Project Synopsis

Generation of Electricity with Speed Breakers

Based on

Conversion Of EnergySUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

FOR

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGYIN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2010-2011

SUBMITTED BY

(Shailendra Singh, Charlie Chakarborty , Dheeraj Sachan

Pankaj Kumar Pathak, Ankush Sharma)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGISWARCHAND VIDYA SAGAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

AKBARPUR, MATHURA(AFFILIATED TO U.P. TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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Before we introduce our project synopsis, we would like to add a few heartfelt words for the people who will be a part of this project in numerous ways, people who gave unending support right from the stage the idea was conceived.

In particular, we thank our project guide Mr. Prashant Saraswat for having faith in the project idea and in our capability of taking over this project. Hope that his invaluable guidance and encouragement will always be there as a driving force to explore for something new and give out the best.

Words fall short in expressing our gratitude towards the Head of the Department Mr. S. Gaur and faculty members of Mechanical Engineering whose cooperation will be needed as the project proceeds to success.

In the end, our special thanks and gratitude towards our parents who have extended their guidance and support whenever we needed and have made us what we are today. We hope with their showers of blessings we would easily be able to complete the project.

Shailendra Singh

Charli Chakraborty

Ankush Sharma

Dheeraj Sachan

Pankaj Kumar Pathak

CONTENTS

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Introduction 1 Need for the model 6 Description about Rack and Pinion 9 Statics on load and Power generation 10 Dynamo 11 Functioning of dynamo 11 Abstract 13 Working Principle 14 Conclusion 16 Future scope 17 Advantages & disadvantages 17

INTRODUCTION

In the present scenario power becomes the major need for human life .The availability and its per capita consumptions is regarded as the index of national standard of living in the present day civilization. Energy is an important input in all the sectors of any countries economy. Energy crisis is

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due to two reasons, firstly the population of the world has been increased rapidly and secondly standard of living of human beings has increased.

India is the country, which majorly suffers with lack of sufficient power generation. The capital energy consumption of U.S.A. is about 8000 K.W.H., whereas per INDIA is only 150 K.W.H. U.S.A. with 7% of world population consumes 32% of total power generation where as INDIA as developing country with 20% of world population consumes only 1% of total energy consumed in the world. The availability of regular conventional fossil fuels will be the main sources for power generation, but there is a fear that they will get exhausted eventually by the next few decades. Therefore, we have to investigate some approximate, alternative, new sources for the power generation, which is not depleted by the very few years. Another major problem, which is becoming the exiting topic for today is the pollution. It suffers all the living organisms of all kinds as on the land, in aqua and in air. Power stations and automobiles are the major pollution producing places. Therefore, we have to investigate other types of renewable sources, which produce electricity without using any commercial fossil fuels, which is not producing any harmful products. There are already existing such systems using renewable energy such as solar wind), OTEC (ocean thermal energy conversions) etc…for power generation. The latest technology which is used to generate the power by such renewable energy is the” POWER HUMP”.

Before starting I have one question to you all who is really very happy with the current situation of the electricity in India? I suppose no one. so this is my step to improve the situation of electricity with a innovative and useful concept i.e. Generating Electricity from a Speed breaker First of all what is electricity means to us? Electricity is the form of energy. It is the flow of electrical Power. Electricity is a basic part of nature

And it is one of our most widely used forms of energy. We get electricity, which is a secondary energy source, from the conversion of other sources of energy, like coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power and other natural sources, which are called primary sources. Many cities and towns were built alongside water falls that turned water wheels to perform work. Before

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electricity generation began slightly over 100 years ago, houses were lit with kerosene lamps, food was cooled in iceboxes, and rooms were warmed by wood-burning or coal-burning stoves. Direct current (DC) electricity had been used in arc lights for outdoor lighting. In the late-1800s, Nikola Tesla pioneered the generation, transmission, and use of alternating current (AC) electricity, which can be transmitted over much greater distances than direct current. Tesla's inventions used electricity to bring indoor lighting to our homes and to power industrial machines. How is electricity generated?

