genetics nature’s solar panel. asexual reproduction reproduction without sex genetically...
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GENETICSNature’s Solar Panel
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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Reproduction without sex
Genetically identical
Cloning
Propagating
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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Fertilization between male and female plants
Gametes
Sexual cells
Sperm
Egg
Gametes form a single offspring cell
Zygote
First cell of a new individual
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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Gamete cells have 1 set of chromosomes
Haploid cells
Sperm (1n)
Egg (1n)
Sperm and egg combine to create a zygote cell with 2 sets of chromosomes (2n)
Diploid cell
One set from each parent
Meiosis is the cell division that creates gametes
Similar to mitosis
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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Sperm and egg merge to form zygote
Complete set of chromosomes
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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Genetic recombination can spontaneously occur during meiosis
Crossing over of DNA
Variability
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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Zygote is a diploid cell
2 sets of chromosomes (2n)
Three sets can occur (3n) Triploid
Sterile organism
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STRUCTURE OF DNA
Chromosomes composed of 2 types of large molecules
DNA
Protein
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STRUCTURE OF DNA
DNA is a long double helix chain
Resides in nucleus
Composed of nucleotides
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)
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STRUCTURE OF DNA
Nucleotides form only two “rungs” on the double helix ladder
Base pairs
A—T
C—G
The sequence of pairs is the code or instructions on growth, color, function, etc.
Morse code or Braille
A typical plant cell contains billions of pairs
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GENETIC INFORMATION
A segment of the DNA strand
Gene
Determine plant height, flower color, drought tolerance…
Direct the production of enzymes (protein)
Proteins function as enzymes
Facilitate chemical reactions
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GENETIC INFORMATION
The total sum of DNA in an organism’s chromosomes
Genome
Single cell bacterium
Several thousand genomes
Complex organisms
50,000 genomes
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DUPLICATION OF DNA
Duplication of DNA needed to divide cells
The base pairs are disconnected Rungs broken apart
The double helix strands unzipped
New pairs can be reestablished on each strand
A—T
C—G
Two double helices are completed
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DUPLICATION OF DNA
Mismatch error occurs about once every million pairs
Mutation
Corn contains 4 billion base pairs
4000 mutations possible
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MUTATION
Causes of mismatching errors are mutagens
Genetic recombination
UV light
Radiation
Carcinogens
Mismatching errors change sequence of base pairs
Repair enzymes fix mutations
Do not catch all of them
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MUTATION
Most mutations are silent
No visible consequence
Mutations that occur in cell and passed on through mitosis
Somatic mutation
Not through seeds
Branch that looks different than rest of plant Sport
Can be propagated
Naval oranges
Red delicious apples
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MUTATION
Mutations that occur in gametes
Germ-line
Genetic changes passed on to offspring
Flower color
Fragrance
Taste
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MUTATION
Mutation essential for evolution
Organisms adapt to changing environment
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MENDELIAN GENETICS
Cross breeding different characteristics
Removed stamens on one parent plant
Manually fertilized with pollen from other parent plant
Tall pea plant x short pea plant = intermediate plant?
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MENDELIAN GENETICS
Parent plants (P)
P tall x P dwarf
Offspring between parent plants (F1)
P tall plant x P dwarf plant = ALL TALL PLANTS (F1)
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MENDELIAN GENETICS
Offspring between F1 plants gives rise to F2
F1 tall plant x F1 tall plant = 3 TALL PLANTS (F2) and 1 DWARF (F2)
For every 3 tall plants, there will be one dwarf
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MENDELIAN GENETICS
Every cell has one set of chromosomes
One from each parent
Alternative forms of gene expression
Alleles
Height
Seed color
Flower color
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MENDELIAN GENETICS
One allele is considered dominant
G = green-pod dominant
g = yellow-pod recessive
Green-pod allele dominant over yellow-pod allele
If both parent plants had G allele
F1 offspring will have GG
Green-pod
If one parent plant has G allele, the other parent plant had g allele
F1 offspring will have Gg
Green-pod
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MENDELIAN GENETICS
If both parent plants have g allele
F1 offspring will have gg
Yellow-pod
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MENDELIAN GENETICS
Genetic make up of an organism
Genotype
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MENDELIAN GENETICS
Physical appearance of an organism
Phenotype
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MENDELIAN GENETICS
Both alleles are identical
Homozygous
GG = green-pod
gg = yellow-pod
Alleles are different
Heterozygous
Gg = green-pod
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MENDELIAN GENETICS
Single trait is studied
Monohybrid cross
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MENDELIAN GENETICS
Multiple traits are linked
Dihybrid cross
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MENDELIAN GENETICS
Neither allele is completely dominant
Incomplete dominance
Snapdragon flower color
RR = red
rr = white
Rr = pink
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MENDELIAN GENETICS
Recessive allele the result of a mutation
Not fully functional allele
Smooth peas (SS) versus wrinkled peas (ss)
s allele due to malfunction in converting glucose into starch
Water loss higher during drying period
S will produce adequate starch