genetic inheritance and behavior
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Genetic Inheritance and Behavior. IB Psychology from Levels of Analysis. To what extent does genetic inheritance influence behavior?. We want there to be a genetic link to behavior because it would be an easy explanation for things like homosexuality, criminality, and addiction. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Genetic Inheritance and Behavior
Genetic Inheritance and Behavior
IB Psychology
from Levels of AnalysisIB Psychology
from Levels of Analysis
To what extent does genetic inheritance influence behavior?
To what extent does genetic inheritance influence behavior?
We want there to be a genetic link to behavior because it would be an easy explanation for things like homosexuality, criminality, and addiction.
We want there to be a genetic link to behavior because it would be an easy explanation for things like homosexuality, criminality, and addiction.
My Genes Made Me Do ItMy Genes Made Me Do It
Very few diseases have been linked to a single gene- Huntington’s Disease.
Very few diseases have been linked to a single gene- Huntington’s Disease.
Most researchers no longer believe a single of gene is implicated in any behavior.
Most researchers no longer believe a single of gene is implicated in any behavior.
Human behavior is so complex that simple explanations are not possible.
Human behavior is so complex that simple explanations are not possible.
My Genes Made Me Do ItMy Genes Made Me Do It Physical Traits
Purely Genetic (eye color) Some Environmental Influence (height) Combination of Genetic Disposition and
Behavior (obesity)
Physical Traits Purely Genetic (eye color) Some Environmental Influence (height) Combination of Genetic Disposition and
Behavior (obesity)
Illnesses Purely Genetic (Huntington’s Disease) Some Environmental Influence (breast
cancer, heart disease, schizophrenia, bipolar)
Illnesses Purely Genetic (Huntington’s Disease) Some Environmental Influence (breast
cancer, heart disease, schizophrenia, bipolar)
My Genes Made Me Do ItMy Genes Made Me Do It
Alcoholism Obesity
Alcoholism Obesity
Behavioral GeneticsBehavioral Genetics
Behavioral Genetics Examines the role between behavior and
genetics. Study the inheritance of behavioral traits. Use twin and adoption studies. Calculate the heritability statistic which shows
what percentage of a trait is due to genetic inheritance.
Behavioral Genetics Examines the role between behavior and
genetics. Study the inheritance of behavioral traits. Use twin and adoption studies. Calculate the heritability statistic which shows
what percentage of a trait is due to genetic inheritance.
Behavioral GeneticsBehavioral Genetics
IQ - 20% to 80% Alcoholism (men)- 30% to 98% Autism - 90% to 95% Bipolar Disorder - 60% to 80% Schizophrenia - 40% to 90% Divorce/Marital Success 55% Height (women) 92% Weight (women) 42%
IQ - 20% to 80% Alcoholism (men)- 30% to 98% Autism - 90% to 95% Bipolar Disorder - 60% to 80% Schizophrenia - 40% to 90% Divorce/Marital Success 55% Height (women) 92% Weight (women) 42%
Behavioral Genetics: CriticismsBehavioral Genetics: Criticisms
Heritability figures vary from study to study.
Problems with Adoption Studies- People tend to be adopted by relatives.
Problems with Twin Studies- Identical twins tend to be treated the same.
Power of expectations (alcoholism) “learned helplessness”
Heritability figures vary from study to study.
Problems with Adoption Studies- People tend to be adopted by relatives.
Problems with Twin Studies- Identical twins tend to be treated the same.
Power of expectations (alcoholism) “learned helplessness”
Molecular GeneticsMolecular Genetics
Studies the structure and function of genes at the molecular level.
Studies how the genes are transferred from generation to generation.
Human Genome Project - mapping the entire genome.
Studies the structure and function of genes at the molecular level.
Studies how the genes are transferred from generation to generation.
Human Genome Project - mapping the entire genome.
The important aspects of gene expression
The important aspects of gene expression
Complex Behavior is either: Oligogenic- few genes are involved in
behavior Polygenic- meaning there are a large number
of genes involved in behavior.
Complex Behavior is either: Oligogenic- few genes are involved in
behavior Polygenic- meaning there are a large number
of genes involved in behavior.
Gene ExpressionGene Expression
We do not inherit genes. We inherit DNA strands that come on chromosomes.
Chromosome contain many genes. Genes are portions of DNA sequences
that code for protein synthesis; this is how we get behavior.
An allele is a variation of a gene and can be either long or short.
We do not inherit genes. We inherit DNA strands that come on chromosomes.
Chromosome contain many genes. Genes are portions of DNA sequences
that code for protein synthesis; this is how we get behavior.
An allele is a variation of a gene and can be either long or short.
Gene ExpressionGene Expression
Why do we care? Genes do not affect behavior unless they
become templates or master patterns for proteins.
This happens through either transcription or translation.
Why do we care? Genes do not affect behavior unless they
become templates or master patterns for proteins.
This happens through either transcription or translation.
Why do we care?Why do we care?
Two kinds of cells relevant to psychology are those that make up neurons and endocrine glands.
