generic crime investigationlibrary.college.police.uk/docs/homeoffice/generic-crime-2005.pdf ·...

Generic Crime InvestigationStandard Operating Procedure


01 Foreword

02 Introduction

03 Initial report of crime

04 Initial Scene Attendance

05 Scene preservation and forensic assessment

06 Victim / Witness Care

07 Continuing the Investigation

08 Arrest and Prisoner Handling

09 File Preparation

10 Crime Management

11 Court

12 Implementation

13 Amendment

01 Investigator’s Guide

02 Supervisor’s Guide

Contents

Quality Focused Investigation

Standard Operating Procedures

"We are committed to providing a high quality service for every crime that occurs in Northamptonshire.

I am committed to providing every help and assistance to any officer involved with the investigation of

reported crime.

The Quality Focused Investigation Model and the mnemonic ECLIPSE are designed to help you, and to

ensure that every stage of the recording and investigation process is handled professionally and

competently. By focusing on the specific Detection Factors that assist with solving the crime, an

increase in detection rates, and a reduction of offences committed will follow.

A crime investigation starts with the very first notification that a crime has taken place and everybody

must realise their role is to professionally assist that investigation, not just to record details. Only then

will we achieve success.

Every stage of the process is critical to a successful investigation. I ask for everyone involved in the

process carry out their role in any investigation diligently, and thereby continue to provide the top

quality service that the people of Northamptonshire have a right to expect of us"

Mac McCulleyDetective Chief Superintendent

This document is not intended to be a comprehensive instruction manual, but it does give clear

guidance to officers involved in the investigation of crime.

Foreword


01

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Force PrioritiesThe investigation and detection of crimes, highlighted by the Force Control Strategy, are the priority ofNorthamptonshire Police. A thorough and conscientious approach to the recording and investigation of all crimeis of paramount importance in determining whether a crime investigation will be successfully concluded.

The object of recording and investigating crime is to detect the crime, arrest the offenders and reassure thevictim. Strict guidelines exist to monitor this process; these take the form of the National crime RecordingStandard (NCRS) and the more recently introduced National Standard for Incident Recording (NSIR).

National Crime Recording StandardsThis sets out clear principles from the start as to how crime is recorded, and adopts a more victim focusedapproach to crime recording. Of particular note is the fact that it places a responsibility on all individualsinvolved in the crime recording process to report crimes within a fixed timescale, that the victim of crime isregarded as having notified police following his or her FIRST contact with police, not with the member of staffwho ultimately records the crime, and the timescale upon which the Force can be judged begins at that initialcontact.

A Professional Response – A Quality Focused Investigation (QFI)Professional investigations commence from the FIRST point of contact onwards and the chances of detection aredirectly controlled by the quality of each and every action Northamptonshire Police and its staff take. Byadopting a professional, quality focus to the investigation, addressing each of the primary detection factors inturn, a competent investigation will follow from start to finish. This will directly increase our likelihood ofsuccess against criminals operating in our Force area.

Standard operating ProcedureThis Generic Crime Investigation Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) exists to assist all staff by outlining theminimum standards that must be adhered to when undertaking an investigation. Adoption of the Quality FocusedInvestigation model (QFI) allows common minimum standards to be implemented across the force, ensuring thepublic receive a consistent, professional service delivered with commitment.

SupervisionSupervisors have a key role in implementing this SOP and ensuring compliance with the required standards andQFI model. They are expected to robustly monitor compliance by staff, and actively supervise theimplementing of the minimum standards.

Other Crime - related Links This section provides links to specific crime related SOPs and other documents and will continue to bepopulated or amended over time.

Auto crime Quality Focused InvestigationBurglary National Crime recording StandardsDistraction Burglary Offences Taken into ConsiderationStreet Crime (robbery)

Introduction


02

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“the effective managementof a crime investigation

Initial report of crime 03

commences when you receive the initial crime complaint”


The following actions and minimum standards are particularly relevant to all CCC, IMC and CSU staffbut will also be applicable to any member of staff involved in the initial receipt of a report of crime.

Obtain Relevant Information

Establish if an ImmediateResponse is Required.Determine if...

Obtain SupplementaryInformation

Provide Advice and Guidance

Dispatch AppropriateResponse

• Request name/address and contact telephone number of personreporting/victim (if different to reporter).

• Ascertain what has happened, where and when theincident occurred.

• Life is threatened.

• Someone is badly injured.

• Person(s) are in the act of committing or fleeing from the crime or have been detained.

• Action is needed to secure physical evidence due to weather conditions/severity of incident.

• Action is needed to prevent further crime frombeing committed.

• The victim is old or infirm, vulnerable or in need of support.

• Obtain a full description of suspects including clothing, vehicle(s) used and directions of travel.

• Obtain directions to the scene if location is not known.

• Ascertain if other services are required, e.g. doctor, ambulance,fire service, council.

• Assure caller of police response.

• Inform caller of response time in accordance withForce Policy.

• Advise caller not to disturb the scene and about preservationof evidence.

• Deploy officer to attend within the time scale given tothe victim.

• In cases of immediate response deploy appropriate resources.

Action Minimum Standard

Initial report of crime 03.01

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Maintain Record

Circulate suspect details

Consider links to other events

If response is delayed

Comply with other SOPs

• Ensure that a record is maintained concerning the incident and that all records are legible, accurate and contain all necessary information. Remember that these may be disclosed in the event of the prosecution of the offender(s).

