


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RUNNING HEADLINEParalleling Generators for Redundancy

N + 1

can create 1000kW. This leaves the system the ability to maintain thecritical load in the event that one of the generators is taken off-line.

52-G252-G1

500 kW

+ 500 kW

1000 kW

500 kW500 kW

GENERATOR #2GENERATOR #1


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RUNNING HEADLINEParalleling Generators

Why use a paralleling system?

Accepted market reliability for single engine is 98-99%Redundant systems offer multiple nines reliable for the criticalloads

N+1 reliability (99.96 to 99.99%)N+2 reliability (99.9992 to 99.9999%)

Ability to expand as your clients needs growDont over build preserve capital

ServiceableProtect the critical loads while servicing the generator(s)


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RUNNING HEADLINEParalleling Generator to Generator

Wh not use a arallelin s stem?

Traditional implementations have limitationsCost (capital, installation, commissioning)

Space


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RUNNING HEADLINEWhat is Required to Parallel Generators

ync ron z ngSwitching Deviceync ron z ngSwitching Device

Load SharingLoad Sharing


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RUNNING HEADLINEGetting Started - Preliminary

Electronic governor -- load sharing

Electronic governor -- load sharing

ectron c vo tage regu ator w para e ng

capability

ectron c vo tage regu ator w para e ng

capability

. .

2/3, 4/5, etc).

. .

2/3, 4/5, etc).

Same phase to phase voltage

Same phase to phase voltage


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RUNNING HEADLINESynchronization

ey emen s or para e ng genera ors

Light goes dim Push it in!


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RUNNING HEADLINESynchronizing Controls

Engine Speed needs to be controlled

Alternator Voltage needs to be adjusted

Voltage

Generator

Control

Load Share Module

(kW)

Bi-Fuel

Controller

PLC

Logic

Voltage

Generator

Control

Load Share Module

(kW)

Bi-Fuel

Controller

PLC

Logic

S eed

eg u a or

Load Sharing(kVAR)

Protective

Relaying

Integrated Solution

HMI

S eed

eg u a or

Load Sharing(kVAR)

Protective

Relaying

Integrated Solution

HMI

Governor

Auto

Synchronizer

Digital

Communications

Governor

Auto

Synchronizer

Digital

Communications


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RUNNING HEADLINESynchronization Wave Form Alignment

Electrically locking two machines together

Voltages matched

Phase angles matched

PHASE VOLTAGE

MISMATCH

PHASE ANGLEVX

PHASE VOLTAGES

MATCHED

VY

PHASE VOLTAGES MATCHED

PHASE ANGLES MATCHED

090 180 270 3600

MISMATCH

090 180 270 3600

PHASE ANGLE

MISMATCHED

090 180 270 3600

VY

VX

VX

= VY

SYNCHRONIZED


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RUNNING HEADLINESynchronizing Stage 1


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RUNNING HEADLINEDevice Switching

Traditional Switching Utilizing Circuit Breakers


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RUNNING HEADLINEIntegrated Switching

Inte rated Switchin Utilizin Contactor

Mounted on Generator


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RUNNING HEADLINEElectrical Interlock Stage 2

Generators are now electricall interlocked

There is not enough force provided

by the prime mover to break the generators apart


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RUNNING HEADLINELoad Sharing Power Balance

Gen Gen

kVAkVAR

kW

kVAR

kW


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Load Sharing

Load Sharing (Matching)

Real Power (kW)

Isochronous load sharing or speed droop

Reactive Power (kVAR)

Reactive cross current or volta e droo

kW

(LAG)

NET kVAR(LAG)

kVAR

Phase Angle

kkVA

R

GENERATOR

ENGINE

kW

kVA CAPACITIVE

(LEAD)


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Understanding Droop

(0 - 100%)

Must be 0

PID

Position

(kW)pee

Speed -+

(0 - 100%)

e erence

(100 - 105%)-

(.05)


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RUNNING HEADLINELoad Sharing Control Circuit

Traditional load sharing

Isochronous load sharin

Reactive Cross Current CompensationStruggles with calibration, stability, electrical noise

RPT

52-G1SPEED ADJUST

kW LOAD kW LOADRPT

52-G2SPEED ADJUST

LOAD SHARING

LINES

kW

SENS

CT

MODULE MODULEkW

SENS

CT

ENGINE

GOVERNOR

AVR

AUTOMATICVOLTAGE

REGULATOR

BIAS SIGNAL

ENGINE

GOVERNOR

AVR

AUTOMATICVOLTAGE

REGULATOR

BIAS SIGNAL

GENERATOR #1 GENERATOR #2


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Droop Load Sharing

Speed droop graphical representation

Will two s eed droo overnors share load?

What is the negative consequence?

Hz

.

61.5

60.0

ETSPEED

SETSPEED

SETSPEED

FIXED UTILITY

AND BUS

FREQUENCY

DIESEL GENERATOR.

57.0CONDITIONAT TIME OF

PARALLELING

5% DROOP GOVERNOR

- VARIOUS SET SPEEDS

0% 100% kWeGENERATOR LOAD


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RUNNING HEADLINETraditional Control vs. Integrated

Integrated Approach Simple

Traditional Approach

RS485

e ia e

Single Source

Generator

Controller

2 wire start

System

Controller

Integrated

Parallel

Controller

Gov. Controller

Voltage Reg.

kW Share Module

CPU

Integrated

To Emergency

Distribution

Gov. Controller

Generator

Controller

kVAR Share Module

To Emergency

Distribution

ControllerVoltage Reg.

