geography 368 development of western geographic thought fall 2012

Geography 368-Fall 09 1

GEOGRAPHY 368 DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN GEOGRAPHIC THOUGHT

Fall 2012 Time: W. 9-11.50 am Room: Geog 104 (Libbey Lounge) Instructor: Tony Bebbington, [email protected] Office: JAC 203 Office Hours: By appointment Course site: https://moodle.clarku.edu/course/view.php?id=3361 BACKGROUND TO COURSE This course has evolved over time. Its evolution is integral to its purpose and its nature in that the course is as much a departmental product as it is the product of any particular course convenor. As such, it is a course that speaks to ways in which departmental views – both of itself and of the discipline – have shifted over time. The syllabus and our discussions will try and capture some of this evolution at the same time as each of us work through our own views of Geography and of the GSG. Growing out of earlier versions taught by Bill Koelsch, this variant of the course draws on a syllabus designed and taught by Billie Lee Turner, II, a longtime member of the department who served twice as its Director and who remains a Research Professor though is now based at Arizona State University. Subsequently the syllabus was slightly modified by Professor Deb Martin in her role as Graduate Advisor. Since I began to convene the course in 2010, I have amended it somewhat to add new topics and to respond to feedback. As such the course conveys various images of the discipline and of Clark GSG’s place within that discipline that we can both learn from and enter into debate with. There is no single story here, and we will not all end the seminar with the same view of Geography – as long as we are respectful of each other’s views, this is good and healthy not least because part of the tradition (sensu Livingstone) that is Geography resides in this debate between differing views of where Geography has come from, where it is going to and why. The course also briefly examines the underpinnings and logic of thought that guided early human and physical geography and so seeks to provide some historical grounding for the second "first-year” seminar Geography 318: Explanation in Geography. Given that Geography 318 addresses questions of epistemology, these are not prominent in this seminar though as will be evident some of the issues and debates around identity and institutionalization are related to differences over epistemology. EXPECTATIONS AND OBLIGATIONS Geography 368 assumes that the participants are serious scholars and expects that they will read a lot, and digest and prepare materials in a manner that is conducive to public presentation and discussion in the seminar. The seminar is divided into "research teams.” You will work in these teams to prepare a detailed response to, and discussion/elaboration of the readings and to lead

mailto:[email protected]


class discussion on that basis as well as to conduct the faculty interview assignment. While the assigned team is responsible for “first response”, all participants are expected to participate. Remember: a central lesson of graduate education is respectful criticism not only of each other’s interventions but also of the materials one reads. Readings are assigned in the Schedule below. Additional readings will be added as needed. Most of the readings will be made available on Cicada. Also please:

a. Make sure cell phones are turned off before coming into class b. Refrain from using laptops (except for the purpose of making presentations).

In summary, over the course of the seminar you will do the following:

1. Above all participate actively and constructively in class, which in turn requires that you have done the readings.

2. Prepare team based presentations in four different sessions 3. Conduct and make a team-based presentation for the interview assignment 4. Prepare over the course of the semester a 4-5000 word paper that makes an argument

about the history and theoretical developments of “your” part of the discipline. I realize that you may still not know exactly what your part of Geography is, and that these are still early days. Think of this paper as a first crack at getting into “your” Geography.

Course books

The course hinges around readings. However, we will use chapters and readings from three books in particular, and you may find it useful to own these (they are in the university bookstore): J. Agnew, D. Livingstone and A. Rogers (eds.) 1996 Human geography. An essential anthology. Oxford/Malden, MA. Blackwell (referred to as ALR in the reading schedule) D. Livingstone 1992 The geographical tradition. Oxford/Malden, MA. Blackwell N. Castree, A. Rogers and D. Sherman (eds.) 2005 Questioning Geography. Fundamental Debates. Oxford/Malden, MA. Blackwell. (referred to as CRS in the reading schedule) One book you may find helpful as a “crib-sheet” on jargon and definitions is the most recent edition of The Dictionary of Human Geography.

COURSE SCHEDULE & READINGS

Readings for each week are noted in the schedule, with full references at the end of the syllabus (together with other readings that have featured on the course in its different incarnations). “ALR” is Agnew, Livingstone and Rogers; “Livingstone” refers to the recommended text; “CRS” is Castree,


Rogers and Sherman. There may also be some readings recommended by faculty members visiting class, as well as by teams facilitating each class

Week Date Topic Readings Team Notes 1 Aug 29 Introduction to the course,

themes, issues, assignments, GSG at Clark

Koelsch, 1980

2 Sept 5 Being Geography: identity, practice, institutionalization

Capel (1981, also in ALR); Livingstone (ch. 1, 3, 4); Hanson (1999); Stoddart 1982; Pattison 1964; Kates 1987; NRC 2010; Johnston, 2005 (in CRS); Viles, 2005 (in CRS); Castree, 2005 (ch. 17 in CRS)

1

3 12 Determinism, possibilism, adaptation: environment and determination in geography

Livingstone (chs 6&7); Semple 1901; Semple (ALR) Vidal de la Blache (ALR); Peet, 1985; Sauer 1925 (also in ALR, abridged); Barrows 1923; Stoddart 1966; Duncan 1980; Burton, Kates and White 1978; Watts 1983