• Circulate offender and/or vehicle descriptions and details of identifiable stolen property at the earliest opportunity. Ensure the accuracy of these circulations in view of the disclosure obligations imposed by Criminal Procedure & Investigations Act and ensure any initial suspect description(s) are recorded.

• Ensure that attending Officers and investigating staff are made aware of any links to other crimes / incidents that havebeen reported.

• Ensure that if a promised response is delayed, that the victim / witness is re-contacted, informed of the delay and the reasons for it and alternative arrangements are made.

• Ensure that you have complied with any standard operating procedure that may apply for the specific crime type that you are investigating, e.g.

- auto-crime

- burglary

- distraction burglary

- streetcrime (robbery).

It is your responsibility to establish if these procedures exist and what they are.


Initial report of crime 03.02

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Initial scene attendance 04

“your role as the first officerattending the scene is to provide

and continue the investigative process”the initial personal police contact


The following actions and minimum standards are particularly relevant to all IRT, CAT, CIU and CIU-response staff but will also be applicable to any staff member attending any crime scene.

Communicate with the Victim

Identify other witnesses

Assess and Preserve the Scene


Initial scene attendance 04.01

Take necessary steps toPreserve Physical Evidence

• Attend within the time scale given to the victim.

• Provide a clear explanation of what the police response will be.Be aware that ‘first impressions count’.

• Consider the needs of the victim, e.g. medical, removal from the scene, attendance of a friend, family member or Victim Care/ Victim Support Officer/ chaperone/ appropriate adult.

• Ensure their details are taken and they give an account of what has happened.

• Ask: What? When? Where? Who? How? Why?

• Think Forensic (see below).

• Make a visual search of the immediate vicinity fordiscarded items.

• Identify entry and escape routes.

• Obtain details of suspect(s).

• Consider a physical search for suspect(s), including taking victim/witness with you to make a street identification. Consider the effect this may have on the ability of the Dog Section Officer to perform effectively.

• Identify possible locations for discarded evidence/property,e.g. refuse bins, bushes, concealed areas and othersimilar locations.

• Consider the potential for counter allegations being made and secure/preserve any supporting evidence in the same manner asevidence supporting the initial allegation. Be aware that such counter allegations could well be the basis of a defence to the original allegations if they are brought to Court.

• Minimise disturbance by persons within the scene.

• Establish and secure the scene by cordon where necessary.

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Take necessary steps toPreserve Physical Evidence(continued)

Consider Health andSafety Risks

Take action to minimise risksto the victim, yourself andother personnel who attendthe scene. Consider potentialrisks from:



Initiate any Urgent Actionand appropriate SupportServices Response. Consider:

Air Support

Dog Section

• For serious crimes and major incidents, commence a Major Incident Scene Log (Form 333) and restrict entry to essential personnel only.

• Establish a rendezvous point and common approach pathwhere appropriate.

• Consider protection of items at risk from the elements by covering with STERILE equipment, or moving to a dry location – Seeking advice from SOCO.

• Give advice to victim with regard to preservation issues.

• Consider DNA evidence by preserving such items as drink cans, chewing gum, cigarette ends, etc.

• Chemicals

• Hazardous materials

• Building collapse

• Fume inhalation

• Damaged electric’s

• Poor lighting conditions

• Climbing risks

• Agitated victim/witness/suspect

• Consider cordoning hazardous areas to preventunnecessary access.

• Be aware of the destruction that the handler and dog may causeto the forensic evidence at the scene. View this against the potential of tracing the offender(s), identifying an escape route and recovery of property.

• Consider the appropriateness of air support in the pursuit of suspects or recovery of property.

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CIU-response officer

Supervision

Scientific Support

Initial Circulation

Complete Documentation



Complete Initial Enquiries

• If not present at the scene, establish if the crime requires the attendance of a CIU-response officer in accordance with Force/Area Policy.

• Establish if the crime warrants the attendance of a supervisor.

• Attendance to the scene should be in accordance with current crime scene attendance criteria. Obtain an estimated time of arrival and communicate this to the victim. Always request attendance where there is evidence of DNA, Blood, Fingerprints, Footwear marks or Tool marks.

• Circulate offender and/or vehicle descriptions and details of identifiable stolen property at the earliest opportunity. Ensure the accuracy of these circulations in view of the disclosure obligations imposed by Criminal Procedure & Investigations Act and ensure any first suspect description(s) are recorded.

• Complete a crime report as per the requirements of the National Crime Recording Standard. Pay particular attention tothe modus operandi fields.

• Ensure that the victim is provided with relevant crime and other reference numbers.

• Record all actions taken. Remember that all documentation, especially ‘first’ description of suspect, could be subjectof disclosure.

• Carry out all immediate lines of enquiry to identify person(s) responsible e.g. CCTV.

• Conduct house-to-house enquiries at adjoining and overlookingpremises, both front and rear with result (including no replies) recorded on the crime report. Since such enquiries will publicise the commission of the offence, where practicable, they should not be carried out without the consent or knowledge of the victim.

• For appropriate crimes, establish and record on the crime report the numbers and full details of persons with lawful access to the property.

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Complete Initial Enquiries(continued)




• Ensure that any initial suspect description(s) are notedand recorded.

• Prepare and forward any necessary handover documentation in a timely manner, and to a standard you would expect to receive.


