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Genetically modified (GM) fish are given genes from
other animals in an attempt at creating a new genetic
codes in an attempt to accelerate maturation, eliminate
negative traits, and boost positive traits in the fish. There
some who fear that GM fish will disrupt natural
ecosystems, by interbreeding or causing a natural fish
species to become extinct because of the increased
competition of resources. Also there is the risk of
possible health issues for humans who consume GM
fish. On the other side of the debate there are those who
push for GM fish because of the environmental research
benefits in detecting pollutants, others keep them as pets,
and some with the hopes that GM fish will be healthier
for consumption and expanding the seafood farming. As
of now, FDA is reviewing AquaBounty’s GM fish, the
AquAdvantage, for consumption despite the controversy.
Abstract
The Beginning and the Goals
A major concern about developing a GM fish is the
possible interactions with wild and natural fish. In a
study about what might occur if a GM fish and a natural
fish procreated, the study showed the offspring between
the two fishes lacked in physical and behavioral
attributes. There were increased skeletal malformations
in the offspring, and only 2/3 of the offspring survived
(Sandberg). A concern is also that there will be an
increased competition of resources or predation between
the GM fish and the natural fish. Since GM fish are
created to withstand variations of water, they will be able
to habitat warmer and colder climates. There might be a
possibility that this will lead to possible species
extinction for the natural fish. The intention for GM fish
is to be separated from natural fish and put into a
separate confinement, but the concern if one escapes; so
a possible way to evade the issue would be to have them
sterilized to avoid the possibility of cross breeding
(Ramstack). Though, the president of AquaBounty
claimed that once their genetically modified fish reach
sexual maturation, their growth returns to normal, and
the largest recorded genetically modified fish does not
top the largest natural recorded fish. (Brown).
Other concerns involve the potential hazards of
consuming a GM fish. Studies show that GM fish have
40% more IGF1, a hormone that is linked to prostate,
breast and colon cancer in humans, which could increase
the risk of cancer among those who eat the fish. Also a
horizontal gene transfer scenario, where bacteria of the
human gut takes the DNA from the GM food during
digestion. This has only been shown to occur in soy
products, it is only speculation that this will occur in GM
fish as well.
Risks that are Potentially Involved
A GM fish called the GloFish, originally created in
Singapore in 2003, has been created to detect industrial
pollutants in smaller bodies of water (streams and lakes).
The GloFish has been made to glow red or green when
even the smallest traces of harmful chemicals are in the
water (Gill). The Zebrafish has become increasingly
popular as a pet. This fish has been genetically modified
with bio-fluorescent or light reflecting cells in it’s tissue.
The result is the fish is brightly glowing green or red. This
is the first marketed transgenic pet in the world (Gill).
Consumption is also a goal for the GM fish as well.
Because of the ability to withstand a variety of
temperature, seafood farming could expand to places that
were once previously deemed unsuitable; which would
increase the supply of the GM fish and in return would be
more abundant on the market. GM fish would be less
costly for producers to create and for consumers to
purchase because these fish reach maturation in half the
time of ordinarily bred fish (Sandberg). Another
theoretical goal would be to make the consumed GM fish
healthier for human consumption—shellfish are being
genetically modified to improve disease resistance and to
not provoke allergic reactions. These fish would be able to
increased the amount of Omega-3 Fatty acids that would
be available (Genetically Modified Food Saves Lives).
Benefits Included Although GM fish have not been passed for
consumption yet and are still being reviewed, it has been
decided that all GM fish must adhere to the same
standards of safety under the FFDCA and the FDA’s
Center for Food and Safety and Applied Nutrition that
apply to regularly bred fish in aquaculture seafood farms
(Cummins). There are skeptics who call the GM fish
“Frankenfish”, while others are convinced that it will
solve the issue of world hunger.
This is a graph depicting the average weight and size of the genetically
modified AquAdvantage salmon compared to a regularly farmed salmon.
Image from: Fooducate.com
Sources
Regulations, Actions and Debates
Genetically modified plants are commonly being used in
today’s society, and in 1984 two scientists Dr. Maclean
and Dr. Talwar used rainbow trout eggs and crossed
them with a Chinese Zhu fish (Schmidt). Fish are ideal
for genetic modification because of the massive amounts
of external eggs that are made, and now more than 35
different fish are under development for modification.
Genes are not just collected from other fish but also
humans, mice, coral bacteria to create a new genetic
code. The goal for these GM fish is to become more
resistant to disease, larger in average size, more tolerant
to variations in temperature, expanding aquaculture for
human consumption, producing pharmaceuticals, and to
test water contamination (Muir).
The bottom fish has been genetically modified and is suffering from
malformations in its skeletal system and body. Image from: Voanews.com
Despite the controversy over the GM fish, AquaBounty,
an aquaculture company that has been pushing for the
GM fish to hit the markets, has submitted
AquAdvantage, a genetically modified salmon, to be
passed and sold in markets
The GloFish that can be used in detecting chemicals in different bodies of
water. Image from: NewScientist.com
Even though these salmon are at the same age, the GM salmon reaches
maturation at a faster rate than the regularly farmed salmon. From:
MailOnline.com
Brianna Gustafson
Genetically Modified Fish
Bhattacharya, Shoani. "Glowing Red G Fish to Sell in US." New Scientist. Reed Business. Information Ltd., 24 Nov. 2003.
Web. 13 May 2013.
Brown, Paul, E. c. (2000, Apr 22). `Feed the world' opportunity seen for GM salmon. The Guardian. Retrieved
fromhttp://search.proquest.com/docview/245516133?accountid=38871
Cummins, Ronnie. "Information on Fish & Sustainability from the Organic Consumers Association."Information on Fish &
Sustainability from the Organic Consumers. Association. Organic Consumers Association, n.d. Web. 03 Apr. 2013.
"Genetically-Modified Rainbow Trout Could Boost Aquaculture." Voice Of America. RSS, 6 June 2010. Web. 13 May 2013.
Gill, Tony. "The atomic fish: the rising controversy of genetically modified pets." The Humanist Sept.-Oct. 2004: 7+.
Academic OneFile. Web. 2 Apr. 2013.
Muir, William M. "The Threats and Benefits of GM Fish." EMBO Reports 5.7 (2004): 654-59. Print.
Poulter, Sean. "'Frankensalmon' Ruled Safe to Eat: Fast-growing GM Fish Approved by Scientists." Editorial. Mail Online.
Associated Newspapers Ltd, 6 Sept. 2010. Web. 13 May 2013.
Ramstack, T. (2003, Feb 01). Genetic changes in fish could increase food but harm habitats. Knight Ridder Tribune Business
News. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/464408832?accountid=38871
Sandberg, L. (2000, Jun 21). Guess what's coming to dinner: Genetically modified fish may feed the world -- or unleash an
environmental nightmare. National Post. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/329682794?accountid=38871
Schmidt, S. (2010, Sep 30). Makers of genetically modified fish, livestock wage PR battle; biotechnology industry hopes to
convince public of benefits. The Vancouver Sun. Retrieved from:
http://search.proquest.com/docview/756124317?accountid=38871
The data bit: Genetically modified food saves lives. (2003, The American Enterprise, 14, 15-15.. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/225404997?accountid=38871