genetics - community unit school district 308 is...tongue roller . 2. what is the least common ......
TRANSCRIPT
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This section will introduce
heredity- the way traits are passed
from parents to offspring. You will
explore how crosses between
different parents produce different
offspring. You will distinguish
between genotype and phenotype
and use math to predict the results
of genetic crosses.
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Think About It:
Observe the three children in the picture:
Make a list of characteristics that
you observe about these children.
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Video Clip: Genetics: What are Genes?
1. Inside almost every cell is a nucleus
containing _________ of your genes.
2. In total, you have nearly ________ genes.
3. Your genes are small parts of a long
molecule called ______.
4. Genes tell a cell how to _____________ and
what _____________________ to express.
5. Humans have _________ chromosomes; two
sets of ____________ or ____________ pairs.
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Video Clip: Genetics: What are Genes?
1. Inside almost every cell is a nucleus
containing 99.9 % of your genes.
2. In total, you have nearly 20,000 genes.
3. Your genes are small parts of a long
molecule called DNA.
4. Genes tell a cell how to function and
what traits to express.
5. Humans have 46 chromosomes; two
sets of 23 or 23 pairs.
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HEREDITY p.2
• Heredity = the passing
of traits from parent to
offspring
• Traits are controlled by
genes; so therefore, the
study of how traits are
inherited or passed
from generation to
generation is called
GENETICS.
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GENETICS TREE
• Each person will
be given a leaf for
the genetics tree.
• Females will be
represented with a
pink leaf, males
with a blue leaf.
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Earlobes
If earlobes hang free, they are detached. If they attach directly to the side of the head, they are attached earlobes. The size and appearance of the lobes are also inherited traits.
Free Attached
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Handedness
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Tongue Rolling
In 1940, the famous geneticist Alfred Sturtevant
noted that about 70% of people of European
ancestry are able to roll up the lateral edges of the
tongue, while the remaining 30% were unable to do
so.
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1. What is the most common
combination of traits in the
class?
2. What is the least common
combination of traits in the
class?
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1. What is the most common
combination of traits in the
class?
free earlobes
right handed
tongue roller
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2. What is the least common
combination of traits in the
class?
attached earlobes
left handed
non tongue roller
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THE GENE WHEEL p.2
• Each of us has a variety of traits (or
characteristics) that makes us unique and
creates a diverse population.
• One way to see our similarities and
differences is to complete a genetic wheel
and look at the final genetic number.
• This number doesn’t have a particular value
other than to show how you’re different from
someone else.
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THE GENE WHEEL p. 2
• Where are you in the Gene Wheel?
• In the chart, start by numbering all around the wheel from 1 to 32.
• Start in the middle and shade in the box for either right handed or left handed.
• Work outward.
• What is your Gene Wheel number?
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Double jointed!
Long 2nd Toe!
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Heredity Questionnaire
What makes you unique? The combination of genes you
got from your mom and dad determined many things about
you, from the color of your eyes to the size of your feet.
But the music you listen to, foods you like, things you
learn, and other life experiences are just as important in
making you unique!
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Gender
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Hair Color
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Wavy
»
»
» St
Straight
Curly
Hair Texture
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Widow’s Peak
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Eye Color
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Complexion
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Eye Dominance
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Colorblindness is due to a recessive allele located on the X
chromosome. Women have two X chromosomes, one of which usually
carries the allele for normal color vision. Therefore, few women are
colorblind. Men only have one X chromosome, so if they carry the
allele for colorblindness, they will exhibit this trait. Thus,
colorblindness is seen more frequently in men than in women.
Color Blindness
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Ear Lobes
Free Attached
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This trait is reportedly due to a single gene;
the presence of freckles is dominant, the
absence of freckles is recessive.
Freckles
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Dimples
Dimples are reportedly due to a single gene
with dimples dominant (people may exhibit a
dimple on only one side of the face) and a lack
of dimples recessive.
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Can You?
Or Can’t You?
Tongue Roll
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Tongue Can Touch Nose
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Handedness
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Hitchhiker's Thumb Regular Thumb
Hitchhiker’s Thumb
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Hands Clasped
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One study found that 55% of people place their left thumb on top, 45% place their right thumb on top and 1% have no preference.
