genetic engineering and biotechnology

BIO 106 Lecture 13

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY

A. Recombinant DNA/ Genetic Engineering

B. Applications of Genetic Engineering

1. Researches on Human Genes

2. Researches on Animal Genes

3. Researches on Plant Genes

4. Researches on Microbial Genes 2 cces2015


C. The Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms

1. Biosafety and Ecological Implications

1.1 Potential Ecological Concerns

1.2 Regulatory Policies

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Genetic Engineering: technology that

involves manipulating the DNA of one organism in order to insert the DNA of another organism, called exogenous DNA.

Genetically engineered organisms are used to: study the expression of a particular gene. investigate cellular processes. study the development of a certain disease. select traits that might be beneficial to humans.

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Biotechnology: the use of living cells to make products

such as pharmaceuticals, food and beverages

the use of organisms such as bacteria to protect the environment

the use of DNA science for the production of materials for diagnostics and research

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Biotechnology helps to meet our basic needs: food, clothing, shelter, health and safety

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Recombinant DNA

• The manipulation and combination of DNA from 2 sources

Bacterial DNA + human gene for insulin

Plant DNA + bacterial DNA (Agrobacterium tumefaciens)

Mouse DNA + human DNA = transgenic

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Recombination • Insert a foreign gene into a host

GOAL: to produce many copies (clones) of a particular gene

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Vectors A vector is an entity that transmits a disease or parasite from one

animal or plant to another.

• Plasmids

• Viruses

• Particles ( DNA coated bullets)

• Exogenous DNA

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Vectors: Plasmids

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Vectors: Viruses VIRUS: an infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host

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GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY Vectors: Particles ( DNA coated bullets)

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Vectors: Exogenous DNA

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Characteristics of a Vector • Can replicate independently in the host cell –

contains an Ori • Has restriction sites in the polylinker cloning

region • Has a reporter gene that will announce its

presence in the host cell • small in size as compared to the host

chromosome for ease of isolation

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Restriction enzymes & Vectors • Cut Plasmid with restriction enzyme [RESTRICTION ENZYME: DNA-cutting enzymes found in

bacteria (and harvested from them for use). Because they cut within the molecule, they are often called restriction endonucleases.]

• Cut gene of interest with restriction enzyme

• Splice together gene of interest and vector

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Applications of Genetic Engineering

DNA Recombination

RESEARCHES ON HUMANS

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RESEARCHES ON HUMANS

Human insulin-producing gene

Bacterial DNA with human gene inserted

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• insulin for diabetics • factor VIII for males suffering from hemophilia A • factor IX for hemophilia B • human growth hormone (GH) • erythropoietin (EPO) for treating anemia • three types of interferons • several interleukins • granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for

stimulating the bone marrow after a bone marrow transplant • tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) for dissolving blood clots • adenosine deaminase (ADA) for treating some forms of severe

combined immunodeficiency (SCID) • angiostatin and endostatin for trials as anti-cancer drugs • parathyroid hormone • leptin • hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) to vaccinate against the hepatitis B

virus

HUMAN GENES

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RESEARCHES ON ANIMALS

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RESEARCHES ON ANIMALS

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RESEARCHES ON PLANTS

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Applications of Genetic Engineering RESEARCHES ON PLANTS

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RESEARCHES ON MICROBES

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RESEARCHES ON MICROBES

engineered E. coli strain produced pyocin S5, a toxic protein which kills P.aeruginosa strains

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Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms

Genetically engineered organism (GEO) or

Genetically modified organism (GMO):

organism whose genome has been engineered in the laboratory in order to favor the expression of desired physiological traits or the production of desired biological products

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Crops Enhanced taste and quality Reduced maturation time Increased nutrients, yields and stress tolerance Improved resistance to disease, pests and herbicides New products and growing techniques

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Golden rice is the result of an effort to develop rice

varieties that produce provitamin-A (beta-

carotene) as a means of alleviating vitamin A

(retinol) deficiencies in the diets of poor and

disadvantaged people in developing countries.

Because traditional rice varieties do not produce provitamin-A, transgenic

technologies were required.

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Animals Increased resistance, productivity, hardiness, and feed efficiency Better yields of meat, eggs, and milk Improved animal health and diagnostic methods

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Environment "Friendly" bioherbicides and bioinsecticides Conservation of soil, water, and energy Bioprocessing for forestry products Better natural waste management More efficient processing

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Fluorescent zebra fish were specially bred to help detect environmental

pollutants. By adding a natural fluorescence gene to the fish, scientists are able

to quickly and easily determine when waterways

are contaminated

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Society Increased food security for growing populations

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Ecological Implications: 1. herbicide-resistant superweeds 2. Creation of new weeds (herbivore-resistance) 3. Loss of biodiversity 4. Reduction of soil quality due to release of toxins

from GMO 5. Harm to beneficial insects 6. Creation of new pests 7. sustainable agriculture and organic farming

threatened 8. Crossover of genes to other species (outcrossing) 9. Production of novel allergens and carcinogens

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Regulation in the US

GMOs are regulated pursuant to health, safety, and environmental legislation governing conventional products. The US approach to regulating GMOs is premised on the assumption that regulation should focus on the nature of the products, rather than the process in which they were produced.

FDA regulates the safety of all human and animal food products in the US (other than meat, poultry, and eggs), as well as drugs and biological products;

EPA regulates pesticides and microorganisms developed through genetic engineering.

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Regulation in Canada

Manufacturers and importers who wish to sell or advertise a GM food in Canada, must submit data to Health Canada for a pre-market safety assessment, as required under Division 28 of Part B of the Food and Drugs Regulations (Novel Foods). This safety assessment provides assurance that the food is safe when prepared or consumed according to its intended use.

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Regulation in EU Six Member States currently apply safeguard clauses on GMO events: Austria, France, Greece, Hungary, Germany and Luxembourg. Deliberate Release of Genetically Modified Organisms based on the precautionary principle. Applicants who wished to conduct field tests of GMOs were required to apply and submit an environmental risk assessment to the "competent authority" of the country where testing will occur. It further required another application to each Member State to market genetically-modified products and granted each Member States the right to object to such marketing within their borders. 41 cces2015

Regulation in South Asia

Regular updating and review of policies governing GMO cultivation and safety assessment not only to consumers but also to the environment


Regulation in Australia / New Zealand Australia has one of the most developed regulatory systems for GMOs. All

'dealings' with GMOs are regulated by the Gene Technology Act (2000), which, inter alia, set up the office of the Gene Technology Regulator monitors and enforces the legislation. Safety assessment and strict labelling of GM foods. All GM food should be assessed regarding safety for human consumption and approved before sale and use. All GM food and ingredients should be labelled where they contain novel DNA and/or novel protein in the final food, or have altered characteristics.

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If for the whole sem you were thinking this…

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genetic engineering and biotechnology

Education

mouse dna human dna

combination of dna

use of dna science

exogenous dna 13cces2015

foreign gene

reporter gene

restriction sites

restriction endonucleases