2

4 19 Regions, space and “science” in geography

Whittlesey, 1954; Ullman, 1953; Kimble (in ALR); Hartshorne 1939: C3, 9, 11 (though see much shorter statement in ALR); Livingstone (8 and 9); Schaeffer 1953 (abridged version in ALR); Gould 1979; Ackerman 1963; Barnes, 1998; Berry and Garrison 1958; Sack 1972; Castree, 2005 (ch. 4 in CRS)

3

5 26 No class, faculty interviews See hand out for interviews

6 Oct 3 Interview report back and discussion

7 10 Radical geographies, public intellectuals

Anderson 1973; Blaut 1979; Peet 1975; Smith 1979; Duncan & Ley 1982; Harvey (ALR); Kropotkin (ALR); Staeheli and Nagar, 2002; Olson and Sayer

1 Mark Davidson to visit


(2009); Castree (2006); Staeheli and Mitchell 2005; Massey 2001; Wescoat, 1992; White; 1972

8 17 Changing physical geographies and Earth System Science (Land grab conference, NESTVAL)

Clifford, 2001; Pitman, 2005; Johnston, 2006; K. Gregory (ch 8); Agnew & Spencer 1999; Grebmeier et al. 2006; Kulakowski and Veblen, 2007; Massey 1999; Lane, 2001; Rhoads, 2005 (in CRS)

2 Chris Williams to visit

9 24 Synthesis! Holy Grail, Pipedream?

Turner, 1989; Turner, 2002; Clifford, 2002; Zimmerer, 1994; Burt, 2005 (in CRS); Hannah, 2005 (in CRS); Curry 2005 (in CRS)

3

10 31 GIS, visualization – heirs to spatial science?

Goodchild, 1992 and 1997; NRC, 1997a; McCusker and Weiner, 2003; Kwan, 2002; Openshaw (in ALR); Orford (in CRS); Rogan and Chen, 2004; Rogan and Franklin, 2001; Barrett et. al. 2009; Vaclavik and Rogan, 2009; Alo and Pontius, 2008; Pontius et al., 2007; Eastman et al. 2005; Rindfuss and Stern, 1998.

1 Ron Eastman to visit

11 Nov 7 Geographies, “past” and “other”

Glacken (in ALR); Domosh, 1991; in ALR, chapters 6 (Haraway), 12 (Gregory), 20 (Rose) and 26 (Said); Butzer 1994; McKittrick and Peake (in CRS)

1, 2, 3 Each team Identifies and make a brief presentation on an “other” geography

12 14 Economic and cultural geographies

Relph, 1977; Tuan in ALR; Hagerstrand, 1970; Hagerstrand (ALR); Gregory (in ALR); Pierce, Martin and Murphy, 2011; Storper 2001; Shephard, 2011; Katz, 1998; Gauthier and Taaffe 2002; Barnes 2001

2

13 21 Thanksgiving, no class 14 28 Human-environment Smith and O’Keefe (in LAR); 3 James


geographies Turner, 1997a; Turner and Robbins, 2008; Whatmore, 2006; Schröter et al., 2005; Demerritt, 2001; Braun, 1997; McCarthy 2002

McCarthy to visit

15 Dec 5 No class

16 12 Looking forward NRC, 2010; Cutter, Golledge and Graf 2002; Berry 1980; Brookfield 2004; Thrift 2002 and responses by Clifford, Johnston, Turner; FOCUS 2004; Forum 2004; Harman 2003; NRC 1997b; K. Gregory 2000 (Ch. 11)

21 Final paper due


BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ADDITIONAL READINGS

AAG. 1997. GIS. Tool or science. Annals AAG 87(2): 346-373. AAG. 1999. Forum. Annals AAG 89: 144-159. Abler, R. F. 1987. What shall we say? To whom shall we speak? Annals AAG 77: 511-524. Abler, R. F. 1993. Desiderata for geography: an institutional view from the United States. In The Challenge for Geography: A Changing World, A Changing Discipline, R. J. Johnston, ed. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell) Abler, R. F., M. G. Marcus, and J. M. Olson. 1992. Geography’s Inner Worlds: Pervasive Themes in Contemporary American Geography. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. Ackerman, E. A. 1963. Where is the research frontier. Annals, AAG. 53: 429-440. Ad-hoc Committee. 1965. The Science of Geography. National Research Council. Washington D.C., National Academy of Science Press. Agnew, C. T. and T. Spencer. 1999. Where have all the physical geographers gone? Transaction of the Institute of British Geographers NS 24:5-9. Alo, Clement and Robert Gilmore Pontius Jr. 2008. Identifying systematic land cover transitions using remote sensing and GIS: The fate of forests inside and outside protected areas of Southwestern Ghana. Environment and Planning B. 35(2):280-295. Anderson 1973 Ideology in Geography: An Introduction. Antipode 5(3): 1-6 Antipode (2008) Volume 40, Issue 3 Pages 345–497 special issue on public scholarship (articles by K Mitchell, D. Mitchell, Cope, Wright, and then others that may interest you) Antipode 2003 vol. 35(4): 801-831 Responses to Jared Diamond’s Guns, Germs and Steel. Aoyama, Yuko, James T. Murphy, and Susan Hanson (2011). Introduction. Key Concepts in Economic Geography. London: Sage, pp.1-12. Aoyama, Y. 2007. Oligopoly and the structural paradox of retail TNCs: An assessment of Carrefour and Wal-Mart in Japan. Journal of Economic Geography 7: 471-490. Aoyama, Yuko 2011 Commentary on Sheppard's Geography, Nature, and the Question of Development. Dialogue in Human Geography. In press. Barnes, T.J. 1998. A history of regression: actors, networks, machines and numbers. Environment and Planning A, 30: 203-223. Barnes, T. J. 2001. Rethinking Economic Geography: From the Quantitative Revolution to the “Cultural Turn”. Annals AAG 91: 546-565. Barnes, Trevor J. 2008. “Geography’s underworld: the military–industrial complex, mathematical modelling and the quantitative revolution,” Geoforum 39: 3–16. Barrett, K., Rogan, J., and Eastman, J.R. (2009) A case study of carbon fluxes from land change in the Southwest Brazilian Amazon, Journal of Land Use Science, 4: 4, 233-248. Barry, R. G. 1979. Recent advance in climate theory based on simple climate models. Progress in Physical Geography 3:

http://www.clarku.edu/departments/geography/pdfs/Barrett_2009_JLUS4.1.10.pdf

http://www.clarku.edu/departments/geography/pdfs/Barrett_2009_JLUS4.1.10.pdf


119-31. Barrows, H. H. 1923. Geography as human ecology. Annals AAG 13 (1): 1-14. Bassin, M. 1992. Geographical determinism in fin-de-siècle Marxism: Georgii Plekhanov and the environmental basis of Russian history. Annals AAG 82: 3-22. Bauer, B., T. Veblen & Winkler 1999. Methodology in physical geography. Annals AAG 89: 677-778. Berry, B. J. L. 1972. Revolutionary and counter-revolutionary theory in geography — a ghetto community. Antipode 4 (2): 31-33. Berry, B. J. L. 1973. A paradigm for modern geography. In Directions in Geography, R. J. Chorley, ed. London: Methuen, pp. 3-22. Berry, B. J. L. 1980. Creating future geographies. Annals AAG 70 (4): 449-458. Berry, B. J. L. and W. L. Garrison. 1958. The functional basis of central place hierarchy. Economic Geography 34: 145-154. Bierly, G. and J. D. Gatrell. 2004. Structural and compositional change in geography graduate programs in the United States: 1991-2001. Professional Geographer 56 (3): 337-344. Bird, J. 1989. The Changing Worlds of Geography. A Critical Guide to Concepts and Methods. Oxford: Oxford UP. Black, R. 1990. 'Regional political ecology’ in theory and practice: c case study from northern Portugal. Transactions IBG 15: 35-47. Blaikie, P. and H. C. Brookfield. 1987. Land Degradation and Society. London: Methuen. Blakemore, M. J. And J. B. Harley. 1980. Concepts in the history of cartography. Cartographica, 17, 4. Monograph 26. Blaut, J. M. 1979. The dissenting tradition. Annals AAG 69: 157-164. Bowen, M. J. 1970. Mind and nature: the physical geography of Alexander von Humboldt. Scottish Geographical Magazine 86: 222-233. Braun, B. (Willems-Braun). 1997. Buried Epistemologies: The Politics of Nature in (Post)colonial British Columbia. Annals AAG 87: 3-31. Brigham, A. P. 1915. Problems of geographic influence. Annals AAG 5: 3-25. Brookfield, H. C. 1964. Questions on the human frontiers of geography. Economic Geography 40: 283-303. Brookfield, H. C. 2004. American Geography and One Non-American Geographer. GeoJournal 59:39-41. Bryant, R. L. and S. Bailey, eds. 1997. Third World Political Ecology. London: Routledge. Burton, I., R. W. Kates, and G. White. 1978. The Environment as Hazard. New York: Oxford UP. Buttimer, A. 1983. The Practice of Geography. London: Longman. Butzer, K.W. 1994 “The Islamic tradition of agroecology” Ecumene 1(1): 1-50 Butzer, K. W. 1992. Cultural Ecology. In Geography in the America. G. Gaile and C. Willmott, eds. Columbus, OH.: Merrill. Campbell, J.A. and D. N. Livingstone. 1983. Neo-Lamarkism and the Development of Geography in the United States and Great Britain. Transactions, Institute of British Geographers. N.S. 8 (3): 267-294.


