genetic relationships between wild and cultivated vicia ervilia (l.) willd

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Botanical Journal ofthe Linnean Sociep (1984), 89: 97-100. With 3 figures Genetic relationships between wild and cultivated Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd. G. LADIZINSKY AND HADASSA VAN OSS Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University, Rehouot 76I00, p.19. Box 12, Israel Received June 1984, accepted for publication June 1984 LADIZINSKY, G. & VAN OSS, H., 1984. Genetic relationships between wild and cultivated Vicia ewilia (L.) Willd. The wild form of bitter vetch, Vicia ervifia, grows mainly in Turkey. Wild and cultivated V . eruilza have the same chromosome number (2n = 14), share the same karyotype and are interfertile. Pod dehiscence in V. eruilia is governed by two loci and the domesticated phenotype is obtained with the homozygous recessive condition in either locus. ADDITIONAL KEY WORDS:-Karyotype - loci for pod indehiscence CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction 97 Material and methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Results.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Discussion . . 99 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INTRODUCTION Bitter vetch, Vicia eruilia (L.) Willd is characterized by the leaf lacking a tendril, the torulose pod and angular seeds. It is a crop used for fodder and in extreme famine, also for human consumption. Barulina ( 1930) has suggested that its antiquity and use as a fodder crop may account for the low variation in seed size in V. ervilia when compared with that for broad bean, lentil, chickpea and pea. Remains of V. ervilia seeds uncovered in archaeological sites throughout the Middle East indicate that it was used in Neolithic times (Renfrew, 1973; Zohary & Hopf, 1973). This vetch is now grown mainly in W Asia, N Africa and S Europe. It can be found in abandoned fields and road sides as an escape from cultivation. However, in Turkey V. ervilia is found in many locations as a genuinely wild plant (Davis & Plitman, 1970). We found wild V. ervilia in stony habitats at high elevations (800-2000 m) and on hard limestone bedrock. Particularly extensive populations were found in the southeast parts of Turkey (Fig. l), occupying primary habitats. In such habitats V. ervilia grows together with wild lentils, pea, chickpea and other wild vetches. We found smaller populations of V. eruilia on Mt Hermon in stony habitats at 1600-1800 m together with Lens orientalis (Boiss.) Hand-Mazz. 07 0024-4074/84/060097 + 04$03.00/0 0 1984 The Linnean Society of London 7

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Page 1: Genetic relationships between wild and cultivated Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd

Botanical Journal of the Linnean Sociep (1984), 89: 97-100. With 3 figures

Genetic relationships between wild and cultivated Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd.

G. LADIZINSKY AND HADASSA VAN OSS

Faculty o f Agriculture, T h e Hebrew University, Rehouot 76I00 , p.19. Box 12, Israel

Received June 1984, accepted f o r publication June 1984

LADIZINSKY, G. & VAN OSS, H., 1984. Genetic relationships between wild and cultivated Vicia ewilia (L.) Willd. The wild form of bitter vetch, Vicia ervifia, grows mainly in Turkey. Wild and cultivated V . eruilza have the same chromosome number (2n = 14), share the same karyotype and are interfertile. Pod dehiscence in V. eruilia is governed by two loci and the domesticated phenotype is obtained with the homozygous recessive condition in either locus.

ADDITIONAL KEY WORDS:-Karyotype - loci for pod indehiscence

CONTENTS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction 97 Material and methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 R e s u l t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Discussion . . 99 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

INTRODUCTION

Bitter vetch, Vicia eruilia (L.) Willd is characterized by the leaf lacking a tendril, the torulose pod and angular seeds. It is a crop used for fodder and in extreme famine, also for human consumption. Barulina ( 1930) has suggested that its antiquity and use as a fodder crop may account for the low variation in seed size in V. ervilia when compared with that for broad bean, lentil, chickpea and pea. Remains of V. ervilia seeds uncovered in archaeological sites throughout the Middle East indicate that it was used in Neolithic times (Renfrew, 1973; Zohary & Hopf, 1973). This vetch is now grown mainly in W Asia, N Africa and S Europe. It can be found in abandoned fields and road sides as an escape from cultivation. However, in Turkey V. ervilia is found in many locations as a genuinely wild plant (Davis & Plitman, 1970). We found wild V. ervilia in stony habitats at high elevations (800-2000 m) and on hard limestone bedrock. Particularly extensive populations were found in the southeast parts of Turkey (Fig. l ) , occupying primary habitats. In such habitats V. ervilia grows together with wild lentils, pea, chickpea and other wild vetches. We found smaller populations of V. eruilia on M t Hermon in stony habitats at 1600-1800 m together with Lens orientalis (Boiss.) Hand-Mazz.

07 0024-4074/84/060097 + 04$03.00/0 0 1984 The Linnean Society of London

7

Page 2: Genetic relationships between wild and cultivated Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd

98 G. LADIZINSKY AND H. VAN OSS

Mediterranean Sea LJ 1 Figure 1 . Distribution of wild Vicia eruilia.