- auto-crime

- burglary



It is your responsibility to establish if these procedures exist andwhat they are.

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Scene Preservation andForensic Assessment

05

think forensic”“all staff, regardless of designation must


The following actions and minimum standards are particularly relevant to all IRT, CAT, CIU, CIU-responseofficers and SOCOs but will also be applicable to any staff member involved in crime scene preservation.

Take necessary steps toPreserve Physical Evidence

Secure SOCO attendance



05.01Scene Preservation andForensic Assessment

• Assess the potential for physical evidence at the scene. Be mindful of contamination and the continuity of property preserved for forensic examination, especially with regard to DNA evidence.

• Complete actions highlighted in ‘Think Forensic’.

• Identify and preserve further connected ‘Scenes’ (buildings, property, vehicles, suspects, victims, witnesses, emergency service personnel/vehicles). Avoid cross contamination by ensuring that staff commit to one ‘scene’ only.

• Attendance to the scene should be in accordance with the current crime scene attendance criteria. Obtain an estimated time of arrival and communicate this to the victim. Always request attendance where there is evidence of DNA, Blood, Fingerprints, Footwear marks or Tool marks.


- auto-crime

- burglary




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Victim / Witness Care 06

Northamptonshire Police cares for them“this is your opportunity to show victims and witnesses that

first impressions are paramount”


The following actions and minimum standards are particularly relevant to all IRT, CAT, CIU, CIU-responseofficers, CSU staff and SOCOs but will also be applicable to any staff member dealing with victims andwitnesses of crime.


Crime Prevention Advice

Repeat Victims


Victim / Witness Care 06.01

Update victims

• Be positive, polite, honest and professional.

• Consider the needs of the victim/witness, e.g. medical, removalfrom the scene, attendance of a friend, family member or Victim Care/Victim Support Officer.

• Inform the victim of the process of the police investigation. Provide realistic expectations of police response. Inform victims of the appropriate police contact point.

• Inform the victim of the service provided by Victim Support and the referral system.

• Obtain consent for release to the media of personal details and details of the offence.

• Consider any urgent actions that the victim should take e.g. cancellations of stolen of credit cards and cheque books.

• Provide the victim with advice on how they can assist the investigation e.g. supplying a full property list, visiting second hand outlets and talking with neighbours.

• Explain the need for elimination DNA and fingerprints samples, and when they may be required.

• Provide appropriate advice and signposting to all victims. Arrange for specialist help and support where necessary via Area Crime Prevention Staff.

• Include on the crime report full details of previous crimes suffered by the victim. Consider any further needs the victim may have from being a repeat victim. Are there any harassment or intimidation issues?

• Victims will be updated as to the progress of active crime enquiries in accordance with agreed Force/Area practice. Even if there are no developments, the victim will be reassured by our continued interest.

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Comply with other SOPs • Ensure that you have complied with any standard operating procedure that may apply for the specific crime type that you are investigating, e.g.

- auto-crime

- burglary





Victim / Witness Care 06.02

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Continuing the Investigation 07

to conduct professional investigations“your role as a crime-investigating officer is

into alleged crimes and arrest suspects.

prioritise your investigationsin accordance with the directions of your Operational Performance Group”


The following actions and minimum standards are particularly relevant to all CIU staff but will also beapplicable to any staff member actively engaged in the investigation of crime(s).

Where appropriate, reviewthe actions of the initialofficer(s) attending the scene

Statements from Victimsor Witnesses

House-to-House Enquiries

Location and Seizure ofCCTV Tapes


Continuing the Investigation 07.01

• Obtain statements from all key witnesses at the earliest opportunity in order to enhance evidential integrity and content. Recall that building a good rapport, allowing free recall, using open-ended questioning and being sensitive to the negative effects of leading questions will help establish complete and accurate information. Be patient.

• Assess the requirements for further house-to-house enquiries. Such enquiries should be conducted with total regard for the privacy of landowners /householders. The least intrusive and damaging practices must be pursued.

• Ensure that house-to-house enquiries have been conducted at points of entry and exit, escape routes and scenes of abandonedproperty. Record who has been spoken to and what informationhas been provided.

• Consider conducting enquiries with tradesmen and legitimate visitors to the vicinity such as window cleaners and newspaperdeliverers. Adopt a "What have you seen" style of questioning.

• Consider both public and privately owned and operated CCTVsystems in the vicinity of the incident. Seize all available relevant recordings as soon as possible before any evidence is lost through disposal or over-taping.

• Copy tapes that contain material of evidential value as soon as practicable in order to minimise the risk of corrupting the original material by repeated playing.

• Remember the copy tape is the ‘working copy’for ongoing enquiries and re-playing, NOT the original tape.

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Computerised or ArtistsComposite Likeness

Show Photograph Album /Computerised Image Capture

Interrogate Intelligence andCrime Recording Systems



• Consider Force intranet to identify individuals capturedon CCTV.

• Consider Force E-Gallery to aid identification of those captured on CCTV.

• Consider using this investigative tool where witnesses have viewed and are able to describe the features of anunknown offender.

• Before use, probe the witness to ascertain whether any subsequent identification will satisfy the test set out inR v TURNBULL (remember ADVOKATE).

Amount of time observed

Distance

Visibility level

Obstructions to view

Knowledge of suspect

Any specific reason to recall event

Time elapsed since

Errors in witness description

• Do not show a witness photographs before they compile a computerised or artists composite likeness.