Capel, H. 1981. Institutionalization of Geography and Strategies of Change. In Geography, Ideology and Social Concern. Stoddart, D. R., ed. Totowa, N. J.: Barnes and Noble. Castree (2006) ‘Geography's new public intellectuals’, Antipode, 38, 2: 396-412 Castree, N., A. Rogers, and D. Sherman,eds. 2005. Questioning Geography. Malden, MA: Balckwell. Chorely, P. J. and P. Haggett, eds. 1967. Models in Geography. London: Methuen. Claval, P. 1975. Contemporary human geography in France. Progress in Geography 7: 255-292. Clifford, N. J. 2001. Physical geography--the naughty world revisited. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers NS 26: 387-389. Clifford, N. J. 2002. The future of Geography: when the whole is less than the sum of its parts. GeoForum 33: 432-436. Couclesis, H., and R. Golledge. 1983. Analytical Research, Positivism and Behavioral Geography. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 73: 331-339. [CPS] Cloke, P., C. Philo, and D. Sadler, eds. 1991. Approaching Human Geography: An Introduction to Contemporary Theoretical Debates. New York: Guilford Press. Colby, C. C. 1936. Changing Current of Geographic Thought in America. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 26:1-37. Cosgrove, D. 1985. Prospect, perspective, and the evolution of the landscape idea. Transactions, Institute of British Geogrpahers 10: 45-62. Cox, K. R. 1976. American geography: social science emergent. Social Science Quarterly 57: 182-207. Cox, K. R. and R. G. Golledge, eds. 1981. Behavioral Problems in Geography Revisited. New York: Methuen. Crone, G. R. 1964. British geography in the Twentieth century. Geographical Journal 130: 197-220. Cronon, W. 1994. Cutting loose or running aground? Journal of Historical Geography 20: 38-43. Curry, L. 1967. Quantitative geography. Canadian Geographer 11: 215-274. Cutter, S. 1993. Living with Risk. London: Arnold. Cutter, S. 1996. Vulnerability to Environmental Hazards. Progress in Human Geography. 20: 529-239. Cutter, S., J. T. Mitchell and M. S. Scott. 2000 Revealing the vulnerability of people and places: A case study of Georgetown County, South Carolina. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 90:713-737. Cutter, S., R. Golledge, and W. Graf. 2002. The Big Questions in Geography. Professional Geographer 54: 305-317. Cutter, S., J. Mitchell, and M. Scott. 2000. Revealing the Vulnerability of People and Places: A Case Study of Georgetown County, South Carolina. Annals, AAG 90: 713-737. Darby, H. C. 1953: On the relations of geography and history. Transactions and Papers IBG 19: 1-11. Davidson, M. (2010) Social Sustainability and the City, Geography Compass, 4(7), 872-880 Davis. W. M. 1894. Physical geography as a university study. Journal of Geology 2: 66-100.


[Also in D. W. Johnson, ed. 1954. Geographical Essays by William Morris Davis. New York: Dover Press.] Davis, W. M. 1899. The geographical cycle. Geographical Journal 14: 481-504. [Also in D. W. Johnson, ed. 1954. Geographical Essays by William Morris Davis. New York: Dover Press.] Davis. W. M. 1906. In inductive study of the content of geography. Bulletin American Geographical Society 38: 67-84. [Also in D. W. Johnson, ed. 1954. Geographical Essays by William Morris Davis. New York: Dover Press.] Dear, M. 1988. The postmodern challenge: restructuring human geography. Transactions IBG 13: 262-274. Demeritt, D. 1994. Ecology, objectivity and critique in writings on nature and human societies. Journal of Historical Geography 20: 22-37. Demeritt, D. 2001. The Construction of Global Warming and the Politics of Science. Annals, AAG 91: 307-337. {plus the Schneider response} Dickinson, R. E. 1969. The Makers of Modern Geography. New York: Frederick A. Praeger. Dickinson, R. E. 1976. Regional Concept: The Anglo American Leaders. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Dickinson, R. E. and O. J. R. Howarth. 1933. The Makings of Geography. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. Domosh. Mona 1991 “Towards a feminist historiography of geography.” Transactions of the British Institute of Geographers. 16 (1991): 95-104 Driver, F., and G. Rose. 1992. Nature and Science: Essays in the History of Geographical Knowledge. Historical Geography Research Series, No. 28, Historical Geography Research Group of the Institute of British Geographers, Lancaster, UK. Dunabr, G. S., ed. 2001. Geogrpahy: Disciple, Profession and Subject since 1870. Dordrect, NL: Kluwer Academic Publ. Duncan, J. S. 1980. The superorganic in American cultural geography. Annals AAG 70: 181-198. Duncan, J. and D. Ley. 1982. Structural marxism and human geography: a critical assessment. Annals AAG 72: 30-59. Eastman, J.R., Van Fossen, M.E. and Solarzano, L.A., (2005) "Transition Potential Modeling for Land Cover Change", Chapter 17 in GIS, Spatial Analysis and Modeling, D. Maguire, M. Batty, and M.Goodchild, eds. (Redlands, California: ESRI Press), 357-386. Economist. 1999. Knowing your place. The Economist, March 13: 92. Ecumene. 1998. Editorial introductions to journal. Ecumene Vol. 1 (1): Ellen, R. 1992. Environment, Subsistence, and Systems: The Ecology of Small-Scale Social Formations. Oxford: Oxford UP. Emel, J. and R. Krueger. 2003 Spoken but not heard: the promise of the precautionary principle for natural resource development. Local Envrionment : 9-25. Emel, J. and R. Peet. 1989. Natural resources and hazards. In New Models in Geography. N. Thrift and R. Peet, eds. London: George Allen & Unwin, pp. 49-76. Entrikin, J. N. 1976. Contemporary humanism in geography. Annals AAG 66: 615-632. Entrikin, J. N. 1981. Philosophical issues in the scientific study of regions. In Geography and the Urban Environment: Progress in Research and Applications. D. T. Herbert and R. J. Johnston, eds. London: John Wiley, pp. 1-27. Entrikin, J. N. 1984. Carl O. Sauer: philosopher in spite of himself. Geographical Review 74: 387-408. Fenneman, N. M. 1919. The Circumference of Geography. Annals, AAG 9: 3-11.


