GENES

By: Nick Belsanti and Kevin Kukla

TranslationThe DNA of a cell makes mRNA which

travels to the ribosome where it reads the sequence of the ribosome and then produces the protein by making amino acids that combine.

TranslationAmino acids are put into the ribosome by the

tRNA and three letters at a time it is translated onto the mRNA until it forms the ribosome. This entire process is called TRANSLATION.

Other times the ribosomes embed themselves into the Endoplasmic Reticulum and the protein chains coil within the E.R. this process helps make the Golgi apparatus.

TranscriptionIn transcription of DNA, transcription factors

are assembled at a specific place on the DNA, an RNA polymerase attaches to these factors it is referred to a transcription initiation

complex,

Transcriptionactivator proteins start the complex which travels

down the double helix of DNA dividing it and copying one strand to form a template for synthesis of an RNA molecule. the 3’ untranslated region is the section of the

mRNA where the coding sequence stops the 5’ untranslated region is located just before the mRNA coding sequence. These sequences help regulate the protein synthesis making them critical steps

Exons and IntronsNon coding DNA is transcribed into

functional non coding RNA molecules like mRNA and tRNA. Exons in RNA are the sequences in the primary transcript that are found in the mRNA, Introns are RNA sequences between exons that are removed by splicing.

Exons and IntronsSplicing is the process when an RNA molecule

(after transcription)in which the introns are removed and the exons are joined.

in coding segments exons are part of the 1.5% coding DNA, in non coding segments introns are part of the 98.5% non coding DNA.

Exome and IntromeWhat is an exome?- The exome consists of

all the genome’s exons, which are the regions that get translated as proteins.

What is an introme? – The introme consists of the introns, which are segments of DNA not needed to code for a protein.

ExomeGWAS (Genome-Wide Association Study)

Exome Sequences

Variants; mutations; diseases

Issues?

IntronWhat are introns

Purposes

Genome “Junk”

MicroRNA“Gene with a gene”

MirTRON

http://www.broadinstitute.org/blog/what-exome-sequencing

http://www.broadinstitute.org/news/2706

http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-11/asoh-sff103012.php

http://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/intron-introns-67

http://www.exiqon.com/what-are-microRNAshttp://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/728457

The END