• To maximise evidential integrity and value, ensure that the process is completed as soon as practicable, ideally within24 hours.

Consider when:

• A witness is unable or unwilling to make a computerised or artists composite likeness

• Time constraints render the use of a computerised or artists composite likeness impractical.

The showing of albums of photographs or digital images must be conducted in accordance with the provision of Code of Practice D of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984.

• Make full use of such systems. Ensure the timely submission of intelligence logs.

Location and Seizure ofCCTV Tapes(continued)

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Liaise With Others HavingParticular Knowledge

Circulate RelevantInformation

Record Action Taken



• Research other crimes occurring in the same area, including the modus operandi, point of entry and exit, escape routes, time and day of offence, stolen/damaged property, recovered and abandoned property, descriptions and details of any suspects and vehicles used etc.

Consider liaison with:

• Community Beat Officers / Police Community Support Off i c e r s

• Area and Force Intelligence Units

• Crime Analysts

• Forensic Intelligence Analysts

• Neighbourhood Watch Co-ordinators

• Benefits Agency

• Local Authority Housing Departments

• Task Covert Human Intelligent Sources (CHISs), etc.

• Circulate descriptions of offender(s), unusual modusoperandi, identifiable stolen property and other noteworthy factors promptly.

• Consider using ‘Crimestoppers’particularly in respect of offences where the identification of suspects from photographs,video or similar means is required.

• Consider using the local media where witnesses are sought, as well as the identification of offenders. Co-ordinate all media releases through the press liaison officers.

• To comply with Criminal Procedure & Investigations Act 1996, record accurately and completely all actions that have been undertaken.

• Complete crime reports thoroughly to enable meaningful comparative case analysis and linking of series and scenesof crimes.

• Consider use of trained exhibits officer to ensure correct packaging and storage of exhibits, and maintain continuity and integrity of exhibits.

Interrogate Intelligence andCrime Recording Systems(continued)

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• Consider elimination of police/emergency service personnel/witnesses etc from crime scene by taking DNAelimination samples, fingerprints, clothing and footwear.

• Property / exhibits management.

• Consider necessity of seizure.

• Remember your obligation if property / exhibits are retained, and are continued to be retained. It is your responsibility to manage such items.


- auto-crime

- burglary







Record Action Taken(continued)

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Arrest and Prisoner Handling 08

“immediate and early arrests present forensic opportunities

professional and ethicalsuspect handling.”

the primary purpose of the prisoner-handling role isto continue the investigation into alleged offences through


The following actions and minimum standards are particularly relevant to all IRT, CAT, CIU, CIU-response officers and PIU staff but will also be applicable to any staff member involved in the arrestand/or interview of suspects of crime.

Suspect Arrests

Case appraisal


Arrest and Prisoner Handling 08.01

• Unless there are clear reasons to the contrary, ensure arrest of suspects is undertaken at the earliest possible opportunity. Do not leave suspects at liberty to commit further offences

• To minimise the risk of staff injury or suspect escape an assessment will be conducted in relation to each planned arrest.Remember actions must be Proportionate, Legal and Necessary.

• Conduct all arrests in a manner that protects the need to gather further evidence of similar offences.

• Ensure that any vehicle used to convey an arrested person is searched before and on completion of the journey and considerwhether the vehicle is an extension of the crime scene and mayrequire a SOCO examination. The same will apply to ambulance vehicles.

• Conduct searches of all relevant premises using powers under Sections 17, 18 and 32 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 at the earliest opportunity. Remember evidence of similar offences.

• Consider advice from Economic Crime Unit (ECU) in relation to Proceeds Of Crime Act (POCA).

• Consider advice from Single Point Of Contact (SPOC) if phones recovered.

• If you are a PIU officer, acquire a thorough knowledge of the alleged offences and suspect-related evidence, by reviewing case papers, liaising with IRT/CAT/CIU staff, etc.

• Think Forensic. View the suspect as a crime scene. When appropriate, seize clothing, footwear, etc, and initiate relevant procedures for the taking of intimate/non-intimate samples. Seize, package and store same in accordance with Forensic Science Service Best Practice.

• Ensure that relevant PNC, FIS, Warrant checks, etc, have been completed. Complete as necessary. Ensure that all outstanding DNA /Fingerprint hits have been checked.

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Case appraisal(continued)

Interview Preparation -Consider:

Establish if an ImmediateResponse is Required.Determine if...


• Is the offender a PPO? If so, comply with currentPPO policies.

• How will the interview assist the investigation?

• What do you know about the suspect?

• What offences are being investigated?

• Consider how much information you will give to the solicitor (if applicable) during the pre-interview briefing.

• Consider how many officers are required for the interview. In simple cases, use one Officer only.

• Fully prepare the P.E.A.C.E. Model.

• Are special measures required, eg appropriate adult, legal representative, interpreter, etc?

• Need for an interview co-ordinator.

• Be firm. Be polite. Be professional.

• Explain offence, caution and explain legal rights.

• If an appropriate adult is present ensure their role is clearly explained and understood.

• Are special warnings appropriate? Remember, if you do not introduce them correctly whole or part of the interview could be rendered inadmissible.

• Follow your prepared P.E.A.C.E. Model until closure.

• Think TIC. Comply with Force policy.