FitzSimmons, M. 1989. The matter of nature. Antipode 21: 106-120. FOCUS. 2004. FOCUS: Geography's Challenges for the 21st Century (Special Section). Professtional Geographer 56(1):1-72. FORUM. 2004. FORUM: The Geography of the United States in the Year 2000: Science, Predictability, and Public Policy in an Age of Uncertainty. Professional Geographer 65(1):73-99. Freeman, T. W. 1961. A Hundred Years of Geography. Chicago: Aldine. Frenkel, S. 1994. Old Theories in New Places: Environmental Determinism and Bioregionalism. Professional Geographer 46(3): 290-95. Gaile, G. L. and C. J. Willmott, eds. 1989. Geography in America. Columbus, OH: Merrill. Gauthier, H. L., and Taaffe, E. J. 2002. Three 20th Century "Revolutions" in American Geography. Urban Geography 23: 503-527. Gerasimov, I. P. 1968. Fifty years of development of Soviet geographic thought. Soviet Geography: Review and Translation 9: 238-252. Gilbert, W. W. 1960. The idea of the region. Geography 45: 157-175. Godlewska, A. M. C. 1999. Geography Unbound: French Geographic Science from Cassini to Humboldt, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. Golledge, R. 2002. The Nature of Geographic Knowledge. Annals AAG 92: 1-14. Golledge, R. and D. Amadeo. 1968. On laws in geography. Annals AAG 58: 760-774. Goodchild, M. F. 1992. Geographical Information Science. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems 6: 31-45. Goodchild, M.F. 1997 “Geographic Information Systems” in S. Hanson (1997) Gould, P. R. 1963. Man against his environment: a game-theoretic framework. Annals AAG 67: 126-144. Gould, P. R. 1969. Methodological developments since the fifties. Progress in Geography 1: 1-49. Gould, P. R. 1979. Geography 1957-1977: the Augean period. Annals AAG 69: 139-151. Graff, W. L. 1984. The geography of American field geography. Professional Geographer. 36; 78-82. Grant, R. and J. Nijam. 2002. Globalization and the corporate geography of cities in the less-developed world. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 92: 320-340. Grebmeier, J. M., J. E. Overland, S. E. Moore, E. V. Farley, E. C. Carmack, L/ W/ Cooper, K E. Frey, J. H. Helle, F. A. McLaughlin, and S. L. McNutt. 2006. A major ecosystem shift in the northern Bering Sea. Science 311: 1461-1464. Gregory, D. 1978. The discourse of the past: phenomenology, structuralism, and historical geography. Journal of Historical Geography 4: 161-173. Gregory, D. 1989. Areal differentiation and post-modern human geography. In D. Gregory and R. Walford, eds. Horizons in Human Geography. London: Macmillan., pp. 67-96.


Gregory, D. and R. Walford, eds. 1989. Horizons in Human Geography. Totowa, NJ: Barnes and Noble. Gregory, K. 2000. The Changing Nature of Physical Geography. London: Arnold. Grossman, L. 1977. Man-environment relationships in anthropology and geography. Annals AAG 67: 126-144. Guba, E. G., ed. 1990. The Paradigm Dialog. Newbury Park: Sage. Hack, J. T. 1960. Interpretation of erosional topography in humid temperate regions. American Journal of Science 258-A: 80-97. Hagerstrand, T. 1968. Innovation Diffusion as a Spatial Process. Chicago: U. Chicago Press. Hagerstrand, T. 1970 What about people in regional science? PAPERS OF THE REGIONAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION, VOL. XXIV, 7-21 Hall, C., H. Tian, Y. Qi, G. Pontius, and J. Cornell. 1995. Modelling spatial and temporal patterns of tropical land use change. J. of Biogeography 22: 735-757. Hanson, S. 1992. Geography and feminism: worlds in collision? Annals AAG 82(4): 569-586. Hanson, S. ed. 1997. Ten Geographical Ideas That Change the World. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. Hanson, S. 1999. Isms and schisms: Healing the rift between the nature-society and space-society traditions in human geography. Annals AAG 89: 133-143. Hanson, S. 2004 Who are “we”? An important question for geography’s future. Annals of the Association of American Geographers94(4): 715-722

Hanson, S. 2005. Perspectives on the geographic stability and mobility of people in cities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102: 15301-15306.

