genome sequencing: fao's relevant activities in animal health
TRANSCRIPT
Genome Sequencing:
Relevant activities in Animal
Health
Gwenaelle DAUPHIN
Animal Health and Production Department
EMPRES Lab Unit CoordinatorOFFLU focal point for the FAO
Background
• Priorities: mostly virus pathogens – shorter genomes
• PCR and sequencing is a great alternative to virus isolation
• Huge funding for avian influenza
• As of today, our work supports Sanger sequencing and not
specifically whole genome sequencing
• Some developed countries: start using NGS in routine (US, NL,
Germany,…) to get quick and complete confirmatory diagnosis
and advanced characterization (urgent culling). Quality control
issues.
• Discussions within OIE on sequence information
• Presentation of a few examples of where FAO could play a role
in such topic 2
Avian Influenza : Asia region - 2014-2015 subtypes
2.3.2.1.A
2.3.2.1.C
2.3.4.2
1.1/2.3.2.1.C
2.3.2.1.C
2.1.3.2 / 2.3.2.1.C
2.3.4.4
2.3.4.4
2.3.4.4
2.3.4.4
Other
sources(information
tracking, FAO
projects)
Peer-reviewed
publications
Sequence and meta data
Outbreak-isolate linkEpi data
Selected virus meta data
Virus information Epidemiological information
OpenFlu
Selected Epi meta-data
Clade 1 and derived
Clade 2.1 and derived
Clade 2.2 and derived
Clade 2.3 and derived
Clade 2.3.2 and derived
• Visualize thousands of
viruses’ genetic distances
on the same map
• Overlay epidemiological
data onto the map
• Detect reassortment
events
• Could be used as a risk
assessment tool
Sequence Similarity Maps (SSM)
H5N1
Nomenclature
3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9
1
2-3-4
2-3-2
2-2
2-1
0
2-2
2-5
2-4
2-3-2
2-3-3
2-3-1
2-3-4
2-1
1
8 & 9
7
5 & 6
3
4
3
0
0
0
A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 0
0.01
2.3.4.6
2.3.4.4
2.3.4.1
2.3.4.2
2.3.4.3
2.3.4.0
2.3.4.5
Initiative on provision of access to
sequencing services
• Satisfactory PCR testing capacities in most animal health units of national vet labs; yet rare access to sequencing capabilities.
• Scope of the initiative: increase the scientific knowledge on pathogens genetics
• Selection of 10 African countries
• 3 FAO Reference Centres to help for validation of PCR protocols with the same commercial kits and for training 28
29
Online ordering systemAn online ordering system of
sequence services, primers and
probes, since December 2014:https://shop.lgcgenomics.com/
- Each lab provided with a user nameand password.
- All individual accounts under an FAO master
account. FAO cannot see the data;
confidentially is ensured
INDIVIDUAL CHICKEN SAMPLE
M-GENE PCR
Differential Diagnosis
(NDV, IBR, DVE)
RNA extraction
sample is Flu A POSITIVEsample is Flu A NEGATIVE
POSITIVENEGATIVE
Perform 3 HA-GENE PCRs
(H5, H7, H9)
sample is Flu A POSITIVE
But NOT H5, H7, H9
sample is H5 or H7 or H9
POSITIVESend for full genome
sequencing
Avian Influenza Investigation: Laboratory Algorithm
Surveillance (Healthy flock):
Swab
(Sampling frame/Strategy)
Prepare Samples
# Do not pool >5 animals
** PCR (M)e.g. † AAHL primers & probes
PCR (e.g. H5, H7 or H9)e.g. † recommended regional
SOPs e.g. AAHL/FLI
Virus Isolation (3 passages)
& HA
H Typing HI full titration
* (Specific H type
e.g. H5 or H7) & ND
Sick Animal or In-contact
flock (Swab / Tissue)
Differential Diagnosis
(ND, IBD, DVE)
‡ H & N typing (Conformation)
‡ HA & N Gene Sequencing
Whole genome Sequencing
(Optional)
REFERENCE LAB
Report
Diagnosis – use one or both tests, with
virus isolation positives also tested by PCR
Surveillance – start with PCR, then
isolate virus from positive sample
Report
Report
H typing
† PCR/Sequencing
Further
Characterisation
H & N typing HI(H & N typing by
PCR/Sequencing is the
preferred method)
Further
Characterisation
NEG POS POS NEG
NEG POS POS/NEG NEG/POS
N typing † † . † PCR/Sequencing
Further
Characterisation
Differential Diagnosis(IBD, DVE)
* Where screening for
H5 or H7 the antigens
and antisera in the test
must match the
circulating H5 or H7
clade or strain. The
antiserum used must
be specific for the H
type (Hyperimmune
serum allows detection
of all clades with the H
type)
# Avoid pooling samples in the field whenever
possible; where it is required for testing purposes, it is
best done at the laboratory by combining a
maximum of 5 similar samples per pool from the
same sample type, species, and epidemiologic unit
**Screening flocks for
all influenza viruses
using PCR (M) is
recommended where
possible. Specific virus
PCR can be used first
e.g. H5 or H7 where a
diagnosis is required for
a specific virus in an
emergency.
† Use
recommended
regional PCR
primers &
probe
‡ For
confirmation of
H & N type the
isolate will need
sequencing
(e.g. H7N9
from China or
H5 clade
2.3.4.6)
PCR (e.g.N9, N6 or
N8) e.g. † CNIC
primers & probes
POS POS
NEG NEG
Conclusions• Sequence databases
– Support to some developments (global and national)
– Linkage with EMPRES-i
• Support to sequencing for advanced testing +
compilation of sequence data (thru national labs and Ref
centres)
• Building capacities in generating and using sequence
information
– Training in bioinformatics
– Users’ interfaces
• How will these activities/initiative evolve with NGS?
– Collaborations with COMPARE 34