• Comply with PACE and the Codes of Practice at all times.

• Evaluate. Did the interview achieve its purpose? Is there a need for a further interview?

• Is identification an issue? Arrange relevant procedures.

• Think Intelligence. Conduct/arrange intelligence interviews. Submit intelligence logs promptly.

• Obtain relevant forensic samples e.g. fingerprints, image capture, DNA swab, etc, when appropriate.

• Accurately complete and distribute Form 307 beforeleaving duty.



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Case Disposal


• Review media opportunities.

• Seek early liaison with CPS for pre-charge advice.

• Ensure compliance with current PPO policies regarding the processing of PPO detainees.


- auto-crime

- burglary






Provide Advice and Guidance(continued)

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accurately and comprehensively

File Preparation 09

“case files that are

through the criminal justice systemenable the timely progression of offenders

and so narrows the justice gap andincreases public confidence”

completed


The following actions and minimum standards are particularly relevant to all CIU and PIU staff butwill also be applicable to any staff member involved in the preparation of prosecution case files.

Quality Issues

CPS Liaison


File Preparation 09.01

• All case files will meet the standards of quality and timeliness outlined in the PTI Manual of Guidance.

• Liaise effectively with CPS staff to ensure complete and appropriate evidence is secured and presented to the Courts.

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Crime Management 10

our resources are efficiently used

“the effective management of crime enquiries ensures that

and all enquiries are conducted to a common quality standard”

our focus is correctly placed,


The following actions and minimum standards are particularly relevant to all CSU staff but will alsobe applicable to any staff member involved in the supervision/management of active crime enquiries.

Direct and ControlInvestigations

Maximise Intelligence

Administration

Crime analysis


Crime Management 10.01

Victim Liaison

• Thoroughly review all recently recorded/received crime reportsto determine the scope for investigation.

• Provide positive and unambiguous initial investigative direction in relation to those crime enquiries that possess an investigative element.

• Retain active control of crime enquiries until appropriately skilled investigators are available to effectively pursuethe enquiry.

• Actively monitor ongoing enquiries and intervenewhere necessary.

• Thoroughly review all received undetected crime enquiries. File as ‘undetected’only when the minimum standards of this SOP have been met and no further lines of enquiry are viable.

• Provide advice on linked crimes, or others of similar M.O.or location.

• Ensure that all intelligence-gathering opportunities are maximised and acted upon.

• Ensure the timely input and correct classification of crimes onto the CCR system in accordance with National Crime Recording Standards.

• Ensure cancellation of crimed incidents that have subsequentlybeen shown not to be recorded crimes.

• Manage the storage of crime investigation records in order thatthey can be easily accessed and retrieved for reinvestigation or intelligence purposes.

• Ensure appropriate use is made of crime analysis techniques.

• Provide information regarding the progress and/or result of crime enquiries in accordance with the CSU Standard Operation Procedure.

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Comply with other SOPs • Ensure that officers have complied with any standard operatingprocedure that may apply for the specific crime type being investigated, e.g.

- auto-crime

- burglary




Crime Management 10.02

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Court 11

“the effective delivery of evidence upholds ethically conducted enquiries

and a robust approach to defence examination

portrays professionalism and

builds public confidence”


The following actions and minimum standards are relevant to any staff member who has beenwarned to appear at Court in relation to their involvement in a crime enquiry.

Prepare

Evidence delivery

• Thoroughly review beforehand your involvement in the case and ensure you know your evidence. Gather all necessary exhibits and ensure continuity and integrity.

• Ensure your appearance reflects the values of Northamptonshire Police.

• Arrive promptly and familiarise yourself with the Court.

• Introduce yourself to the CPS prosecutor and assistwhere possible.

• Manage court time effectively, ie can you remain on core duties and be available if required?

• Act professionally and with integrity at all times when presenting your evidence.

• Be clear, positive and assertive.


Court 11.01

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Implementation 12

Auditing

Supervision

• Area Operational Performance Groups will ensure appropriate auditing systems exist to monitor the quality of investigations.

• Director Of Investigations will undertake specific auditson a regular basis for overall Force audit and complianceof standards.

• All Supervisors will ensure thorough and appropriate investigation and recording of actions by their staff.


Amendment 13

Crime and Community • This Standard Operating Procedure can only be amended by the Crime and Community department.


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Quality Focused Investigation

Investigator’s Guide 01

detect the crime, arrest the offenders and“the object of recording and investigating crime is to

bring them to justice”

Generic Crime InvestigationQuality Focused Investigation

A Quality Focused Investigation requires that the initial investigation is conducted by considering theDetection Factors which have been grouped under the mnemonic ‘E C L I P S E’.

• Evidence

• Consider Victims

• Linked / Series

• Intelligence

• Property

• Suspects

• Eye witnesses

E C L I P S E

Investigator’s Guide 01.01

The object of recording and investigating crime is todetect the crime, arrest the offenders and bring them tojustice; not merely to record the fact that a crime hasbeen committed.

In order to comply with the requirements of the CriminalProcedures and Investigations Act 1996, it is important thatinvestigators record accurately and completely what actionsthey have taken. The requirement placed upon supervisorsto ensure that investigative standards are met andprocedures are adhered to, also necessitates the need foraccurate and thorough recording of actions carried out andtheir outcome. All documentation, especially initialdescriptions of suspects, could be subject of disclosure.