Thumbs Folded
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Arms Folded
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Hair on Fingers
Mid-digital hair – this is hair on the middle knuckle
of your fingers, it is tiny and usually it’s easier to see
the dots it grows out of than the hair itself. Check the
fourth finger as it’s the most common. Having hair is
dominant.
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Cleft Chin
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GREGOR MENDEL p.9
o First known geneticist and “father of genetics”
o Was an Austrian monk and was born in 1822
o Did most of his genetic studies on pea plants
o He made careful observations, and strictly adhered to the scientific method
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o He performed cross-
pollination by
becoming the
pollinator himself,
and controlling which
plants mixed.
o Some traits Mendel
worked with were the
shape of pea and it’s
pod, color and shape
of seeds, plant height,
flower position and
flower color.
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GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE In humans, one allele is inherited from ones
biological father and one allele from ones
biological mother for each genetic trait.
The genetic structure is called the genotype.
The outward appearance is the phenotype.
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Think about it:
Suppose you wanted to know if two Labrador
dogs with black fur could together have
brown puppies. You couldn’t tell by looking at
them.
What they actually look like is the phenotype.
But if you read their genotype- the genetic
code that they inherited from their parents- you
could tell if brown puppies is a possibility.
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What are some examples of phenotypes?
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Take for example someone
who inherits R (can roll
tongue) from their mother
and r (cannot roll tongue)
from their father. Their
genotype is Rr.
Another individual inherits an
R from both their mother and
their father. What is the
genotype? ____
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Take for example someone
who inherits R (can roll
tongue) from their mother
and r (cannot roll tongue)
from their father. Their
genotype is Rr.
Another individual inherits an
R from both their mother and
their father. What is the
genotype? RR
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DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE p.10
Write a definition
for the word
dominate
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DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE p.10
Genes can either be dominant or recessive.
• Red potato skin is dominant over white potato skin
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DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE p.10
Genes can either be dominant or recessive.
• Green peas are dominant over yellow peas
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DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE p.10
Genes can either be dominant or recessive.
• Tall sunflower plants are dominant over short sunflower plants
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ROCK, PAPER, SCISSORS
Possible Outcomes
• Rock dominates scissors.
• Scissors dominates paper.
• Paper dominates rock.
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Conclusion Questions
1. Which outcome was most common in
your partnership?
2. Which outcome was least common?
3. Were your results similar to the result of
the class?
4. Describe one thing you learned about
genetics by doing this activity.
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DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE p. 11
A dominant trait is always represented
with a capital letter.
A recessive trait is always represented
with a lowercase letter.
Example:
R= dominant r = recessive
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Example:
Hand cross left thumb on top (dominant) T
Hand cross right thumb on top (recessive) t
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T
T
TT
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T
t
cross with left thumb
on top Tt
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If a person inherits a recessive trait from the mother _________ and the recessive trait from the father __________ the person will _________________________ ______________or ________ .
t
t
tt cross with right thumb
on top
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o A dominant trait
will always be
expressed and will
mask a recessive
trait.
o A recessive trait
can only be
expressed if there
are no dominant
alleles present.
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Example: Eyecolor—Brown color is dominant and blue is recessive.
A person can have a brown allele and a blue allele but still have brown eyes because the brown allele is dominant and “hides” the blue allele.
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Circle the picture for the dominant
trait. Then record all of the
possible outcomes.
Widow’s Peak (w) ________
No widow’s peak (W) ________
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Circle the picture for the dominant
trait. Then record all of the
possible outcomes.
Widow’s Peak (w) ________
No widow’s peak (W) ________
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Circle the picture for the dominant
trait. Then record all of the
possible outcomes.
Widow’s Peak (w) ww
No widow’s peak (W) WW, Ww
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Each
organism is
represented
by TWO
letters, one
for each
allele.
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HOMOZYGOUS AND HETEROZYGOUS p. 12
The dominant or
recessive
combinations
are called either
homozygous or
heterozygous.
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Homozygous:
have identical alleles for a single trait.
Example: RR
rr
• These genotypes are considered
purebred.
• These species have two alleles of the
same trait, and therefore would be
represented by two of the same letters.
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Heterozygous:
2 different alleles for a single trait.
Example: Rr
• These genotypes are considered hybrid.