               Electricity generation was first developed in the 1800's using Faradays dynamo generator. Almost 200 years later we are still using the same basic principles to generate electricity, only on a much larger scale.

                 The rotor (rotating shaft) is directly connected to the prime mover and rotates as the prime mover turns. The rotor contains a magnet that, when turned, produces a moving or rotating magnetic field. The rotor is surrounded by a stationary casing called the stator, which contains the wound copper coils or windings. When the moving magnetic field passes by these windings, electricity is produced in them. By controlling the speed at

which the rotor is turned, a steady flow of electricity is produced in the windings. These windings are connected to the electricity network via transmission lines.

Now I m throwing some light on the very new and innovative concept ie GENERATING ELECTRICITY FROM A SPEED BREAKER . Producing electricity from a speed breaker is a new concept that is under going research. The number of vehicles on road is increasing rapidly and if we convert some of the kinetic energy of these vehicle into the rotational motion of roller then we can produce considerable amount of electricity, this is the main concept of this project. In this project, a roller is fitted in between a speed breaker and some kind of a grip is provided on the speed breaker so that when a vehicle passes over speed breaker it rotates the roller. This movement of roller is used to rotate the shaft of D.C. generator by the help of chain drive which is there to provide 1:5 speed ratio. As the shaft of D.C. generator rotates, it produces electricity.

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This electricity is stored in a battery. Then the output of the battery is used to lighten the street lamps on the road. Now during daytime we don’t need electricity for lightening the street lamps so we are using a control switch which is manually operated .The control switch is connected by wire to the output of the battery. The control switch has ON/OFF mechanism which allows the current to flow when needed.      

NEED FOR THE MODEL

An energy crisis is any great bottleneck (or price rise) in the supply of energy resources to an economy. It usually refers to the shortage of oil and additionally to electricity or other natural resources. An energy crisis may be referred to as an oil crisis, petroleum crisis, energy shortage,

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electricity shortage electricity crisis. While not entering a full crisis, political riots that occurred during the 2007 Burmese anti-government protests were initially sparked by rising energy prices. Likewise the Russia-Ukraine gas dispute and the Russia-Belarus energy dispute have been mostly resolved before entering a prolonged crisis stage. Market failure is possible when monopoly manipulation of markets occurs. A crisis can develop due to industrial actions like union organized strikes and government embargoes. The cause may be ageing over-consumption, infrastructure and sometimes bottlenecks at oil refineries and port facilities restrict fuel supply. An emergency may emerge during unusually cold winters. EMERGING SHORTAGES Crisis that currently exist include; •

Oil price increases since 2003 - Cause: increasing demand from the U.S and China, the falling state of the U.S. dollar, and stagnation of production due to the U.S. occupation of Iraq. Iraq is #3 in the world (besides Saudi Arabia and Iran) for its oil reserves. However some observers have stated the global oil production peak occurred in December 2005. If this is correct it is also to blame. • 2008 Central Asia energy crisis, caused by abnormally cold temperatures and low water levels in an area dependent on hydroelectric power • South African electrical crisis Solution for Energy Crisis NEXT time on the roads, don’t scoff at the speed-breakers. They could actually light up small villages off the highway. This project is about GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY with the SPEED BREAKERS.

Generally when vehicle is in motion it produces various forms of energy like, due to friction between vehicle’s wheel and road i.e. rough surface HEAT Energy is produced, also when vehicle traveling at high speed strikes the wind then also heat energy is produced which is always lost in environment and of which we can’t make use of….OR directly we can say that all this energy that we can’t make use of is just the WASTAGE OF ENERGY that is abundantly available around us. In this project we are just trying to make use of such energy in order to generate an ELECTRICAL ENERGY. This project will work on the principle of “POTENTIAL ENERGY TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY

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CONVERSION” Potential energy can be thought of as energy stored within a physical system. This energy can be released or converted into other forms of energy, including kinetic energy. It is called potential energy because it has the potential to change the states of objects in the system when the energy is released If h is the height above an arbitrarily assigned reference point, then Kinetic energy of an object is the extra energy which it possesses due to its motion. It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its current velocity. Having gained this energy during its acceleration, the body maintains this kinetic energy unless its speed changes.

