genetics - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/genetics (14-18).pdfgenetics...
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genetics(chapters 14 - 18)
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genetics terminology . . .
allele - alternative form of a gene
dominant allele - always expresses itself
recessive allele - only expresses itself in the absenceof a dominant allele; only expresses when alone
homozygous - identical alleles for a given trait
heteozygous - different alleles for a given trait
genotype - actual allelic composition for a trait
phenotype - physical expression of genotypes
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allele - alternative form of a gene
dominant allele - always expresses itself
recessive allele - only expresses itself in the absenceof a dominant allele; only expresses when alone
homozygous - identical alleles for a given trait
heteozygous - different alleles for a given trait
genotype - actual allelic composition for a trait
phenotype - physical expression of genotypes
genetics terminology . . .
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monohybrid cross results . . .
phenotypic ratio
3:1
genotypic ratio
1:2:1
between two heterozygotes
testcross phenotypic ratio
1:1
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dihybrid cross results . . .
phenotypic ratio
9:3:3:1
genotypic ratio
N/A
between two heterozygotes (for both traits)
testcross phenotypic ratio
1:1:1:1
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IA & IB
arecodominate
multiple alleles . . .
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establishing paternity using blood test . . .
IA ____ x
IAIB
is this possible?
IA ____
♀type A
♂type A
type AB
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incomplete dominance . . .
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polygenic inheritance . . .
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epistasis . . .
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pleiotropic . . .
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environmental effects . .
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sex determination . . .
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X-linked characteristics . . .colorblindness; hemophilia
XcY
XY
XX
XcX
XcXc
normal male
colorblind male
normal female
normal female; carrier
colorblind female
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sex influenced genetic traits . . .male pattern baldness
genotype ♀ phenotype♂ phenotype
BB
Bb
bb
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chromosomal mutations . . .structure
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e.g. translocation . . .
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chromosomal mutations . . .number
aneuploidy (2n + 1; 2n - 1)
polyploidy (3n; 4n)
excess or deficiency of one chromosome
diploid sperm and/or ovum
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sex chromosome aneuploides . . .
XXY
XY XX
XYY double Y
normal male
Kleinfelter’s
normal female
Turner’s
metafemale
X
XXX
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polyploidy . . .
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chromosomal nondisjunction . . .
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DNA research . . .
Feulgen (early 1900s)
Griffithdeveloped nucleic acid stain
bacterial transformation
Miescher (1869)
Chargaff
Wilkins & Franklin
witnessed nuclear contents
[A] = [T]; [G] = [C]
X-ray diffraction
Watson & Crickcompiled all previous data into model
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Griffith . . .
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Feulgen (early 1900s)
Griffithdeveloped nucleic acid stain
bacterial transformation
Miescher (1869)
Chargaff
Wilkins & Franklin
witnessed nuclear contents
[A] = [T]; [G] = [C]
X-ray diffraction
Watson & Crickcompiled all previous data into model
DNA research . . .
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Chargaff . . .
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Feulgen (early 1900s)
Griffithdeveloped nucleic acid stain
bacterial transformation
Miescher (1869)
Chargaff
Wilkins & Franklin
witnessed nuclear contents
[A] = [T]; [G] = [C]
X-ray diffraction
Watson & Crickcompiled all previous data into model
DNA research . . .
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Wilkins & Franklin . . .
1.0 nm 0.34 nm 3.4 nm
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Feulgen (early 1900s)
Griffithdeveloped nucleic acid stain
bacterial transformation
Miescher (1869)
Chargaff
Wilkins & Franklin
witnessed nuclear contents
[A] = [T]; [G] = [C]
X-ray diffraction
Watson & Crickcompiled all previous data into model
DNA research . . .
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DNA replication . . .
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DNA replication & Okazaki fragments . . .
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gene to protein . . .transcription & translation
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transcription . . .
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chromosomal puffs . . .
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mRNA processing . . .
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transcription to translation . . .
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the genetic code . . .
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tRNA . . .
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translation . . .
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initiation of translation . . .
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elongation . . .
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termination of translation . . .
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transcription & translation recap. . .
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polyribosomes . . .
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point & frameshift mutations . . .
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e.g. point mutation . . .
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lac operon . . .