The investigating officer should be seeking the answers to the questions:

• Can I detect this crime?

• Where is the evidence?

• What do I need to provide for victim care?

• How can I prevent such an offence occurring again?

A Quality Focused Investigation is based upon the principle of "getting it right first time". It providesa simple means of approaching and recording a crime investigation. It allows for ease of supervision byhighlighting the Detection Factors which can result in a positive outcome. If none of the DetectionFactors are present a crime record should be filed – pending any further information coming to light.

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Investigator’s Guide

Detection Factors Evidence (Forensic)

01.02

By considering the Modus Operandi in detail, the investigating officer is able to enhance the likelihoodof forensic recovery at the scene of the crime. The investigator should not merely rely on Scenes ofCrime attendance but must look to increase the chance of obtaining forensic evidence themselves. Forexample, by identifying and preserving articles from which DNA could be recovered.

Scenes of crime must be notified in the following circumstances:

All Burglary offences relating to dwellings (inc distraction) commercial premisesRecovered TWOC vehicles

In addition to which Scenes of Crime should always be consulted where evidence of

• Blood• Fingerprints• Footwear Marks• Tool marks ( e.g. in series cases where the marks are distinctive)

Are present, and advice obtained.

The list is not exhaustive and SOCO Attendance Criteria must be applied in relation to otherspecific offences.

If Scenes of Crime officers attend then the SOCO report must be attached to the crime file.

If items are seized for possible DNA or fingerprint recovery, ensure that comparisons are attempted orthat the samples are submitted for forensic analysis. Do not assume that SOCO have completed theMGFSS forms. It is the investigators responsibility to ensure that relevant items are submitted.

When SOCO are not requested to attend a crime scene, the investigating officer will record thereason why on the crime report.

If the scene[s] is complex or multiple then consideration must be given to obtaining the services of aPolice Search Advisor.

It is the investigators responsibility to ensure that all items seized are correctly packaged and labelled.Continuity of evidence is essential and will be a consideration of supervisors when reviewingcrime files.

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Detection Factors Consider (Victims and other factors)

01.03

The Other Factors to consider whilst conducting a Quality Focused Investigation include Victimrelated Issues and consideration should be given to the following:

• Victim Information – Advise of crime numbers, Contact numbers for updates and distribute copy of Victim Charter

• Victim Support Service• Neighbourhood Watch• Relatives – victim care• Installation of covert videos.• Targeted patrols• Revisiting victim to provide reassurance• Crime Prevention Officer to advise with target hardening.• Radio alarms/mobile telephones• Formal witness protection schemes• Media issues• Crimestoppers

The list is not exhaustive.

Detection Factors Linked / Series

Given the geography of Northamptonshire and our proximity to a number of Force borders; looking forcrime series patterns across Area and Force boundaries is particularly important. Sources of informationon crime patterns and travelling criminals include:

• Local Community Officers/Local Knowledge.• Crime Pattern Analysis [Crime analysts]• Area or Force Intelligence Units. Other Force Intelligence Units and FIB.• Neighbourhood Watch Co-ordinators.• Benefits Agency• Local Authority Housing Departments• Tasked CHIS• Crime recording System, Force Intelligence System• Utilise CCTV Stills Gallery foe matches to other crime scenes

The list is not exhaustive.

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Detection Factors Intelligence

01.04

There are two aspects to this detection factor. An investigator needs to consider intelligence researchin order to detect the crime and secondly to ensure that any intelligence gained during the investigationis fed to the appropriate intelligence database.

To research intelligence databases an investigator should consider the following:

• Area Intelligence Unit who have access to Crime Pattern Analysis, current intelligence, named suspects and are able to conduct checks with other agencies such as Benefits Agency.

• QUEST is a PNC facility which searches the database for a suspect of a similar description,eg "all car thieves with a gold tooth"

• VODS is a PNC facility which searches partial index number sand locations, eg "all S reg. Renault Lagunas in a specific postcode."

• #TE will give you information about where/when/who has PNC checked a particular vehicle over the previous year.

• #VF lists all vehicles registered to a particular postcode, e.g. does your suspect own a car? #VFhis postcode.

• Consider liaising with the Source Unit to ascertain if any CHIS are capable of being tasked.

• Liaise with SOCO especially when DNA/fingerprints/tool marks etc have been found.

• Consult ANPR intelligence and consider usage

It is vital to future investigations that any intelligence gained during your investigation is available toyour colleagues, perhaps in other parts of the country or further.

Prior to submitting your crime file, consider what intelligence you have obtained. This may includenamed suspects, suspect vehicles, clever/unusual MO etc. Most crime files will contain something ofthis nature and supervisors will scrutinise crime files to ensure that all intelligence has been gleanedfrom them.

SUBMIT A FORM 1011!

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Detection Factors Property

01.05

A detailed list of stolen property and its identifiable features [model/serial numbers, identifiable marksor damage] must be obtained either immediately or at the earliest opportunity. ["4 x compact discs anda set of golf clubs" is not acceptable]

Descriptions of stolen property should be comprehensive and consideration should be given toincluding a photograph or sketch of the item, particularly in the case of stolen jewellery or otherunusual item.

Crime reports must record what efforts have been made to circulate stolen property to databases such asPNC, TRACE, Art Loss Register, Police Gazette, Crime Circulations, and Broadcasts. A number ofthese organisations provide free services and will attend search warrants with us if necessary.