Negative work of the same magnitude would be required to return the body to a state of rest from that velocity. The kinetic energy can be calculated using the formula: In this project a mechanism to generate power by converting the potential energy generated by a vehicle going up on a speed breaker into kinetic energy. When the vehicle moves over the inclined plates, it gains height resulting in increase in potential energy, which is wasted in a conventional rumble strip When the breaker come down, they crank a lever fitted to a ratchet-wheel type mechanism (a angular motion converter). This in turn rotates a geared shaft loaded with recoil springs. The output of this shaft is coupled to a dynamo to convert kinetic energy into electricity. A vehicle weighing 1,000 kg going up a height of 10 cm on such a rumble strip produces approximately 0.98 kilowatt power. So one such speed-breaker on a busy highway, where about 100 vehicles pass every minute, about one kilo watt of electricity can be produced every single minute.

At present we are facing shortage of electricity. Electricity can

be generated using speed breakers, strange, isn't it? The benefits from this idea will be to generate electricity for the streetlights, hoardings and then for other use. The functioning will be as follows: 1.The speed breaker on a busy road will be lifted from one side and fixed on other side (on one way road)

2. There will be a crankshaft mechanism below the speed breaker. The shaft of the generator will be attached to the disc and the rod connected to the disc from the speed breaker.

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This arrangement will make 1 rotation as soon as the vehicle moves over the speed breaker.(rotations can be increased using gears) 4. There will be electricity storing unit to store the generated electricity during the day and will be used during the night. the manufacturing cost is low. But the installation might be bit expensive but

still affordable. Research: the prototype made using a simple dc motor gave

an unbelievable output of 12 volts. And the cost of the prototype was just

400 rs. This proves the feasibility of this project. The idea can be applied on

heavy traffic roa it works on the principle that when a moving vehicle passes through this set up ,the kinetic energy of vehicle will cause roller to rotate which will further rotate transmission shaft and hence the generator armature (i.e. acting as prime mover to run generator).

When the vehicle moves over the inclined plates, it gains height resulting

in increase in potential energy, which is wasted in a conventional rumble strip when the plates come down, they crank a lever fitted to a ratchet-wheel type mechanism. This in turn rotates a geared shaft loaded with recoil springs. The output of this shaft is coupled to a dynamo to convert kinetic into electricityA vehicle weighing 1,000 kg going up a height of 10 cm on such a rumble strip produces approximately 0.98 kilowatt power. So one such speed-breaker on a busy highway, where about 100 vehicles pass every minute, about one kilo watt of electricity can be produced every single minute.

RACK AND PINION

Pitch A rack and pinion is a type of linear actuator that comprises a pair of gears which convert rotational motion into linear motion. The circular pinion engages teeth on a linear "gear" bar – the rack. Rotational motion applied to the pinion will cause the rack to move to the side, up to the limit of its travel. For example, in a rack railway, the rotation

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of a pinion mounted on a locomotive or a railcar engages a rack between the rails and pulls a train along a steep slope.

The rack and pinion arrangement is commonly found in the steering mechanism of cars or other wheeled, steered vehicles. This arrangement provides a lesser mechanical advantage than other mechanisms such as recalculating ball, but much less backlash and greater feedback, or steering "feel". The use of a variable rack (still using a normal pinion) was invented by Arthur E Bishop, so as to improve vehicle response and steering "feel" especially at high speeds, and that has been fitted to many new vehicles, after he created a specialized version of a net-shape warm press forging process to manufacture the racks to their final form, thus eliminating any subsequent need to machine the gear teeth.

Enclosed steering rack in an automobile For every pair of conjugate involutes profile, there is a basic rack. This basic rack is the profile of the conjugate gear of infinite radius. A generating rack is a rack outline used to indicate tooth details and dimensions for the design of a generating tool, such as a hob or a gear shaper cutter.

