geog3839.20, paleofloods
TRANSCRIPT
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Photograph: Paul Kelly
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Storms
Earthquakes
Floods
Cold, frost
Droughts
$20,126
$12,943
$6,393
$397
$10
MAJOR LOSSES IN 2010 ACCORDING TO LOSS CATEGORY
(in USD m)
Source: Swiss Re, Natural catastrophes and man-made disasters in 2010
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during the 1990s, freshwater flooding a!ected more than
1.4 BILLION PEOPLE
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Photograph: puuikibeach
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Photograph: eyebar
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FUTURE RISKSPAST BEHAVIOR
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Photograph: skooksie
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“100-year flood”
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Paleoflood hydrology uses physical evidence le! behind on the landscape to make inferences about past floods that were not directly observed or recorded by humans.
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Photograph: David Snyder
Slackwater deposits Fine-grained sediments laid down by floodwaters
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The forts now stand like a castle of romance in the midst of an ocean of deep contending currents, the water extending for at least a mile behind them, and they are thereby only approachable by boats and canoes.”
“Francis HeronHudson Bay Company, 1826
St.. George and Rannie, Canadian Water Resources Journal, 2003
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scarring
“flood rings”
injury
microclimatology
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FLOOD SCARS
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Photograph: Mark’s Postcards from Beloit
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Photograph: NDSU Ag Comm
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FLOOD SCARSThe timing of the flood can be determined by counting the number of rings between the scar and the outside ring, and the height of the scar represents the minimum elevation of high water.
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INJURY
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Floods can damage trees by tilting or partial uprooting or can uproot them completely, causing their death.
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Photograph: Alex Drainville
MICROCLIMATE
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Photograph: Alex Drainville
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Photograph: ouelle"e001.com
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FLOOD RINGS
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Winnipeg Manitoba
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Winnipeg
The name Winnipeg is a transcription of the western Cree word wi-nipe-k meaning "muddy waters"
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Photograph: Greg Brooks
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AP Photo/U.S. Coast Guard, Lt. Brendan Evans
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Greg Brooks, Geological Survey of Canada
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Grand Forks, North Dakota 1997 flood and fire
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Photograph: Ma"hew Bietz
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Lake Agassiz
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How large can Red River floods get and how o!en do the large ones occur?
Are there geological processes that may be changing the Red River flood hazard?
What are the geological controls that govern the character of Red River flooding?
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Instrumental and historical estimates of major Red River floods
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Erik Nielsen Manitoba Geological Survey
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Photograph: Greg Brooks
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2008
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1875
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Photo: Erik Nielsen
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51Photo: Erik Nielsen
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The forts now stand like a castle of romance in the midst of an ocean of deep contending currents, the water extending for at least a mile behind them, and they are thereby only approachable by boats and canoes.”
“Francis HeronHudson Bay Company, 1826
St.. George and Rannie, Canadian Water Resources Journal, 2003
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Source: St. George and Nielsen, Geographie Physique et Quaternaire, 2002
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In hydrology, flood observations reported as having occurred above some threshold are known as censored data sets.
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Photograph: USGS
1979 Red River flood Drayton, North Dakota
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Source: St. George and Nielsen, Geographie Physique et Quaternaire, 2002
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Source: St. George and Nielsen, Geographie Physique et Quaternaire, 2002
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St. George et al. (2002), Tree-Ring Research
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How large can Red River floods get and how o!en do the large ones occur?
Are there geological processes that may be changing the Red River flood hazard?
What are the geological controls that govern the character of Red River flooding?
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Source: St. George and Nielsen, The Holocene, 2003
350 years of Red River floods
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TREES AS PALEOFLOOD INDICATORS
Strengths and limitations
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Photograph: David Snyder
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Redrawn from Stahle (1990)
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Photograph: Ste#ano A"ardi
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scarring
“flood rings”
injury
microclimatology
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ReadingSt. George (2010), Tree rings as paleoflood and paleostage indicators. In Sto"el et al., (eds.), Tree Rings and Natural Hazards.
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ReadingSt. George and Nielsen (2002), Flood ring evidence and its application to paleoflood hydrology of the Red River and Assiniboine River in Manitoba. Geographie physique et Quaternaire.
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P A L E O F L O O D S
Photograph: Morningstar Photo