Harley, J. B. 1992. Deconstructing the map. In T. J. Barnes and J. S. Duncan, eds. Writing Worlds: Discourse, Text, and Metaphor. London, pp. 231-47. Harley, J. B. and D. Woodward. 1989. Why cartography needs its history. American Cartographer 16: 5-15. Harman, J. R. 2003. Wither Geography? Professional Geographer 55 (4): 415-421. Hartshorne, R. 1939. The Nature of Geography. A Critical Survey of Current Thought in the Light of the Past. Annals AAG 29 [3-4] or Lancaster, PA: AAG. Hartshorne, R. 1955. 'Exceptionalism in geography' re-examined. Annals AAG 45: 205-244. Hartshorne, R. 1958. The concept of geography as a science of space from Kant and Humboldt to Hettner. Annals AAG 48: 97-108. Harvey, D. 1970. Behavioral postulates and the construction of theory in human geography. Geographica Polonica 18: 27-46. Harvey, D. 1982. The Limits to Capital. Oxford: Blackwell. Harvey, D. 1984. On the history and present conditions of geography: An historical materialist manifesto. Professional Geographer 36: 1-11. Harvey, D. and A. Scott. 1989. The practice of human geography: theory and empirical specificity in the transition from


Fordism to flexible accumulation. In Remodelling Geography, B. McMillan, ed. Oxford: Blackwell. Harvey, M. E. and P. B. Holly. 1981. Themes in Geographic Thought. London: Croom Helm. Hay, A. M. 1979. Positivism in human geography: response to critics. In Geography and the Urban Environment 2: 1-26. Hemple, C. 1966. Philosophy of Natural Science. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. Herbertson, A. J. 1905. The major natural regions: An essay in systematic geography. Geography Journal 25: 300-312. Herbst, J. 1961. Social Darwinism and the history of American geography. Proceedings, American Philosophical Society 105: 538-544. Herwitz, S., D. Peterson, and R. Eastman. 1990. Thematic mapper detection of changes in the leaf area of closed canopy pine plantations in central Massachusetts. Remote Sensing and the Environment 29: 129-140. Hewlitt, K., ed. 1983. Interpretations of Calamity. Boston: Allen and Unwin. Hills, T. L. 1969. Savanna Landscapes of the Amazon Basin. McGill University. Savanna Research Series 14: 1-41. Hoosen, D. 1959. Some recent developments in the content and theory of Soviet geography. Annals AAG 49: 73-82. Hudson, J. C. 1969. A theory of location for rural settlement. Annals AAG 59: 368-381. Huntington, E. 1915. Civilization and Climate. New Haven: Yale U. P. Jackson, J. P. 1984. Discovering the vernacular landscape. New Haven: Yale University Press (3-8, 147-57). Jackson, J. N. 1967. Geography and planning: Two subjects or one. Canadian Geographer 11: 357-365. Jackson, P. 1981. Phenomenology and social geography. Area 13: 299-305. James, P. E. and C. F. Jones, eds. 1954. American Geography: Inventory and Prospect. Syracuse, NY: AAG & Syracuse U. Press. Johnson, D. W., ed. 1954. Geographical Essays by William Morris Davis. New York: Dover Press. Johnston, R. J. 1978. Paradigms and revolutions or evolution? Observations on human geography since the second world war. Progress in Human Geography 2: 189-206. Johnston, R. J. 1981. Paradigms, revolution, schools of thought and anarchy: reflections in the recent history of Anglo-American human geography. In Origins of Academic Geography in the United States, B. W. Blouet, ed. Hamden, CN.: Archon Books, pp. 303-317. Johnston, R. J. 1983. Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Geography since 1945. 2nd ed. London: Edward Arnold. Johnston, R. J. 1997. Where’s my bit gone? Reflections on Rediscovering Geography. Urban Geography 18: 353-59. Johnston, R. 2002. Reflections on Nigel Thrift's optimism: political strategies to implement his vision. GeoForum 33: 421-425. Johnston, R. 2006. “Geography (and geographers) and earth system science. Geoforum, 37:7-11. Judson, S. 1960. William Morris Davis: an appraisal. Zeitschrift Für Geomorphologie 4: 193-201. Kaplan, R.D. 2009 The Revenge of Geography Foreign Policy May/June 2009: 96-105


Kasperson, R. E. 1983. Acceptability of human risk. Environment and Health Perspectives 52: 15-20. Kasperson, R. E., and J. X. Kasperson. 1996. The social amplification of risk. Annals of the American Academy of Political & Social Science 545: 95-105. Kates, R. W. 1987. The human environment: the road not taken, the road still beckoning. Annals AAG 77: 525-534. Kates, R. W. 1995. Labnotes from the Jeremiah experiment: hope for a sustainable transition. Annals AAG 85 (4): 623-640. Katz, C. 1998 Lost and Found in the Posts: Addressing Critical Human Geography. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 16(3): 257-278 Kellman, M. C. 1969. A Critique of Some Geographic Approaches to the Study of Vegetation. Professional Geographer 21; 11-14. Kimble, G. H. T. 1940. Geography in the Middle Ages. London: Methuen. King, L. 1969. The analysis of spatial form and its relation to geographic theory. Annals AAG 59: 572-595. Koelsch, W. A. 1969. The historical geography of Harlan H. Barrows. Annals AAG 59: 632-651. Koelsch, W. A. 1980. Wallace Atwood’s 'great geographical experiment’. Annals AAG 70: 567-582. Krimsky, S. and D. Golding, eds. 1992. Social Theories of Risk. Westport, CN: Praeger. Peter Kropotkin, 1885 “What geography ought to be.” In ALR. Kuhn, T. S. 1970. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kulakowski, D. and Veblen T. 2007. Effect of prior disturbance on the extent and severity of wildfire in Colorado subalpine forest. Ecology 88: 759-769. Kwan, Mei-Po. 2002. “Feminist visualization: re-envisioning GIS method in feminist geography.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 92(4): 645-661. Lane SN 2001 “Constructive comments on D Massey - 'Space-time, "science" and the relationship between physical geography and human geography'” Transactions Of The Institute Of British Geographers 26 (2): 243-256 2001 Leighly, J. 1928. Methodological controversies in nineteenth century German geography. Annals, AAG. 38: 238-258. Leighly, J. 1987. Ecology as metaphor: Carl Sauer and human ecology. Professional Geographer 39: 405-412 [+ rejoinders] Levia, D. F., Jr. 2004. Hydrological research and the status of physical geography journals: Increasing the impact of physical geography in the academy. Professional Geographer 56 (3): 345-349. Lewthwaite, G. 1966. Environmentalism and determinism: a search for clarification. Annals AAG 56: 1-23. Liverman, D., E. Moran, R. R. Rindfuss, and P. C. Stern, eds. 1998. People and Pixels: Linking Remote Sensing and Social Science. National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Science Press. Liverman, D. M., B. Yarnal, and B. L. Turner II. (forthcoming). The human dimensions of global change geography. In America Geography at the Dawn of the 21st Century, ed. C. Willmott and G. Gaile. (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Livingstone, D. N. 1992. The Geographic Tradition: Episodes in the History of a Contested Enterprise. Oxford: Blackwell.