• Species with two different alleles or two different forms of the gene would have two different letters and be called heterozygous.
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Let’s Practice:
Determine the genotypes for each
using the information in the chart
below.
T = Tall t = short
B = Brown b = blue
L = Long l = short
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T = Tall t = short
B = Brown b = blue
L = Long l = short
TT
tt
Tt
BB
Bb
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T = Tall t = short
B = Brown b = blue
L = Long l = short
bb
LL
Ll
LL, Ll
BB, Bb
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Genetics Practice Problems p. 13
Ho
He
He
Ho
Ho
Ho
He
He
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Genetics Practice Problems p. 13
He
He He
He
Ho
Ho
Ho
Ho
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Genetics Practice Problems p. 13
purple
purple
white
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Genetics Practice Problems p. 13
blue
brown
brown
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Genetics Practice Problems p. 13
wrinkled
round
round
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Genetics Practice Problems p. 13
No bobtail
No bobtail
bobtail
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Genetics Practice Problems p. 13
SS
Ss
ss
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Genetics Practice Problems p. 13
PP
Pp
pp
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Generations of Traits p. 9
Each person in
class has a
unique
combination of
traits or
observable
characteristics!
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• Why do children often resemble their siblings and parents?
• In this activity you will track and record the passage of colored pom-pom “traits” through three generations of gingerbread people.
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black
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Punnett Squares p. 14
An Englishman named Punnett figured out an easy way to predict the possible appearance of certain hereditary traits. Use the Punnett Squares below to predict the results of various crosses between pea plants.
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Example: Tall plants (T) are dominant to short plants (t)
cross
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Example: Tall plants (T) are dominant to short plants (t)
cross
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Example: Tall plants (T) are dominant to short plants (t)
TT = Tall
tt = Short
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Example: Tall plants (T) are dominant to short plants (t)
Make sure
you can tell
your capital
letters from
your
lowercase
letters.
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Example: Tall plants (T) are dominant to short plants (t)
Think about
money and
quarters
when
determining
percentages.
0
100
0
100
0
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A. Tall plants (T) are dominant to short plants (t)
T t
T
t
TT Tt
Tt = Tall
Tt = Tall
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A. Tall plants (T) are dominant to short plants (t)
25
50
25
75
T t
T
t
TT
tt Tt
Tt
A capital letter
will always
come first
because it is
dominant.
25
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A. Tall plants (T) are dominant to short plants (t)
25
50
25
100
T t
T
t
TT
tt Tt
Tt
25
Short is a
possibility
because each
parent carries
the recessive
gene.
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B. Tall plants (T) are dominant to short plants (t)
T T
T
t
Tt = Tall
TT = Tall
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B. Tall plants (T) are dominant to short plants (t)
T T
T
t
Are short
plants
possible? TT
Tt Tt
TT
50
50
0
100
0
No!
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B. Tall plants (T) are dominant to short plants (t)
T T
T
t
What would
have to
happen in
order for
short plants
to be a
possibility?
TT
Tt Tt
TT
50
50
0
100
0
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B. Tall plants (T) are dominant to short plants (t)
T T
T
t
TT
Tt Tt
TT
50
50
0
100
0
Each parent
would have
to carry the
recessive
gene (t)!
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PUNNETT
SQUARE
PRACTICE
p. 15
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1. Predict the fur color of the offspring of a brown heterozygous
hamster and a white homozygous hamster.
Use B: Brown is dominant. White is recessive.
BB
bb
Bb
brown
brown
white
B
b
b b
Bb
bb bb
Bb 50
50
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2. Predict the offspring of 2 gray heterozygous rats.
Use G: Gray is dominant over white.
GG
gg
Gg
gray
gray
white
G
g
G g
GG
gg Gg
Gg 75
25
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3. Predict the pea shape of the offspring of one heterozygous
round pea plant and one homozygous wrinkled pea plant.
Use P: Round is dominant over wrinkled.
PP
pp
Pp
round
round
wrinkled
P
p
p p
Pp
pp pp
Pp 50
50
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4. Are the chances greater for having a boy or a girl?
_______ = female and ________ = male
PP
pp
Pp
round
round
wrinkled
X
X
X Y
XX
XY XX
XY 50
50
XX XY
XX
XY
girl
boy