STATISTICS ON LOAD AND POWER GENERATION

              “When the vehicle moves over the inclined plates, it gains height resulting in increase in potential energy, which is wasted in a conventional rumble strip,” We say. “When the plates come down, they crank a lever fitted to a ratchet-wheel type mechanism. This in turn rotates a geared shaft loaded with recoil springs. The output of this shaft is coupled to a dynamo to convert kinetic energy into electricity,” 

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             “A vehicle weighing 1,000 kg going up a height of 10 cm on such a rumble strip produces approximately 0.98 kilowatt power. So one such speed-breaker on a busy highway, where about 100 vehicles pass every minute, about one kilo watt of electricity can be produced every single minute. The figure will be huge at the end of the day,” A.K.Das (IIT Professor) said per mega watt from speed-breakers will be nearly Rs 1 crore as opposed to about Rs 8 crore in thermal or hydro power stations.

Dynamo

A dynamo, originally another name for an electrical generator, now means a generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator. Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry, and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based, including the electric motor, the alternating-current alternator, and the rotary converter. They are rarely used for power generation now because of the dominance of alternating current, the disadvantages of the commutator, and the ease of converting alternating to direct current using solid state methods.

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The word still has some regional usage as a replacement for the word generator. A small electrical generator built into the hub of a bicycle wheel to power lights is called a Hub dynamo, although these are invariably AC devices.

Description

The dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical rotation into a pulsing direct electric current through Faraday's law. A dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure, called the stator, which provides a constant magnetic field, and a set of rotating windings called the armature which turn within that field. The motion of the wire within the magnetic field causes the field to push on the electrons in the metal, creating an electric current in the wire. On small machines the constant magnetic field may be provided by one or more permanent magnets; larger machines have the constant magnetic field provided by one or more electromagnets, which are usually called field coils.

The commutator was needed to produce direct current. When a loop of wire rotates in a magnetic field, the potential induced in it reverses with each half turn, generating an alternating current. However, in the early days of electric experimentation, alternating current generally had no known use. The few uses for electricity, such as electroplating, used direct current provided by messy liquid batteries. Dynamos were invented as a replacement for batteries. The commutator is a essentially a rotary switch capable of an extremely large number of make and break operations. It consists of a set of contacts mounted on the machine's shaft, combined with graphite-block stationary contacts, called "brushes", because the earliest such fixed contacts were metal brushes. The commutator reverses the connection of the windings to the external circuit when the potential reverses, so instead of alternating current, a pulsing direct current is produced.

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ABSTRACT

In the present scenario power becomes major need for human life. Due to day-to-day increase in population and lessen of the conventional sources, it becomes necessary that we must depend on non-conventional sources for power generation. While moving, the vehicles posses some kinetic energy and it is being wasted. This kinetic energy can be utilized to produce power by using a special arrangement called “POWER HUMP”.

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The Kinetic energy of moving vehicles can be converted into mechanical energy of the shaft through rack and pinion mechanism. This shaft is connected to the electric dynamo and it produces electrical energy proportional to traffic density. This generated power can be regulated by using zenor diode for continuous supply .All this mechanism can be housed under the dome like speed breaker, which is called hump. The generated power can be used for general purpose like streetlights, traffic signals. The electrical output can be improved by arranging these power humps in series this generated power can be amplified and stored by using different electric devices. The maintenance cost of hump is almost nullified. By adopting this arrangement, we can satisfy the future demands to some extent.

KEY WORDS:

Non-conventional sources, Kinetic energy, Electro-mechanical unit, Speed breaker, magnetic field .

WORKING PRINCIPLE:-

While moving, the vehicles possess some kinetic energy and it is being wasted. This kinetic energy can be utilized to produce power by using a special arrangement called POWER HUMP. It is an Electro-Mechanical unit. It utilizes both mechanical technologies and electrical techniques for the power generation and its storage. POWER HUMP is a dome like device likely to be speed breaker.