Much of our behavior is related to neurotransmitters and hormones.
Research is showing how specific environmental experiences affect the transcription process.
Two kinds of cells relevant to psychology are those that make up neurons and endocrine glands.
Much of our behavior is related to neurotransmitters and hormones.
Research is showing how specific environmental experiences affect the transcription process.
Three ways genes and the environment become correlated
Three ways genes and the environment become correlated
Passive gene-environment correlation: Aggression in Children Parents contribute genes and provide an environment for the child. Aggressive behavior is not dependent on anything the child does, but is a result both
inherited genes and inherited environment.
Passive gene-environment correlation: Aggression in Children Parents contribute genes and provide an environment for the child. Aggressive behavior is not dependent on anything the child does, but is a result both
inherited genes and inherited environment.
Active gene-environment correlation: Child selects certain environments which are
conducive to the behavior.
Active gene-environment correlation: Child selects certain environments which are
conducive to the behavior. Evocative gene-environment correlation:
Child creates their own environment by encouraging abusive/aggressive behavior.
Evocative gene-environment correlation: Child creates their own environment by encouraging
abusive/aggressive behavior.
Why is it Challenging to Study Genetic Contributions to Behavior?
Why is it Challenging to Study Genetic Contributions to Behavior?
We cannot directly study genes and how they combine with other genes and the environment.
Most examples about genetic influence come from researching abnormal behavior.
We cannot directly study genes and how they combine with other genes and the environment.
Most examples about genetic influence come from researching abnormal behavior.
Genes, Environment, and Depression
Genes, Environment, and Depression
Caspi (2003) 5-HTT gene, the serotonin transporter gene, appears
to heighten one’s reactivity to stress. Research investigated the relationship between
genetic type, having one short allele (s/l heterozygote), two short alleles (s/s homozygote), or two long alleles (l/l homozygote) of 5-HTT, with response on questionnaires about stressful life events and having depression syndromes.
Caspi (2003) 5-HTT gene, the serotonin transporter gene, appears
to heighten one’s reactivity to stress. Research investigated the relationship between
genetic type, having one short allele (s/l heterozygote), two short alleles (s/s homozygote), or two long alleles (l/l homozygote) of 5-HTT, with response on questionnaires about stressful life events and having depression syndromes.
Everyone experiences stressors. As the amount of stress rises the risk for
depression increases. People with two short alleles (s/s) have an even
greater risk. The risk goes down if a person has two long
alleles (l/l). Possessing two long alleles is correlated with
resilience to depression.
Everyone experiences stressors. As the amount of stress rises the risk for
depression increases. People with two short alleles (s/s) have an even
greater risk. The risk goes down if a person has two long
alleles (l/l). Possessing two long alleles is correlated with
resilience to depression.
Genes, Environment, and Depression
Genes, Environment, and Depression
5-HTT is not a direct cause of depression, but moderates the serotonergic response to stress.
Supported through: Studies on mice Studies on rhesus monkeys Human Brain Imaging Technology
5-HTT is not a direct cause of depression, but moderates the serotonergic response to stress.
Supported through: Studies on mice Studies on rhesus monkeys Human Brain Imaging Technology
Genes, Environment, and Depression
Genes, Environment, and Depression
Caspi (2006) Participants
847 Caucasians from New Zeland, all 26 years old Equal number of males and females
Groups (s/s) (s/l) (l/l)
Caspi (2006) Participants
847 Caucasians from New Zeland, all 26 years old Equal number of males and females
Groups (s/s) (s/l) (l/l)
Genes, Environment, and Depression
Genes, Environment, and Depression
Participants filled out a survey that included: Life history survey: life events, employment,
health, and relationships. No differences in amount of life stress was
found between the groups. Participants were measured on depression
levels between the ages of 25 and 26. 17% qualified for a major depression diagnosis.
Participants filled out a survey that included: Life history survey: life events, employment,
health, and relationships. No differences in amount of life stress was
found between the groups. Participants were measured on depression
levels between the ages of 25 and 26. 17% qualified for a major depression diagnosis.
Genes, Environment, and Depression
Genes, Environment, and Depression
Results Data were analyzed with correlations between
depression symptoms and genotype, stress events, and the interaction between the two.
Participants with (s/s) had greater self reports of depression.
Results Data were analyzed with correlations between
depression symptoms and genotype, stress events, and the interaction between the two.
Participants with (s/s) had greater self reports of depression.
Genes, Environment, and Depression
Genes, Environment, and Depression
Support for results across cultures: Japanese Western Europeans
Other research: Robert Sapolsky (2004) Research on
Monkeys
Support for results across cultures: Japanese Western Europeans
Other research: Robert Sapolsky (2004) Research on
Monkeys
Genes, Environment, and Depression
Genes, Environment, and Depression
Depression: Gender, Stress Hormones, and Genes
Depression: Gender, Stress Hormones, and Genes
Nolan-Hoeksema (2004) *refresh* Nolan-Hoeksema (2004) *refresh*