Management Of PropertyAs the officer in the case, you have the responsibility of safeguarding property except where it has beentaken from a prisoner at the time of his or her detention. In such cases the custody officer will beresponsible until the property is handed over to you as the officer in the case.

Where property has been seized, and the owner is not known, as the officer in the case you shouldensure that it is properly examined for identification marks and for all other reasonable enquiries toidentify the owner.

As the officer seizing property you should ensure that it is registered, labelled and safely stored as soonas possible and in any case before you have finished your tour of duty on that day.

It remains your role to ensure that all property retained is properly managed and its disposal isundertaken at a point when it is no longer be required, either for court purposes, or in accordance withthe Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act (CPIA).

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Detection Factors Suspects

01.06

Ensure that comprehensive suspect descriptions are obtained and properly recorded on the crime report.This assists in identifying crime links and improves the chances of a successful match wheninterrogating a database for a descriptive match.

Often, at court, the most contentious issue is that of suspect identification. Early, accurate recording ofdescriptions is paramount. Consideration must be given to utilising the form depicting a "body map"when obtaining the description from a witness.

IDENTIFICATION of suspects is such a major issue that it must be given special considerationduring the investigation. If in doubt, consult with a supervisor!

• Consider CD-Fit [Within 24 hours]

• If appropriate, employ additional identification techniques e.g. Artist’s impression.

• Show witnesses albums/speculative album viewing.

• Consider an immediate street identification with victim/witness.

• Consider an early circulation, cross border or within Force, containing a detailed descriptionof suspects.

• Consider an FIB circulation via Internet or Intranet.

• Consider liaison with those who may have local knowledge; CAT, NHW, Housing office, Benefits Agency.

• Interrogate Crime recording system/ PNC/FIS.

• Preserve, copy and view CCTV tapes from police cameras, local shops etc which cover the scene of the crime and the known route taken by offenders fleeing the scene. See later for special considerations re CCTV.

• Consider external circulations e.g. Crimestoppers, Media services, Extranet.

• Consider whether cash confiscation applies or whether the advice of Financial Investigation Department is required.

• Consider talking to the suspect!

• Ensure all nominated suspects are thoroughly investigated to prove or disprove theirinvolvement in the offence.

• If reasonable suspicion exists – consider an early arrest.

• During any subsequent interviews – ensure TICs are properly considered.

• Follow P E A C E model of interview.

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Detection Factors Suspects (continued)

01.07

The following points should be used as a guide when interviewing suspects in connection with otheroffences, with a view to having them taken into consideration

• Research previous criminal history, i.e. persistent offender? Have they previouslyaccepted TICs.

• Obtain thorough knowledge of information arising from arrest beyond the evidence existing prior to that event, eg did suspect or anyone else suggest involvement in other offences by behaviour or property found during searches of suspect, vehicle(s) or address.

• Research Crime Information systems to identity offences attributable to the suspect, eg are offences where suspect is named or described, does M.O. indicate involvement insimilar offences?

• Following the suspect’s admission and existing sufficient evidence to charge the primary offence, the TIC warning can be introduced to explain procedure and consequences of re-arrest if their involvement in crime (via DNA, Fingerprints, CCTV etc) is later discovered.

• Reinforce this point by confirming Northamptonshire Police officers do not normally interview offenders in prison after sentence to allow them to admit further crimes.

• Emphasise there will be NO OPPORTUNITY to have crimes TIC if already serving a custodialor community sentence.

• If suspect indicates he wishes to admit other offences, obtain a clear understanding you cannot provide a guarantee about the disposal of these matters.

• These admissions should be obtained in a properly conducted PACE interview to establish they are responsible for the additional offence(s).

Following interview, prepare Form MG18 (other offences) and after signing by both officer andsuspect, submit to CPS with case papers.

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Detection Factors Eye Witnesses

01.08

Details of all witnesses shall be properly recorded including whether or not a statement has beenobtained. The reasons why witnesses have not provided statements will also be recorded.

When To Take A Statement?

• When a crime is detected.

• At every dwelling burglary.

• In undetected cases where there is a suspect whether identified by name or description – if the description is of evidential value.

• The complainant or witness does not live locally.

• The complainant or witness lives locally but the crime was committed in another force area.

• The complainant or witness may have difficulty in remembering details .

• Where there are positive lines of enquiry which indicate a likelihood of the crimebeing detected.

• The crime relates to a sexual offence or serious assault.

• Where there is an expectation that the witness will not be available at a later date.

• Where there is doubt as to the authenticity of the complaint.

• A supervisor directs.

A negative statement is taken when a witness states that they did not see or hear anything and cannottherefore help. Such statements are important as they prevent a witness coming to a court at a laterdate and conjuring up a story to help a guilty friend. This applies particularly when dealing withalibi evidence.

Whenever identification is an issue the content of a witness statement must address the factorsoutlined in R v Turnbull (ADVOKATE).

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Detection Factors Eye Witnesses (continued)

01.09

What Should Statements Include?

• Detailed descriptions of suspects/witness/victim’s clothing and physical characteristics. Behavioural characteristics.

• Particular words or phrases used. Dialect/accent.

• Degree of violence used on the victim and how inflicted. Left hand or right hand?

• Property stolen, description and value.

• Exact location of the offence.

• Mode of travel including vehicle. ["I was driving in my car" isn’t good enough.]