Lowenthal, D. 1953. George Perkins Marsh and the American geographical tradition. Geographical Review 43: 207-213. Lowenthal, D. and M. J. Bowden, eds. 1975. Geographies of the Mind: Essays in Historical Geosophy in Honor of John Kirkland Wright. New York: Oxford University Press. Lukermann, F. 1964. Geography as a formal intellectual discipline and the way in which it contributes to human knowledge. Canadian Geographer 8: 167-172. Mabogunje, A. L. 1984. Geography as a bridge between natural and social sciences. Nature and Resources 20 (2): 2-6. McDowell, L. 1989. Women, gender and the organization of space. In Gregory and Walford (above). Mayhew, R. J. 2000. Enlightenment Geography: The Political Languages of British Geography, 1650-1850, St. Martins Press, New York, NY. Mackinder, H. 1887. On the scope and methods of geography. Royal Geographical Society Proceedings 9: 141-174. Martin, D. G. 2003. Enacting Neighborhood. Urban Geography 24: 361-385 Martin, D.G. and B. Miller, 2003, “Space and Contentious Politics,” Mobilization: An International Journal 8(2): 143-156. Massey, D. 1979. In what sense a regional problem? Regional Studies 13: 233-43. Massey, D. 1983. Industrial restructuring as class restructuring; production decentralisation and local uniqueness. Regional Studies 17: 73-90. Massey, D. 1999. Space-time, science, and the relationship between physical and human geography. Transactions, IBG 25: 261-276. Massey, D. 2001 “Geography on the agenda” Progress in Human Geography 25(1): 5-17 May, J. A. 1970. Kant’s Concept of Geography and Its Relation to Recent Geographical Thought. Toronto: Department of Geography & U. Toronto Press. McCarthy, J. 2002. "First World political ecology: lessons from the Wise Use movement." Environment and Planning A 34 (7): 1281-1302 Meinig, D. W. 1983. Geography as an art. IBG: Transactions and Papers 8: 314-328. Merrifield, A. 1993. Place and Space: A Lefebvrian Reconciliation. Transactions IBG 18: 516-531. Meyer, W. B. 2000. Americans and their Weather. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mitchell, R. 1992. Hazard Research. In Geography in America. G. Gaile and C. Willmott, eds. Columbus, OH: Merrill, pp. 410-424. Morgan, W. B. and R. P. Moss. Geography and ecology. Annals AAG 55: 339-350. Murphy, J. T. 2003. Social space and industrial development in East Africa: deconstructing the logics of industry networks in Mwanza, Tanzania. Journal of Economic Geography 3: 173-198. Murphy, J. T. 2006. Building trust in economic space. Progress in Human Geography 30: 427-450. Nagar, Richa, Victoria Lawson, Linda McDowell and Susan Hanson. 2002. Locating Globalization: Feminist (Re)readings of the Subjects and Spaces of Globalization. Economic Geography 78:3:257-284 Nijam, J. 2000. The paradigmatic city. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 90: 135-145.