While the morphological similarity between the wild and cuAvated V. erv is obvious the genetic relationships between them have not been established.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

ia

Seven cultivated and three wild accessions of V. eruilia were studied (for origins see Table 1). For karyotypic analysis primary roots of germinating seeds were immersed in water at 4°C for 24 h, then fixed in 3 : 1 absolute ethanol- acetic acid, hydrolysed in 1 N HCl for 10 min at 60°C and stained with Feulgen. Crosses were made at bud stage, 1 day before flowering. The female parent was emasculated and immediately pollinated by pollen obtained from open flowers.

RESULTS

The cultivated and the wild V. eruilia were morphologically very similar. When grown in greenhouse conditions the main differences between them were the rosette growth habit, the smaller leaf and the pod dehiscence of the wild form. The cultivated V. ervilia had erect or bushy growth and the mature, dry pods remain intact (Fig. 2).

Table 1. Source of various V. ervilia accessions used in this study

Cultivated 1 2 3 4 5 6

12

Wild 7

8 9

Elazig Siverek Silvan Gaziantep

Toledo

5 km east of Nemrut Dag

Kara tag 25 km north of

Gaziantep

Turkey Turkey Turkey Turkey Spain Israel Spain

Turkey Turkey

Turkey

Page 3: Genetic relationships between wild and cultivated Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd

GENETICS OF WILD AND CCLTIVATED VZCI.i

Fiqure 2. Pods and seeds of wild (left) and cultivated (right) Vicza erz'zlia

The chromosome number of both was 2n = 14. The karyotypes were identical and composed of two pairs of metacentric chromosomes, two pairs of submetacentric chromosomes, two pairs of fairly long acrocentric chromosomes and one pair of smaller acrocentric chromosomes (Fig. 3 ) .

Reciprocal crosses were made between the cultivated and the wild V. eruilia accessions, and hybrid seeds were easily obtained. The F, hybrids were vegetatively normal and as fertile as the parental lines. In all the F , hybrids the pods dehisced as in the wild parents.

Five F, families of these hybrids were grown. No F, breakdown was observed in any of these families and the plants were fully fertile. Pod dehiscence was observed in some of the F, plants. The segregation pattern indicated that this characteristic is governed by two mendelian factors and the cultivated phenotype is obtained by homozygous recessive in either locus (Table 2'1.

DISCUSSION

Barulina (1930) and Davis & Plitman (1970) have mentioned the low morphological variability in V. eruilia. To this we can now add cytogenetic stability. No karyotype modifications were observed and the fully fertile F , hybrids indicate no chromosomal repatterning.

The main morphological difference between the cultivated and wild Lr. eruilia

Figui-r 3. T h e karyotype of 1'. err*zlza

Page 4: Genetic relationships between wild and cultivated Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd

100 G. LADIZINSKY AND H. VAN OSS

Table 2. Segregation pattern of pod dehiscence in F, families of cultivated and wild Vicia ervilia

F, family Dehiscent Non-dehiscent X z (9 : 7)

3 x 8 7 4 0.24 3 x 9 5 5 0.25 9 x 3 15 8 0.74 4 x 7 24 16 0.22 4 x 9 26 22 0.07

77 55 0.23 P = 0.7W.50

is the seed dispersal mechanism. This difference is governed by two loci and the wild form is governed by complementary dominant alleles. A similar genetic situation for the seed dispersal mechanism was reported between wild and cultivated barley (Takahashi, 1963) and sorghum (Karper & Quinby, 1947). However, in Turkey some local races of bitter vetch are partially dehiscent which might indicate that besides the two major genes some minor genes also affect the degree of pod dehiscence in V. ervilia.

The earliest seed remains of V. ervilia have been uncovered in Cayonii, SE Turkey in a stratum of about 7500 BC (Van Ziest, 1972). I t is impossible to determine whether these seeds are of wild or cultivated bitter vetch. Although Van Ziest suggested that they served as human food, it is equally probable that Neolithic man used V. eruilia as fodder plant. If true, it might support the contention (Bohrer, 1972) that plant collection by man was mainly to provide fodder for the animals he had captured.

REFERENCES

BARULINA, H., 1930. Lentil of the USSR and of other countries. Bulletin of Applied Botany, Plant Breeding

BOHRER, V. L., 1972. On the relation of harvest methods of early agriculture in the Near-East. Economic

DAVIS, P. H. & PLITMAN, U. 1970. Vicia. In P. H. Davis (Ed.), Flora of Turkey, Vol. 111. Edinburgh:

KARPER, R. E. & QUINBY, J. R., 1947. The inheritance of callus formation and seed shedding in Sorghum.

RENFREW, J. M., 1973. Pulaeoetlmobotany. New York: Columbia University Press. TAKAHASHI, K., 1963. Further studies on phytogenetic differentiation of cultivated barley. Barley Genetics,

VAN ZIEST, W., 1972. Palaeobotanical results of the 1970 season at Cayonu, Turkey. Helinium, 12: 1-19. ZOHARY, D. & HOPF, M., 1973. Domestication of pulses in the old world. Science, 182: 887-894.

Supplement, 40: 291-297.

Botany, 26: 145-155.

Edinburgh University Press.

Journal .f Heredity, 38: 211-214.

I: 19-26.