In Fish

bikesnobnyc.blogspot.com/2009_05_01_archive.html

mercy-revolution.blogspot.com/2009/08/truta.html

www.abouttilapia.com/

http://batatatransgenica.wordpress.com/2008/06/12/sushi-nao-e-sashimi-2/

www.elize.com.tr/seabream_en.html

Artur Leão nº40842Cátia Santos nº29820

Filipa Gonçalves nº27874Nuno Mendes nº29829

Feed is the major cost in farmed fish production

Selective breeding is a potential tool for improving feed efficiency

To measure feed intake of individual fish using the X-ray method, all fish held in a tank are first fed with feed containing small radio-opaque glass beads.

Kause et al, 2008

Genetic improvement of feed efficiency is expected to be about three (rainbow trout) to eight-fold (European Whitefish) slower compared to the improvement of growth rate.

Feed efficiency can be indirectly improved by selecting on growth rate

Rapid growth is genetically related to improved feed efficiency

In Kause et al (2005),in four generations of selection in the rainbow trout breeding programme, growth rate has increased by ~28%

Feed efficiency is expected to have increased simultaneously by 8% as a correlated genetic response

Selected line vs wild line (red sea bream Pagrus major): Selected line had higher feed intake and weight

gain Selected line converted feed less efficiently Selected line had lower body protein content and

body protein retention and higher body lipid content Body energy content (kJ/g) was higher in the

selected line Conclusion: the selected line had higher feed

intake and growth rate without improved feed efficiency

MEBV (mean estimated breeding values)

Adjusting back to the original scale, for harvest weight, using the first method shown in Table 9, the responses were 6.64 (2.88/0.434) and 6.96 (3.02/0.434) percent, comparing the progeny of the 2002 with 2003

After 3 generations: estimated breeding values were 2.61+0.05 and

2.42+0.37 g per generation; which is equivalent to a 40% improvement.

Gall & Bakar, 2001

• Body weight increase every generation

Farmed salmon were over twice the size of wild salmon, whilst hybrids were intermediate;

Eggs of wild salmon were significantly lighter.

Adapted from Glover et al (2009)

Fish pasteurellosis (Photobacterium damselae piscicida) is an infectious disease that affects several fish species living in marine temperate waters;

Represents a serious health problem for the majority of intensive sea bream hatcheries, with 90–100% mortality during disease outbreaks;

Genetic profiles at nine microsatellite loci were obtained to calculate heritability for body lenght (0.38±0.07) and desease resistance (0.12±0.04 for days of survival post challenge);

Genetic correlation between body length and survival was positive and significant (r=0.61±0.16).

Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is a contagious viral disease affecting several fish species;

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) is affected during the hatchery period and as postsmolts shortly after transfer to seawater;

Method: survival rate to bath exposure; Heritabilities to disease resistance were

found to be in the range 0.17 to 0.45 for each year (1997 to 2005). Wetten et al 2007.

Selection of Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) by weight at harvest over four generations;

Genetic evaluation model: ‘‘best linear unbiased predictor’’ (BLUP) for breeding values;

Inbreeding rate was greater in the even population (∆F=2.45% per generation) than the odd population (∆F=1.10% per generation). Gallardo et al (2004).

More inbreeding cause weight decrease in future generations (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Neira et al (2006a)

Amphilophus sp. www.lsa.umich.edu/eeb/news/details7.html

Poecilia reticulata www.guppyfish-care.blogspot.com/

Amphiprion ocellariswww.reefforum.net

Kolstada, K., H.E. Meuwissenb, T H.E., Gjerde, B., 2005. Efficient design for doing genetic studies of feed efficiency in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 247, 153– 158.

Kause, A., Quinton, C., Ruohonen, K., Koskela, J., 2008. Selection potential for feed effi ciency in farmed salmonids. Genetics & biodiversity, 20-21.

Glover, K. A., Otterå, H., Olsen, R. E., Slinde, E., Taranger, G. L., Skaala, Ø., 2009. A comparison of farmed, wild and hybrid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) reared under farming conditions. Aquaculture 286, 203–210.

Ogata, H. Y., Oku, H., Murai, T., 2002. Growth performance and macronutrient retention of offspring from wild and selected red sea bream (Pagrus major). Aquaculture 206, 279–287.

Wetten, M., Aasmundstad, T., Kjøglum, S., Storset, A., 2007. Genetic analysis of resistance to infectious pancreatic necrosis in

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture 272, 111–117 Rezk, M. A., Ponzoni, R. W., Khaw, H. L., Kamel, E., Dawood, T., John, G., 2009. Selective

breeding for increased body weight in a synthetic breed of Egyptian Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus: Response to selection and genetic parameters. Aquaculture 293,187–194.

Gall, G. A. E., Bakar, Y.,2002. Application of mixed-model techniques to fish breed improvement: analysis of breeding-value selection to increase 98-day body weight in tilapia. Aquaculture 212, 93– 113.

Gallardoa, J. A., García, X., Lhorenteb, J. P., Neiraa, R., 2004. Inbreeding and inbreeding depression of female reproductive traits in two populations of Coho salmon selected using BLUP predictors of breeding values. Aquaculture 234,111– 122.

Vieira, V. L. A., Norris, A., Johnston, I. A.,2007. Heritability of fibre number and size parameters and their genetic relationship to flesh quality traits in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture 272S1, S100–S109

Antonello, J., Massault , C., Franch, R., Haley, C., Pellizzari, C., Bovo, G., Patarnello, T., Koning, D., Bargelloni, L., 2009. Estimates of heritability and genetic correlation for body length and resistance to fish pasteurellosis in the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.). Aquaculture 298 , 29–35.