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GEOG 102 Population, Resources, and the Environment

Professor: Dr. ean!Paul Rodri"ue

Topic 7 Energy Resources

# Ener"$

% &onventional Ener"$ Resources

& #lternative Ener"$ Resources

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Energy

1. Sources of Energy What are the major sources of energy? How our usage of energy has changed in time?

2. Energy Use To what purposes energy is used for?

. !ha""enges What major energy cha""enges are we facing?

A

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Sources of Energy

#ature Energy is mo$ement or the possi%i"ity of creating mo$ement&

' E(ists as potentia" )stored* and +inetic )used* forms.

!on$ersion of potentia" to +inetic. ,o$ement states&

' -rdered )mechanica" energy* or disordered )therma" energy*.' Temperature can %e percei$ed as a "e$e" of disordered energy.' ,ajor tendency is to mo$e from order to disorder )entropy*.

mportance Human acti$ities are dependant on the usage of se$era" forms

and sources of energy. Energy demands&

' ncreased with economic de$e"opment.' The wor"d/s power consumption is a%out 12 tri""ion watts a year0 with 3

of it from fossi" fue"s.

1

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Sources of Energy1&hemical'4ossi" fue"s )!om%ustion*'uclear'Uranium )4ission of atoms*

Energy

'on!Rene(a)le

Rene(a)le

&hemical',uscu"ar )-(idi5ation*'uclear'6eotherma" )!on$ersion*'4usion )4usion of hydrogen*Gravit$'Tida"0 hydrau"ic )7inetic*

*ndirect +olar'8iomass )9hotosynthesis*'Wind )9ressure differences*Direct +olar'9hoto$o"taic ce"" )!on$ersion*

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Chemical Energy Content of some Fuels (in MJ/kg1

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Sources of Energy

Energy transition Shift in the sources of energy that satisfy the needs of an

economy : society. ;in+ed with economic and techno"ogica" de$e"opment.

;in+ed with a$ai"a%i"ity and:or remaining energy sources. 4rom "ow efficiency to high efficiency. 4rom so"ids0 to "i

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E!olution of Energy Sources1

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"lo#al Energy Systems Transition$ (% of market1

2===1= 21=2== 21==1>=1>==

100

0

-0

0

20

0

Solids

Liquids

Gases

/ood&oal

Oil

'atural Gas

$dro"en

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&orl' Fossil Fuel Consumption per Source$ )*+,

-++- (in million of tons of e.ui!alent oil1

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Total &orl' Electricity "eneration #y Type of Fuel$

-++-

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&orl' nnual 0il 1ro'uction ()++,-++2 an'

Estimate' Resources ()++,-++1

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Energy 3se

Energy and wor+ Energy pro$ides wor+. Techno"ogy ena%"es to use energy

more efficient"y and for more

purposes.

Traditiona""y0 most of the wor+ wasperformed %y peop"e&

' ,any efforts ha$e %een done to

a""e$iate wor+.

!reating more wor+ performed %y

machines and the usage of e$enmore energy.

2Ener"$

Work

Modifcation

Appropriation &Processing

Transer

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Energy 3se

odification of theEnvironment

#ppropriation andProcessin"

ransfer

,a+ing space suita%"e forhuman acti$ities.!"earing "and for

agricu"ture.,odifying thehydrography )irrigation*.Esta%"ishing distri%utioninfrastructures )roads*.

!onstructing andconditioning )temperatureand "ight* enc"osedstructures.

E(traction of resources)agricu"tura" products andraw materia"s*.

,odifying resources)manufacturing*.Cisposa" of wastes)9i"ing0 decontaminatingand %urning*.

,o$ements of freight0peop"e and information.@ttenuate the spatia"

ine

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Challenges

Energy Supp"y 9ro$iding supp"y to sustain growth and re

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Con!entional Energy Resources

What sources of energy ha$e fi""ed our re

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Coal

#ature 4ormed from decayed swamp p"ant matter that cannot

decompose in the "owBo(ygen underwater en$ironment. !oa" was the major fue" of the ear"y ndustria" De$o"ution.

High corre"ation %etween the "ocation of coa" resources and ear"yindustria" centers&

' The ,id"ands of 8ritain.' 9arts of Wa"es.' 9ennsy"$ania.

' Si"esia )9o"and*.' 6erman Duhr a""ey.

Three grades of coa".

1

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Coal

@nthracite Highest gradeF o$er 3 car%on. ,ost efficient to %urn. ;owest su"fur contentF the "east

po""uting. The most e(p"oited and most

rapid"y dep"eted.

8ituminous ,edium grade coa"0 a%out =B3

car%on content. Higher su"fur content and is "ess

fue"Befficient. ,ost a%undant coa" in the US@.

;ignite ;owest grade of coa"0 with a%out

A=3 car%on content. ;ow energy content.

,ost su"furous and most po""uting.

1

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"lo#al Coal 1ro'uction$ -++- (M short tons

760

Production

Not significant

1

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Coal

!oa" use Therma" coa" )a%out >=3 use*&

' Used main"y in power stations to produce high pressure steam0 which

then dri$es tur%ines to generate e"ectricity.' @"so used to fire cement and "ime +i"ns.' Unti" the midd"e of the 2=th !entury used in steam engines.

