genetics and dna1

8/19/2019 Genetics and DNA1

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Genetics and DNA: The Science of Heredity


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What makes this babydiferent?


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Rosalind Franklin and the rstphoto o DNA


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Watson and Crick and their DNAdiscoeries


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DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid and it is thehereditary material of all living things. It is foundin the nucleus and mitochondria of the cells.

The Human DNA contains more or less 3 million

bases being approximately ! the same for allthe people.

The information of DNA is coded in four bases A"adenine#$ T "thymine#$ % "guanine#$ & "cytosine#

The structure is a double helix and it contains asugar "deoxyribose# phosphate bac'bone.

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What is DNA?

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If you too' all the DNA from the cells in theaverage adult human body and stretched itout$ it *ould reach to the sun and bac'multiple times

Did yo! kno"?


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Ho* are genes$ chromosomes and DNArelated+

The chromosomes carries the genes on a

4spaghetti5 type structure . The genes carries the genetic informationthat *ill determine the human traits

The chromosomes and the genes are made

up of DNA.

#yin$ knots


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%rder o the nitro$enbases

A - T C - GAdenine "Ad uh neen# &ytosine "Sy tuh seen#

Thymine "Thy meen# %uanine "%*ah neen#


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During the 6rst stage of the cell cycle called theInterphase$ the cell starts to prepare for divisionby having its DNA(

7. un*inding 8. un9ipping 3. separating :.pairing *ith a ne* strand of DNA ;. 9ipping


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&eredity

During the nineteenth century$%regory >endel conductedexperiments crossing pea plants anddiscovered that the o?spring had

di?erent traits. >endel@sexperiments *ere the base forgenetics.https())

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'ea 'lants Crossin$( #he GreatDilemma

" parental #


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Res!lts

7 " ilialgeneration 7 #


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Res!lts )cont*+

8 " ilial generation 8 #


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flia & flius = daughter & son in Latin

urebred E denoting a pure strain obtainedthrough many generations of controlled breeding

for desirable traits "&ollin Cnglish Dictionary# F arental generation 7 F 6rst 6lial generation 8E second 6lial generation Allele E An allele is a variantform of a gene " they *ill code

for a speci6c trait Cx. &olor of hair#

'!rebred, Fertili-ation, F. and F/ofsprin$ 0 1endel2s 34periments


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Dominant traitE Traits that domain 2ecessive traitsE traits that organisms carry

but *ill s'ip generations and sho* up inanother generation

Cont*


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&o" do alleles afectinheritance?


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>endel sho*ed that o?spring traits aredetermined by individual$ separate allelesinherited from each parent.

2eGection(

/n your noteboo'(

0rite ; traits inherited from both of your parents.

0rite 3 traits that in a future you could inherit toyour children.

What is heredity?


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Alleles are going to be dominant orrecessive."They *ill be represented *ithcapital letters for dominant traits or lo*ercase letters for recessive traits. #

Cx.

5ymbols or alleles

t T


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Alleles code from both parents. So you have aset of alleles coding for each trait.

Remember


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5o let2s see the e4ample "iththe peas*

T T T t


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Cont*

tt


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Con!sed?


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A dominant trait prevails

6et2s Recap

7o!r traits are inherited by both o yo!rparents * 5o yo! code or both alleles*


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A recessive trait is there but it s'ipsgenerations " sometimes it@s called adormant trait#.

Cont*


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In order to understand ho* do allele *or's$*e express them using letters. &apitalletters for dominant alleles and lo*er caseletters for recessive alleles$ coding for bothparents .

Cont*

; ! ; ! x


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AA F Homo9ygous Dominant

Aa F Hetero9ygous

aaE Homo9ygous recessive

"S. The letters used don@t mind as long as they are the same one and theyare letters that you can distinguish the capital one from the lo*er case one#

&o" are each set o combinationso alleles called? ) Genotype+


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To be able to distinguish bet*een( %enotypeE Individual collection of genes. It

is the genetic ma'eup. They are the alleles"0hen *or'ing the unnett S=uare$ they arethe combinations of letters#

henotypeE They are the observable traits.

What is the importance okno"in$ the allelic combinations?


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'!nnett 58!are and 'robabilityo ofprin$s


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Cont*


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Cont*


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Cont*


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#he 9aratheon 1ystery


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/ne &at carries hetero9ygous $ longE haired traits "Ss#$ andits mate carries homo9ygous short shortEhaired trait "ss#.se a unnett s=uare to determine the probability of one oftheir o?spring having long hair.

/ne cat carries hetero9ygous$ longEhaired traits "Ss#$ andits mate carries homo9ygous shortEhaired traits "ss# . se ase a unnett s=uare to determine the probability of one oftheir o?spring having short hair.

5ole:


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5ole


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