genomes and genetic architecture. life on earth
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Genomes and Genetic Architecture
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Life on Earth
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Operons are a prokaryotic variant of gene organization
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Lower (yeast) and more advanced (anything but the damned yeast) eukaryotes
typical genome structures:
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Gene size and mRNA size
Taxa Average exon number Average gene length (kb)
Average mRNA length (kb)
Hemophilus influenzae (prokaryote)single celled prokaryotic microorganism
1 1.0 1.0
Methanoccoccus jannachii (prokaryote)single celled prokaryotic microorganism
1 1.0 1.0
S. Cervisiae (Fungi, eukaryote)single celled eukaryotic microorganism
1 1.6 1.6
Filamentous Fungi (eukaryote)multicellular eukaryotic microorganism
3 1.5 1.5
C. Elegans (nematode, eukaryote)multicellular eukaryote
4 4.0 3.0
D. melanogaster (fruit fly, eukaryote)multicellular eukaryote
4 11.3 2.7
Chicken (eukaryote)multicellular eukaryote
9 13.9 2.4
mammalsmulticellular eukaryote
7 16.6 2.2
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Gene Topography
Bacterium
Saccharomyces
Drosophila
Homo sapiens
Intergenic region exon intron
geneIntergenic region
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Numbers of Exons per Gene
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Histone genes - tandem repeats
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Chromosome Duplication and Disjunction
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Mouse Simple Sequence Centromere DNA Probes Autoradiographed
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Dispersed Reptitive DNA
• VNTRVariable number tandem repeatsminisatellite DNADNA fingerprints
• Dinucleotide repeats
microsatellite DNA
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VNTR
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Retroelements
use reverse transcription
RNA to DNA
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Retro Elements
• Transposons and Retrotransposons
– LINES - Long interspersed elements (1-5 kb, 20,00-40,000 copies per genome in humans)
• Alu (sequence similar to 7SL RNA, involved in transport through ER)
– SINES - Short interspersed elements
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Repetitive Elements - HGO gene (alkaptonuria)
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Spacer DNA
function unknown
may have functions …may reflect our ignorance
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DNA Packaging
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Chromosome Structure
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A eukaryotic chromosomal landscape
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Chromosomes
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Nucleolus and rRNA genes
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HumanKaryotype
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