Geographic Information

Systems

Chapter Extension 14

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Study Questions

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Q1: What are the components of a geographic information system?

Q2: How are GIS maps constructed?

Q3: How do organizations use GIS?

Q4: How do maps deceive?

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Q1: What Are the Components of aGeographic Information System?

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Data not in meaningful context.

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Data in Meaningful Context

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History of GIS

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1990 • Most GIS were stand-alone desktop applications

1990s• Some capability moved to thick-client, client-server

applications

2000• Some GIS applications, Google Maps and Bing Maps,

moved to cloud-based, thin-client applications

Today• GIS applications using HTML5 • GIS on all platforms accessing data in the cloud

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Structure of GIS Application Components

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GIS Hardware

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• Client and server computers, network equipment

• Surveying equipment, cameras, satellite devices, GPS devices, map scanners, and additional specialized input hardware.

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GIS Applications

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• ArcGIS, Autodesk, MapInfo, Bentley GIS. Open-source GIS include GRASS and uDig and others

• Get geospatial data from service like Google Earth or Bing Maps, add organizational-specific data from database, display in browsers.

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Blend of External Geospatial and Relational Database Data

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Typical Procedures for GIS Use

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Casual users• Directions to friend’s house; map of

customer’s premise; all houses in neighborhood for sale in given price range

Business Intelligence (BI) users• Company deciding where to locate retail

stores; police department track changing locations of crimes

Common Types of Users

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Developers• Create GIS systems in response to

requirementsOperations personnel• Run system and maintain database

Field personnel• Capture geospatial data

Common Types of Users (cont'd)

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Q2: How Are GIS Maps Constructed?

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Raster map • Consists of pixels with some value, indicatiing

color, elevation, temperature, etc.• Easy to create from pictures and scanners at scale

created; however blur when enlarged.

Vector map • Consists of points, lines, shapes• Difficult to create, but scales perfectly

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Raster Versus Vector Format

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Vector and Raster Image Examples

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Vector and Raster Maps

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Raster maps• Straight lines can appear irregular• GIS applications cannot readily identify

features on a raster map

Vector maps• Difficult to create• Scale perfectly• Any curved shape can be represented

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Constructing a Map of Earth Requires Answers to Three Difficult Questions:

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1. How big is the Earth?– What is the radius of the earth?

2. What is the shape of the earth?– Ellipsoid needs vertical and horizontal radii

3. How can the curved surface of the earth be shown flat?– It can’t, at least not without error

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Mapping the Earth

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Earth Modeled as anEllipsoid

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Where Is It?

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Geographic coordinates • Based on latitude and longitude

• Mercator and Peters Map Projections

Military Grid Coordinate System (MGRS)• Divides Earth into 60 north-south zones

• Zones divided into squares 6 degrees east/west and 8 degrees north/south

• Each square has a two-letter identifier

• Distances measured in meters from the east boundary and north boundary

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Peters and Mercator Map Projections

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Q3: How Do Organizations Use GIS?

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Bing-based vector map

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Harley-Davidson Adds GIS Data on Top of Bing-provided Maps.

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User-Generated Content via GIS

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User Contributed Data

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Bing-based Application Developed by the City Of Miami

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Using GIS for Asset Tracking

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• Track movement of goods in supply chain

• Geofence: Protect company personnel when in non-safe zone

• Blue CRM: a risk management firm that provides this capability http://www.bluecrm.co.uk

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 GIS for Business Intelligence

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Community Health uses GIS to identify underserved areas.www.HealthLandscape.org

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GIS for Business Intelligence (cont’d)

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GIS to investigate changes in population and economic conditions

Total Vacant Residences, Q1 2008

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GIS for Business Intelligence (cont’d)

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GIS to investigate changes in population and economic conditions

Total Vacant Residences, Q4 2008

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Q4: How Do Maps Deceive?

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• Maps used for propaganda, advertising, and biased reporting and analysis

• Pay attention to map orientation, projection, scale, and source

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Thematic, Choropleth Maps

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• Thematic map shows themes about geographic locations

• Choropleth map displays colors, shades, or patterns in accordance with category values of underlying data

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Thematic, Choropleth Map Example

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Convey homogeneity that seldom exists

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What Is the Information in This Map?

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Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP): Average Housing Prices by City Block

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Results depend on definition of

regions

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Only Difference Between the Figures Below Is MAUP Gerrymandering

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Understand map distortion, false homogeneity, emotional colors, and MAUP.

First Grouping of Data

Second Grouping of Data

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Active Review

Q1: What are the components of a geographic information system?

Q2: How are GIS maps constructed?

Q3: How do organizations use GIS?

Q4: How do maps deceive?

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