Phenotypes and GenotypesGROUP 4June 22,2011

GENETICS

Deals with the molecular structure and function of genes, with gene behavior in the context of a cell or organism (e.g. dominance and epigenetics), with patterns of inheritance from parent to offspring, and with gene distribution, variation and change in populations. Given that genes are universal to living organisms, genetics can be applied to the study of all living systems, from viruses and bacteria, through plants (especially crops) and domestic animals, to humans (as in medical genetics).

Gregory Mendel was first to observed the property of the inheritance in organisms which occurs by means of discrete traits, called genes.

In Mendel’s experiment of pea plants, he discovered different, discrete versions of the same gene, called alleles. There are two alleles in each gene, one allele inherited from each parent.

Organisms with two copies of the same allele of a given gene are called homozygous at that gene locus, while organisms with two different alleles of a given gene are called heterozygous.

The group aims to identify the genotype and phenotype of 5 different organism; 2 in the same specie.

The set of alleles for a given organism is called its genotype, while the observable traits of the organism are called its phenotype. When organisms are heterozygous at a gene, often one allele is called dominant as its qualities dominate the phenotype of the organism, while the other allele is called recessive as its qualities recede and are not observed. Some alleles do not have complete dominance and instead have incomplete dominance by expressing an intermediate phenotype, or co-dominance by expressing both alleles at once.

Find 5 different organisms around campus and take photos of it.

Find the same specie that shares different traits with each organism.

Identify each organisms’ genotype Identify each organisms’ phenotype

Red-Eared slider

Scientific name: Trachemys scripta elegans

Comes from the family Emydidae also known as the “pond turtle”.

Turtles of the same species

(Pictures from the internet)

The Red-eared Slider turtle on the above has a recessive gene of a light colored shell because as you can see with the other pictures of the Red-eared slider they all mostly have dark colored shells hence it is not a common phenotype for it to have a light colored shell.

Genotype DD: Dd : Dd : dd

Phenotype 1 Dark colored shell, 2 Dark and Light colored shell, 1 light colored shell.

Punnette Square: Color of the Shell

CAT scientific name (Felis silvestris catus)

(Pictures from the internet)

CAT scientific name:

Felis silvestris catus

Also known as the “domesticatedcat”

PHENOTYPE: A homozygous dominant GOLD bred to a heterozygous WHITE (white carrying black) will produce 50% II (homozygous dominant gold) and 50% Ii offspring (heterozygous white carrying black).

GENOTYPE: GW:GW:Gw: Gw

Punnette Square: Color of Fur

Flat feet (also called pes planus or fallen arches) is a formal reference to a medical condition in which the arch of the foot collapses, with the entire sole of the foot coming into complete or near-complete contact with the ground, often considered to look amusing or unattractive compared to a arched foot, and less efficient in performance. In some individuals (an estimated 20–30% of the general population) the arch simply never develops in one foot (unilaterally) or both feet (bilaterally)

Scientific name: Pes planovalgus

Is flat feet a dominant or recessive trait?It's a dominant trait. But that only counts for 50% of the possibility of it being inherited. 

A a

A AA Aa

a Aa aa

Punnette square: Flat feet

Genotype: AA:Aa:Aa:aa

Flat feet must be a homozygous recessive condition. In order for the child to have the flat feet phenotype, he must receive a recessive allele from both parents. Allow A to represent normal feet, allow a to represent flat feet. A is dominant to a. Thus, Father must be Aa. Mother must be Aa. Do a Aa x Aa Punnett Square: Results: AA- normal Aa- normal Aa- normal aa- flat. aa is the child’s genotype.Phenotype: 3normal:1flatfooted

GUMAMELA

Scientific name: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn

In the case of a Red Gumamela crossing with a Yellow Gumamela there is what you call a incomplete dominance this means there is no alle completely dominant over the other.

RR= Red GumamelaYY= Yellow Gumamela

Genotype RY:RY:RY:RYPhenotype: 4 red and yellowGumamelas

Punnett Square: Color of the Gumamela

TRIPLETS

Scientific name:

S s

S SS Ss

s Ss ss

Punnette Square: For Shape of the Face

Genotype: SS:Ss:Ss:ss

Phenotype: 3 oblonged-shaped face: 1squared-shaped face

TRIPLETS

Triplets are three babies carried in the womb during a single pregnancy. Most triplets are trizygotic, meaning that each child forms from a separate zygote, or egg/sperm combination.

What is a Mutant?(XMEN definition)

a mutant is an person who possesses a genetic trait called an X-gene that allows the mutant to naturally develop super human abilities.

Some Mutants Blend Better than others. Professor Xavier’s

phenotype his physical characteristics is that of a normal person but his genotype is different from a normal person he has the X-gene that gives him powers in his case “telepathy” which allows him to read and control minds.

Mystic’s mutation is more obvious physically her phenotype is blue skin and with red scales. She also has a different genotype which possesses the X-gene which gives her the super power that allows her to shape shift into other people.

The Genotype and the phenotype varies from the dominant and recessive traits from each parent.

http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/BioInfo/GP/Definition.html

http://www.wildanimalsonline.com/reptiles/red-earedslider-trachemysscriptaelegans.jpg

http://library.thinkquest.org/C0118084/Gene/Genetic_variation/dominant_recessive.htm

http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BIO48/5.Geno.Pheno.HTML

http:/www.bse.portal.ph/download/EASE%20MODULES/SCIENCE/BIOLOGY/Biology%20M14%20Genetics%20-%20The%20Study%20of%20Inherited%20Traits2.pdf

http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2200/2516912827_4659c77988.jpg

http://www.flickr.com/photos/redheadjokes/2594047506/in/photostream/

http://multiples.about.com/od/triplets/a/identtriplets.htm