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When ever the vehicle is allowed to pass over the dome it gets pressed downwards then the springs are attached to the dome are compressed and the rack which is attached to the bottom of the dome moves downward in reciprocating motion. Since the rack has teeth connected to gears, there exists conversion of reciprocating motion of rack into rotary motion of gears but the two gears rotate in opposite direction. A flywheel is mounted on the shaft whose function is to regulate the fluctuation in the energy and to make the energy uniform. So that the shafts will rotate with certain R.P.M. these shafts are connected through a belt drive to the dynamos, which converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The conversion will be proportional to traffic density.

Whenever an armature rotates between the magnetic fields of south and north poles, an E.M.F (electro motive force) is induced in it. So, for inducing the E.M.F. armature coil has to rotate, for rotating this armature it is connected to a long shaft. By rotating same e.m.f, is induced, for this rotation kinetic energy of moving vehicles is utilized. The power is generated in both the directions; to convert this power into one way a special component is used called zenor diode for continuous supply. All this mechanism can be housed under the dome, like speed breaker, which is called HUMP. The electrical output can be improved by arranging these POWER HUMPS in series. This generated power can be amplified and stored by using different electrical devices.

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS:-

The various machine elements used in the construction of power hump are

RACK PINION WHEEL

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CAST IRON SHAFT SPRINGS

ELECTRIC DYNAMO:-

A dome is mounted on four springs and in the bottom, a rack is clamped. The rack consists contact teeth on both the faces. It is connected to two gear wheels to rotate the gear wheels only in one direction. We have inserted a free wheel in each gear. The free wheel and the gear assembly are mounted centrally. The flywheel is also mounted on the same shaft and the shaft is simply supported at the both ends by means of ball bearings. Now a

dynamo is connected to each shaft by belt drive. The output terminal of dynamo is connected to an electrical storing device. The total assembly is arranged in concrete pit.

CONCLUSION:-

Energy is an important input to sustain industrial growth and standard of living of a country and can be directly related to per-capita energy consumption. The conventional sources energy like coal, oil, uranium etc… are depleting very fast and by the turn of the century man will

have to depend upon non conventional sources of energy for power generation. The various types of non-conventional sources of energy are

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solar energy, wind energy, biogas etc… now by developing “POWER

HUMP” we can generate power without utilizing any external sources mentioned earlier.

Now, vehicular traffic in big cities is more, causing a problem to human being. But this vehicular traffic can also be utilized for power generation by means of new technique called “POWER HUMP”. If it is placed in heavy traffic roads, the weight and kinetic energy of the vehicles can be used to produce mechanical power in shafts and this mechanical power is once again converted into electrical energy. As it does not utilize any external source, and traffic will never be reduced, these power humps are more reliable, and have more life than any other power source. It is also feasible from the customer point of view as follows. The total installation cost of the hump is 6000 rupees. Total cost = 6000 rupees Say with improvements in design it can glow 5 streetlights of 40-watt capacity, which will consume 2.7 K.W.H. per day.

For t years electricity bill will be 2986.5*t T=2years i.e. the consumer will be repaid his investment with in 2 years period. From this onwards, there will be no investment and free of cost. The life of POWER HUMP is estimated to be 6 years. So the customer will get free power generation for 4 years period. But the major drawback of this POWER HUMP is design of springs. When we have less traffic and there is difficulty in design of springs also the generation of power is intermittent, we have to smooth out this variations. With proper improvements in design and installation, we can produce 240v/230v with 5-10A power smoothly and can be used for public use like streetlights or traffic signals.

FUTURE SCOPE:-

            In this world where there is shortage of electrical power supply, this project will be helpful to solve some of the problems. This project has some advantages which are:-

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1. The project is economical and easy to install.2. This project is non polluting.3. Maintenance cost is low.4. Installation cost is low.5. Will solve some of the electricity problems of the world.6. The electricity produced by this system can be used to drive an electric motor, or for any other purpose.7. This project can be implemented on road and can be used to lighten the street lamps.

Advantage:-

1. We can generate more amount of electricity.2. We can lighten our street lamps. 3. Extra electricity can be send to villages also.

Disadvantage:-

1. We have to check mechanism from time to time . 2. It can get rusted in rainy season.3. It will not work with light weight vehicle

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