,eta""urgica" coa"&' Used as a source of car%on0 for con$erting a meta" ore to meta".' Demo$ing the o(ygen in the ore %y forcing it to com%ine with the car%on in

the coa" to form !-2.

!o+ing coa"&' Specific type of meta""urgica" coa".' Used for ma+ing iron in %"ast furnaces.

#ew rede$e"opment of the coa" industry&'

n $iew of rising energy prices.

1

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Coal Consumption$ )*+,))4 (in millions of tons1

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Coal as % of Energy 3se an' Electricity "eneration$

))41

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2 1etroleum

#ature 4ormation of oi" deposits&

' Cecay under pressure of %i""ions of microscopic p"ants in sedimentary

roc+s.' G-i" windowF 0=== to 10=== feet.' !reated o$er the "ast I== mi""ion years.

E(p"oration of new sources of petro"eum&' De"ated to the geo"ogic history of an area.' ;ocated in sedimentary %asins.' @%out >=3 of a"" petro"eum resources ha$e %een disco$ered.

9roduction $s. consumption&' 6eographica" differences.' !ontri%uted to the po"itica" pro%"ems "in+ed with oi" supp"y.

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1etroleum

Use Transportation&

' The share of transportation has increased in the tota" oi" consumption.' @ccounts for more the 3 of the oi" used.' n the US0 this share is =3.' ;imited possi%i"ity at su%stitution.

-ther uses )=3*&' ;u%ricant.' 9"astics.' 4erti"i5ers.

!hoice of an energy source&' Cepend on a num%er of uti"ity factors.' 4a$oring the usage of fossi" fue"s0 nota%"y petro"eum.

2

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1etroleum 1ro'uction an' Consumption$ -++- (M

#arrels per 'ay

9,900

Production

Consumption

Not Included

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1etroleum

Why an oi" dependency? 4a$or the usage of petro"eum as the main source of energy for

transport acti$ities. The uti"ity factors were so con$enient that a dependency on

petro"eum was created. Ta(es

Shou"d oi" %e ta(ed? Shou"d the de$e"opment of a"ternati$e sources of energy %e

acce"erated or enforced?

2

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Factors of 0il 5epen'ency

Occurrence ;oca"i5ed "arge deposits )decades*

ransporta)ilit$ ;i

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Costs of Fin'ing 0il$ )77,-+++2

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1etroleum

-i" reser$es The wor"d oi" production is current"y running at capacity&

' ;imited opportunities to e(pand production.' 2=3 of the wor"d/s outcome comes from 1A fie"ds.

6hawar&' The wor"d/s "argest oi" fie"dF %een on production since 1>1.' 9roduces appro(imate"y A. mi""ion %arre"s of oi" per day.' to I=3 of Saudi @ra%ia/s production.' E(pected to dec"ine sharp"y )use of water injection*.' !ou"d %e >=3 dep"eted.

-9E! countries may ha$e o$erstated its reser$es&' 9roduction =s0 most -9E! reser$es dou%"ed Gon paper.' E(traction continues whi"e reser$es remain the same)?*.

2

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Ma6or Cru'e 0il Reser!es$ -++2

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"lo#al 0il Reser!es$ -++

Barrels (2003)

Less than 5 billion

5 to 5 billions

5 to 50 billions

50 to !50 billions

"ore than !50 billions

2

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5eman' for Refine' 1etroleum 1ro'ucts #y Sector in

the 3nite' States$ )8+,-+++ (in 9ua'rillion :T3s2

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1etroleum 1ro'uction$ Consumption an' ;mports$

3nite' States$ )2),-++-2

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Ma6or 0il Flo

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1etroleum

@ perfect storm? 8ooming oi" prices after 2==A. 9rior oi" spi+es "in+ed with short "i$ed geopo"itica" e$ents. The situation has changed at the %eginning of the 21stcentury.

@ production issue&' 9etro"eum e(traction appears to %e running at capacity.' Cemand0 especia""y new consumers )!hina*0 is going up.

@ distri%ution issue&' ;imited additiona" tan+er and pipe"ine capacity.

@ refining issue&' ;imited additiona" refining capacity.' #o refineries were %ui"t in the US since 1>A.

2

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3 =atural "as

#ature 4ormation&

' Thermogenic& con$erted organic materia" into natura" gas due to high

pressure.' Ceeper window than oi".

' 8iogenic& transformation %y microorganisms.

!omposition&' !omposed primari"y of methane and other "ight hydrocar%ons.' ,i(ture of = to >=3 %y $o"ume of methane0 propane and %utane.' GCry and Gwet )methane content*F Gsweet and Gsour )su"fur content*.

Usua""y found in association with oi"&' 4ormation of oi" is "i+e"y to ha$e natura" gas as a %yBproduct.' -ften a "ayer o$er the petro"eum.

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=atural "as

Deser$es Su%stantia" reser$es "i+e"y to satisfy energy needs for the ne(t

1== years. High "e$e" of concentration&

' A3 of the wor"d/s reser$es are in Dussia and ran. Degiona" concentration of gas resources is more di$erse&

' @s opposed to oi".' -n"y I3 of the reser$es are in the ,idd"e East.

