genetics all human cells have 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs. different living things will have a...
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![Page 1: Genetics All human cells have 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs. Different living things will have a different amount. The chromosomes are held in the nucleus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081323/5697bf951a28abf838c90848/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Genetics
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All human cells have 46chromosomes, 23 pairs.Different living things will have a different
amount.
The chromosomes are held in the nucleus of our cells.
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• The chromosomes are made up of long coiled molecules of DNA.
• This chemical is divided into regions called genes.
• The DNA molecule contains four different molecules called bases. There are four different bases.
• Each gene is made up of a pattern of these four bases.
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• The four bases are: cytosine, adenine, thymine, guanine (A, T, G and C)
• A and T always pair.
• C and G always pair.
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FERTILISATION
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• Gametes are the sex cells – the sperm and the egg.
• These cells only have 23 chromosomes.
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• Because each egg and sperm have a random combination of genes this causes every offspring to have a different mixture of genes. This causes VARIATION
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Gene control of characteristics• All characteristics are controlled by a
minimum of 2 genes. (one from mum one from dad)
• Different genes that control the same feature are called ALLELES
• Alleles can be dominant or recessive.• Individuals can be heterozygous or
homozygous.
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THE ALLELES FOR SEX
• Gender (in mammals) is determined by sex chromosomes: XX (female) and XY (male).
• cross
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THE ALLELES FOR EYE COLOUR
• B is the gene for brown eyes
• b is the gene for blue eyes
• Alleles:
• BB
• Bb
• bb
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Dominant and recessive
• Some alleles for a feature are able to mask the influence of the other (weaker) gene when they are paired
• Stronger gene is DOMINANT and is represented by a capital letter e.g. H
• The masked gene is RECESSIVE shown as lower case of the same letter e.g. h
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Inheritance
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GENETIC DISEASES
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Inherited diseases
• Cystic fibrosis• Sufferers of this disease produce a
thick, sticky mucus which coats their airways and lungs. If it is not cleared daily the person can get serious chest infections.
• The disease is caused by a recessive allele.
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• If a person is heterozygous (Cc) then they are a carrier but have a normal phenotype, they don’t develop cystic fibrosis but can pass it on to their children.
• What happens if a carrier (Cc) and a ‘normal’ person (CC) want to have children?
• What are the chances of the child having the disease, being a carrier or not a carrier?
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But what happens if another two carriers wanted to have children?
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• What happens if a carrier (Cc) and another carrier (Cc) want to have children?
• What are the chances of the child having the disease, being a carrier or not a carrier?
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• •
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Questions
T tall allele t dwarf allele
Predict the ratios of offspring from the following crosses.
1. TTxtt
2. TTxTt
3. TTxtt
4. TtxTt
5. Ttxtt
6. ttxtt
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Sickle cell anaemia
• This inherited disease causes the red blood cells to change from their usual round shape to become pointed like a sickle.
• This shape change means that they get stuck in blood vessels and cannot pick up oxygen properly from the lungs.
• The allele responsible for it is a recessive. What happens if two carriers were to have children?
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Where are the chromosomes found?
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What are the sections of DNA?
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What do genes code for?
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How many pairs of chromosomes are found in a human nucleus?
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Explain how sex is inherited.
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• Genetic variation is caused by:• Mutation• Gametes• Fertilisation
• Mutations are usually harmful, but may be beneficial. Mutations can be caused by radiation or chemicals.
• Gene mutations occur because the DNA base sequence changes – altering or preventing the gene that is normally coded for.
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Some mutations are useful, some are harmful.
• Cystic fibrosis
• Downs syndrome
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• But what causes intelligence, sporting ability or good health.
• Nature or nurture?
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Which are inherited, which are environment and which are both?
• Body mass• Red-green colour
blindness• Cystic fibrosis.• Nose shape
• Sickle cell anaemia
• Earlobe shape• Intelligence• Height • Eye colour