• Victim Personal Statements.

• Police Officer statements of arrest must include the grounds and reasons for the arrest as they were told to the suspect. The statements should also include descriptions of the suspect as arrested and any significant statements. "I cautioned him/her" is not enough. Write out the caution in full as told to the suspect.

• Ensure all vulnerable and young victims/witnesses are interviewed in accordance with current legislation. A video interview may be the correct method of recording their evidence and adviceshould be sought if you are in doubt.

• Follow the P E A C E model of interview for witnesses. It is more effective at obtaining all the information that the witness can provide than random, questioning.

What Does House To House Mean?

• If there are premises within view or earshot which may have been occupied at the time of the offence, then the occupants must be spoken to.

• Details of the premises which overlook or are within earshot must be recorded on thecrime file.

• Personal details of all persons spoken to and what they saw. Also details of other house occupants who have yet to be spoken to. House to house enquiries must be completed.

Consider making enquiries with legitimate callers to the area, milkman, newspaper delivery person,refuse collector etc.

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Detection Factors Eye Witnesses (continued)

01.10

CCTV

This is an excellent investigative tool that may provide direction to an investigation, suggest suspectsand vehicles.

Do not overlook the value of E- Gallery and the Video Stills Database on Forcenet

Seizure of all CCTV surrounding a crime scene should only be done after careful consideration ofthe evidential value of such.

In view of the obligations placed upon officers in respect of disclosure, it is recommended that care betaken to seize only those tapes that are likely to be of evidential value. Simply seizing all tapesregardless of content will only cause unnecessary viewings and wasted effort by other officers.Remember your obligation under the CPIA and disclosure issues connected with such. If necessaryinstruct the owner of the material to retain it, unless informed otherwise.

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IF THERE ARE NO DETECTION FACTORS PRESENT, SUBMIT THE CRIME REPORT FOR FILING.

Your supervisor will review your investigation and will complete a simple form, theSupervision Review.

The supervisor will satisfy themselves that your investigation has been Quality Focused and that thecrime file evidences the fact that you have considered all the detection factors.

If there are no detection factors present or if you have completed all outstanding enquiries, then thecrime report will be filed.

The Supervisors Review does, however, give the supervisor the opportunity to direct the investigationby writing instructions/expectations on the Supervisors Review prior to returning the crime report toyou. For example, the supervisor may direct you to take a specific witness statement, to submit aparticular item for forensic analysis or to question a suspect. There is an expectation that supervisorswill direct crime investigations in this manner, even if they are only reiterating tasks which you knoware yet to be completed.

Conducting a QUALITY FOCUSED INVESTIGATION will mean more detections, more publicsatisfaction with our work and more personal satisfaction in a job well done.

Investigator’s Guide 01.11

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Supervisor’s Guide 02

professional investigation”“ensure that each crime receives a thorough and


The role of supervisor’s in respect of crime is to ensure that each crime receives a thorough andprofessional investigation. Thus maximising the potential for detection and giving the best possiblestandard of quality of service and customer care to the victim.

The responsibility placed upon all supervisor’s applies at every stage of the investigative process, fromthe initial receipt of the call through to the conclusion of court proceedings and beyond if necessary.

IRT and CSU / CIU supervisor’s must ensure that crime recording procedures are accurate and ethicallysound and that all crimes are fully investigated before filing.

Supervision ReviewOne aspect of Quality Focused Investigating is the introduction of the Supervision Review form.This must be completed by the supervisor each time a crime report is submitted. It is feasible that anumber of such forms are attached to each crime report in a protracted investigation.

Within the Supervision Review form is the requirement for the supervisor to endorse that they aresatisfied that the investigation has been Quality Focused. An explanation of what determines a QualityFocused Investigation is set out in the Investigator’s Guide. Essentially the supervisor will be endorsingagreement that a number of Detection Factors have been considered by the investigator and that allhas been reasonably done in an attempt to detect the crime.

There will now be a requirement for the supervisor to document on the Supervision Review whatfurther enquiries are necessary. This means that the supervisor takes up the responsibility for directingcrime investigations and thus supervising their staff effectively and transparently. The phrase "Noted,enquiries to continue" or similar on a crime file will not be acceptable. Having completed theSupervision Review and returned the crime report to the investigator or forwarded it to CSU, there is anexpectation that the file, on resubmission, will be further reviewed to ensure that any identified actionshave been completed.

Supervisor’s Guide 02.01

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Initial Investigation Report

A Quality Focused Investigation can only have taken place if a comprehensive Investigation Report isattached to the file.

This will contain a summary of the offence which is being investigated, and usually an enhancement ofthe MO as described on the 301a.

A comprehensive summary is essential and in fact burglary detection has been shown to improve by 5%in areas where a comprehensive record of MO is reported.

For example, a summary for a dwelling burglary should contain the following type of information:

• Type of dwelling

• Exact entry/exit point and description of window/door

• Times committed, do they coincide with market day or other events

• Implement/tool/method of entry used

• Motive

• Accomplice used/type of transport

• Full details of injuries sustained

As well as this type of summary, the investigator must indicate on the report that each of the detectionfactors have been considered (ECLIPSE).

The role of the supervisor is essential in guiding investigations, quality controlling the work ofyour staff and ensuring that the Focus of our Investigating is QUALITY.

Supervisor’s Guide 02.02

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