genetics the study of inherited characteristics chromosome dna code for traits
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GeneticsGeneticsThe Study of Inherited The Study of Inherited
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
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ChromosomeChromosomeDNACodefortraits
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GeneGeneSegments of Segments of
DNA DNA Code for a Code for a
traittrait
HairColor
EyeColor
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Gene Segment For Hair color
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TraitTraitCharacteristicCharacteristicFeatureFeatureVariations in Variations in
a populationa population
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Dominant TraitDominant Trait ““Dominates”Dominates” Shows in the Shows in the
outward outward appearanceappearance
Even when Even when recessive trait is recessive trait is presentpresent
BBbb
BBor
Bb
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Recessive TraitRecessive Trait““hidden”hidden”May be May be
masked by a masked by a dominant dominant traittrait
BBbb
Albinism
bb
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AllelesAlleles Letters of the Letters of the
alphabetalphabet Code for a traitCode for a trait One from One from
fatherfather One from One from
mothermother
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Dominant Dominant Allele:Allele:
Upper case Upper case letter of the letter of the alphabetalphabet
Codes for Codes for dominant dominant traitstraits
Recessive Recessive Allele:Allele:
Lower case Lower case letter of the letter of the alphabetalphabet
Codes for Codes for recessive recessive traitstraits
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Chromosomes in NucleusChromosomes in Nucleus
GeneSegmentsFor a Trait=“A” or “a”
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Monohybrid CrossMonohybrid CrossCross for Cross for oneone trait trait
Example:Example:Hair colorHair color
BB bbBB BBBB BbBb
BB BBBB BbBb
Punnet Square
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F1 GenerationF1 GenerationGenetic Genetic
Cross=Cross=
Mating Mating F1=F1=
ChildrenChildren11stst “filial” “filial”
generationgeneration
ParentsParents
BB bbBB BBBB BbBb
BB BBBB BbBb
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22ndnd Filial Generation- Filial Generation- F2F2 ChildrenChildren of of
the cross the cross between the between the children of an children of an F1F1
““Incest” Incest” among F1among F1
Only after Only after pure x purepure x pure
F1=F1=
F2=F2=
BB BB
bb BbBb BbBb
bb BbBb BbBb
BB bb
BB BBBB BbBb
bb BbBb bbbb
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PhenotypePhenotypeOutward Outward
appearanceappearanceTrait that is Trait that is
shownshownBb Bb lookslooks brown brown
(has “b” =white (has “b” =white allele)allele)
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GenotypeGenotypeAllele setAllele setTrue genetic True genetic
makeupmakeup of of the the chromosomechromosome
BbBb
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Homozygous:Homozygous:Pure Pure
conditioncondition2 same case 2 same case
allelesallelesBBBB= =
dominantdominantbbbb= recessive= recessive
Heterozygous:Heterozygous:Hybrid Hybrid
conditioncondition2 different case 2 different case
allelesallelesBbBb appears appears
dominantdominant
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Dihybrid CrossDihybrid Cross Cross withCross with twotwo traits traits Example:Example:1.1. Hair ColorHair Color2.2. Eye ColorEye Color2 types of 2 types of allelesalleles
parentsparents
ChildrenChildren ChildrenChildren ChildrenChildren ChildrenChildren
ChildrenChildren ChildrenChildren ChildrenChildren ChildrenChildren
ChildrenChildren ChildrenChildren ChildrenChildren ChildrenChildren
ChildrenChildren ChildrenChildren ChildrenChildren ChildrenChildren
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CodominanceCodominance ““Incomplete” Incomplete”
dominancedominance HybridHybrid is a is a blend blend of of
traitstraits Example:Example:
RR=redRR=redRrRr=pink=pinkrr=whiterr=white
Pink Carnation
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Multiple AllelesMultiple AllelesMore than More than
one type of one type of allele for a allele for a traittrait
Example:Example:
Blood TypeBlood Type
TYPES:TYPES:
A A IIAAIIAA, I, IAAii
B B IIBBIIB B , I, IBBii
AB AB IIAAIIBB
O O iiii
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X-Linked TraitsX-Linked Traits Sex-linkedSex-linked Trait in on the sex Trait in on the sex
chromosomechromosome XXXX== Female Female XYXY MaleMale Ex:Red & white Ex:Red & white
eyeseyes
Female=Female=XXXXAdd eye trait=Add eye trait=XXRRXXR R or X or XRRXXr r
XXrrXXrr
Male=Male=XYXYAdd eye trait=Add eye trait=XXRRY or XY or XrrYY““Y” is emptyY” is empty
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KaryotypeKaryotype
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Chromosome NumberChromosome Number
Different # for different Different # for different speciesspecies
Full setFull set = 2N= = 2N=DiploidDiploid N=N= # pairs# pairs 1 pair from mother1 pair from mother 1 pair from father1 pair from father Humans= Humans= 23 pairs23 pairs or or 46 total46 total
Homologous Chromosomes are the sets of each pair
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Autosomes & Sex ChromosomesAutosomes & Sex Chromosomes
Autosomes = # 1-22 for all traits except sex
Sex chromosomes= Pair # 23 XX(female) orXY(male)
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Down Syndrome= 3 of #21Down Syndrome= 3 of #21
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Klinefelter’s = XXYKlinefelter’s = XXY
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Pedigree ChartsPedigree Charts
Male =Male =
Female=Female=
Sexual Union=Sexual Union=
Offspring=Offspring=
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Pedigree Chart -Cystic FibrosisPedigree Chart -Cystic Fibrosis