3

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=atural "as

Use ,ost"y used for energy generation. 9re$ious"y0 it was often wasted B %urned off. t is now more fre

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;i

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"lo#al =atural "as Reser!es$ -++

Trillion Cubic Feet (2003)

Less than !0 trillion

!0 to 50 trillion

50 to !00 trillion

!00 to 00 trillion

"ore than 00 trillion

3

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>y'ropo

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4 >y'ropo

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>y'ropo

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&orl' >y'roelectric "enerating Capacity$ )*+,)4

(in mega

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=uclear 1o

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5 =uclear 1o

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=uclear 1o

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=uclear 1o

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"lo#al =uclear Energy "eneration$ -++

Billion Kilowatthours (2003)

Less than 5#00

5 to !00

!00 to 00

00 to 500

"ore than 500

5

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=uclear 1o

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=uclear 1o

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=uclear 1o

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=uclear 1o

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lternati!e Energy Resources

What new sources of energy are "i+e"y to satisfy futuredemands?

1. !onte(t 2. Hydrogen and 4ue" !e""s

. So"ar Energy A. Wind Energy . 6eotherma" Energy

I. 8iomass 4ue"s

C

1

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Conte?t

Emergence Decei$ed increasing attention since the first oi" crisis in 1>&

' @ttention $aries with f"uctuations in the price of oi".

Se$era" a"ternate sources need further research %efore they can

%ecome tru"y $ia%"e a"ternati$es. ,o$ing from car%onB%ased sources to nonBcar%on %ased&' Europe& 223 of its energy to come from renewa%"e sources %y 2=1=.

Unsustaina%i"ity of fossi" fue"s The resource itse"f is finite.

Use contri%utes to the g"o%a" warming pro%"em. Some 3 of the car%on emissions in the US@ is attri%uta%"e to

e"ectric power generation. Emp"oying su%stitutes for fossi" fue"s in that area a"one wou"d

he"p a""e$iate our greenhouse gas pro%"em.

1

1

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Conte?t

4ue" use efficiency #ot an a"ternate energy source. !an ha$e a great impact on

conser$ation. @fter 1>0 many industries were

moti$ated to achie$e greaterefficiency of energy use.

,any app"iances )inc"uding

home air conditioners* were

made more energy efficient.

The US@ continua""y ran+s%ehind Europe and Kapan in

energy efficiency.

1

!erage "asoline Consumption for =e< @ehicles1

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!erage "asoline Consumption for =e< @ehicles$

3nite' States$ )7-,-++2 (in miles per gallon1

Aight 5uty @ehicles Sales in the 3nite' States )7*1

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Aight,5uty @ehicles Sales in the 3nite' States$ )7*,

-++2 (in $+++s1

Change in !erage @ehicle Characteristics )41

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Change in !erage @ehicle Characteristics$ )4,

-++ (in %1

1

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Typical Energy 3se for a Car1

1

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Conte?t

#uc"ear fusion !urrent"y researched %ut without much success. t offers un"imited potentia". #ot rea"istica""y going to %e a $ia%"e source of energy in the

foreseea%"e future.

1

2

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>y'rogen an' Fuel Cells

Hydrogen !onsidered to %e the c"eanest fue". !ompose >=3 of the matter of the

uni$erse. #on po""uting )emits on"y water and

heat*. Highest "e$e" of energy content.

4ue" ce""s !on$ert fue" energy )such as hydrogen*

to e"ectric energy.

#o com%ustion is in$o"$ed. !omposed of an anode and a cathode.' 4ue" is supp"ied to the anode.' -(ygen is supp"ied to the cathode.' E"ectrons are stripped from a reaction at

the anode and attracted to form another

reaction at the cathode.

2

'ydrogen

Water Electricity

$uel (ell

$uel

)*ygen

(atalytic conersion

2

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>y'rogen an' Fuel Cells

4ue" ce"" cars ,ost "i+e"y rep"acement for the interna" com%ustion engine. Efficiency "e$e"s are %etween 3 and I3. ,ay %e introduced %y 2==A )wor+ing prototypes*.

,ass produced %y 2=1=. Storage issues

Hydrogen is a high"y com%usti$e gas. 4ind a way to safe"y store it0 especia""y in a $ehic"e.

Ce"i$ery issues Cistri%ution from producers to consumers. 9roduction and storage faci"ities. Structures and methods for transporting hydrogen. 4ue"ing stations for hydrogenBpowered app"ications.

2

2

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>y'rogen an' Fuel Cells

Hydrogen production #ot natura""y occurring. 9roducing sufficient

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Solar Energy

Cefinition Dadiant energy emitted %y the sun )photons emitted %y nuc"ear

fusion*. !on$ersion of so"ar energy into e"ectricity.

9hoto$o"taic systems So"ar therma" systems

3

3

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Solar Energy3Sun

Electricity

Solar cells Mirrors

Water

Tur!ine

Stea#

Eaporation

(oncentration

(onersion

8evel of insolationlatitude = precipitation