Analog Control Lines

Digital Control Lines

Sensing Lines

ower nes


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RUNNING HEADLINEProtection

Synchronizing process

PT PT

Real power system (governor & engine)

32 reverse ower81

O-U 27/59

51G 50/51(27)

52-G1 25

81O-U 27/59

51G 50/51(27)

52-G2 25

24 24

81 o/u frequency protection

Reactive power system (regulation &

87G

32 40

87G

32 40

CT CT

46 46

excitation)

27 / 59 voltage protection

24 over excitation & volts/hz


Cabling & alternator

50 / 51 Overcurrent


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RUNNING HEADLINEIntegrated Sequence of Operation

Critical

Transfer Switch

Status:

Normal.

EmergencyDistribution Panel

Transfer Switch

System

Controller

Generator 2Generator 1


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Critical

Transfer Switch

Status:

Utility failure.


Transfer Switch

System

Controller



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Critical

Transfer Switch

Status:

Generators start.


Transfer Switch

System

Controller

Generator 1 Generator 2


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Critical

Transfer Switch

Status:

First generator at rated output.

Ener izes the emer enc distribution anel.


Transfer Switch

System

Controller



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Critical

Transfer Switch

Status:

Picking up the critical load in 10 seconds.


Transfer Switch

System

Controller



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Critical

Transfer Switch

Status:

Equipment load transfers to the generators.


Transfer Switch

System

Controller



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Critical

Transfer Switch

Status:

If a generator is out of service, it separates

from the s stem. Non-critical load is shed.

Emergency

Distribution Panel

Transfer Switch

System

Controller



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Critical

Transfer Switch

Status:

Generator is restarted.

Emergency

Distribution Panel

Transfer Switch

System

Controller



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Critical

Transfer Switch

Status:

Generator parallels to the system.

Emergency

Distribution Panel

Transfer Switch

System

Controller



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Critical

Transfer Switch

Status:

Equipment load is re-energized.

Emergency

Distribution Panel

Transfer Switch

System

Controller



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Critical

Transfer Switch

Status:

Load is transferred back to utility.

Emergency

Distribution Panel

Transfer Switch

System

Controller



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Critical

Transfer Switch

Status:

Generators cool down.

Emergency

Distribution Panel

Transfer Switch

System

Controller



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Critical

Transfer Switch

Status:

Generators disconnect from system.

.

Emergency

Distribution Panel

Transfer Switch

System

Controller



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RUNNING HEADLINEParalleling Advantages

Vs.gna enerator

PT PT

Reliability

Scalable 81O-U 27/59

51G50/51(27)

52-G1 25

81O-U 27/59

51G50/51(27)

52-G2 25

24 24

Footprint 87G32 40

87G

32 40

CT CT

46 46


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R li bilit


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RUNNING HEADLINEReliability

Accepted market reliability for single unit

98 to 99% (multiple third party references)

Integrated paralleling adds redundancyTypical load factors

Minimal load shedding / management

Results in redundancy without increasing

generator capacity

re a y . o .

N+2 reliability (99.9992 to 99.9999%)

Vs.

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S l bili


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RUNNING HEADLINE Scalability

Start with a single generator

anne growt

Unanticipated growthLower initial investment

Budget / capital constraints

Protection against uncertainty

Single generator implementations offers

no cost effective expansion capabilities

safety factors to protect againstuncertainty and load growth.

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C t f I t ll ti /O hi


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RUNNING HEADLINECost of Installation/Ownership

Inte rated Parallelin /Sin le Generators Cost

Capital cost Optimizing market engine pricing (high volume engines)

Installation cost Same amps, same distance

Potential crane reduction (40 ton vs. 80 ton)

Pad thickness reduction (6 vs. 10-12)

Maintenance cost More manageable fluids

Ask for PM quotations for both options

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C it l C t T diti l


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RUNNING HEADLINECapital Cost - Traditional

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Capital Cost Integrated


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RUNNING HEADLINECapital Cost - Integrated

Generator

Control

Load Share Module

(kW)

Bi-Fuel

Controller

PLC

Logic

Generator

Control

Load Share Module

(kW)

Bi-Fuel

Controller

PLC

Logic

Voltage

RegulatorLoad Sharing

(kVAR)Integrated Solution

HMI

Voltage

RegulatorLoad Sharing

(kVAR)Integrated Solution

HMI

Speed

Governor

Auto

Synchronizer

Relaying

Digital

Communications

Speed

Governor

Auto

Synchronizer

Relaying

Digital

Communications

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Footprint


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RUNNING HEADLINE Footprint

Foot Print Size vs. Location

Flexibilit

Foot print examples

1000kW (26.1 x 8.4)

. .

1500 kW (33.3 x 8.4)2 x 750 kW (16.9 x 16.5)

Location flexibilit

Various layoutsUnits can be separated

Rooftops

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Serviceability


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RUNNING HEADLINEServiceability

Single generator implementations

Can your critical loads go without protection?Oil & coolant changesBelts, hoses, batteriesLoad bank connectionMinor repairs

At what point do you bring in a rental?Change-over time

Paralleled implementations provide protectionduring servicing

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Conclusion


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RUNNING HEADLINE Conclusion

Traditional

Scalability

Serviceability

Reliabilit

generator paralleling concepts

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