NRC (National Research Council). 2010. Understanding the Changing Planet. Strategic Directions for the Geographical Sciences. Washington, D.C.: NAS Press. NRC (National Research Council). 1997a. The Future of Spatial Data and Society. Washington, D.C.: NAS Press. NRC (National Research Council). 1997b. Rediscovering Geography: New Relevance for Science and Society. Washington, D.C.: NAS Press. Olson, E. and Sayer, A. 2009 Radical Geography and its Critical Standpoints: Embracing the Normative Antipode 41:1 p 180-198 (and responses from Bebbington, Lawson, Walker and Smith) O’Riordan, T. 1981. Environmentalism. London: Pion. Parkins, A. E. 1934. The geography of American geographers. Journal of Geography 33: 221-230. Pattison, W. D. 1964. The four traditions of geography. Journal of Geography 63: 211-216. Peet, J. R. 1975. Inequality and poverty: a Marxist-geographic theory. Annals AAG 65: 564-571. Peet, J. R. 1985. The social origins of environmental determinism. Annals AAG 75: 309-333 [also responses to: AAAG 76: 281-283.] Peet, J. R. 1998. Modern Geographical Thought. Oxford: Blackwell. Peet, D. and M. Watts, eds. 1996. Liberation Ecologies: Environment, Development, and Social Movements. London: Routledge. Penck, A. 1927. Geography among the earth sciences. Proceedings, American Philosophical Society 66: 621-644. Pickles, J. ed. 1995. Ground Truth: The Social Implications of Geographic Information Systems. New York: Guilford Press. Pickles, J. and M. Watts. 1992. Paradigms for inquiry? In Abler, Marcus, Olson (above). Pitman, A.J. 2005. “On the role of Geography in Earth System Science.” Geoforum, 36: 137-148. Platt, R. S. 1957. A Review of Regional Geography. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 47: 187-190 Polsky, C., 2004. Putting space and Time in Ricardian climate change impact studies: the case of agriculture in the U.S. Great Plains. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 94(3): 549-564. Polsky, C. and W. E. Easterling III. 2001. Adaptation to climate variability and change in the US Great Plains: A multi-scale analysis of Ricardian climate sensitivities. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 85: 1330-144. Polsky, C., D. Schröter, A. Patt, S. Gaffin, M. Long Martello, R. Neff, A. Pulsipher, H. Selin. 2003. Assessing vulnerabilities to the effects of global change: An eight-step approach. Report 2003-05, Research and Assessment Systems for Sustainability, Environment and Natural Resources Program. Belfer Center for Science & International Affairs, Harvard University. Pontius. R. G., Jr. 2000. Quantification error versus location error in comparison of categorical maps. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 66:1011-1016. Pontius, R. G., Jr. 2002. Statistical methods to partition effects of quantity and location during comparison of categorical maps at multiple resolutions. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 68: 1041-1049. Pontius Jr, Robert Gilmore, Robert Walker, Robert Yao-Kumah, Eugeino Arima, Stephen Aldrich, Marcellus Caldas and Dante Vergara. 2007. Accuracy assessment for a simulation model of Amazonian deforestation. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 97(4): 677-695.


Porter, P. W. 1978. Geography as human ecology. American Behavioral Scientist 22: 79-92. Pred, A. 1981. Power, everyday practice and the discipline of human geography. In Space and Time in Geography, A. Pred, ed. Lund Studies in Geography, Series B., No. 48, pp. 30-55. Price, M. and M. Lewis. 1993a. The reinvention of cultural geography. Annals AAG 83: 1-17. Price, M. and M. Lewis. 1993. Reply: on reading cultural geography. Annals AAG 83: 520-522 [+ commentary by Cosgrove, Duncan and Jackson] Ratick, S. J. and A. White. 1988. A Risk Sharing Model of Locating Noxious Facilities. Environment and Planning 15: 165-179. Relph, E. C. 1977. Humanism, phenomenology, and geography. Annals AAG 67: 177-183 [+ comments] Rindfuss, R. and Stern, P. 1998 “Linking remote sensing and social science: the need and the challenge” in D. Liverman et al. (eds) People and Pixels: Linking remote sensing and social science, Washington DC: National Academy Press. Roberts, R. and J. Emel. 1992. Uneven development and the tragedy of the commons: Competing images for nature-society analysis. Economic Geography 68 (3): 249-271. Robbins, P. 2003. Political ecology in political geography. Political Geography 22: 641-645. Rocheleau, D., B. Thomas-Slayter, and E. Wangari, eds. 1996. Feminist Political Ecology: Global Perspectives and Local Expressions. New York: Routledge.

Rock, M. and Angel, D. (2007) Grow first, clean up later? Industrial Transformation in East Asia. Environment (forthcoming).

Rogan, J., and Chen, D.M. 2004. Remote sensing technology for mapping and monitoring land-cover and land-use change. Progress in Planning 61 (4): 301-325. Rogan, J. and J. Franklin. 2001. Mapping wildfire burn severity in southern California forests and shrublands using Enhanced Thematic Mapper imagery. Geocarto International 16: 89-99. Rowntree, L. 1996. The cultural landscape concept in human geography. In C. Earle, K. Mathewson, and M. S. Kenzer, eds. Concepts in Human Geography. Latham, MD.: Rowman and Littlefield, pp. 127-159. Ruess, M. 1993. Water resources, people, and issues: Interview with Gilbert White. Fort Belvoir, VA.: US Army Corp of Engineers. Saarrinen, T. F. And J. L. Sell. 1980. Environmental perception. Progress in Human Geography 5: 525-547. Sack, R. D. 1972. Geography, geometry, and explanation. Annals AAG 63: 568-xx. Sack, R. D. 1974. The spatial separatist theme in geography. Economic Geography 50: 1-19. Sack, R. D. 1997. Homo Geographicus: Framework for Action, Awareness and Moral Concern. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Sauer, C. O. 1925. The morphology of the Landscape. University of California Publications in Geography 2 (2): 19-54 Sauer, C. O. 1941. Forward to historical geography. Annals, AAG 31: 11-24. Sauer, C. O. 1956. The agency of man on earth. In Man’s Role in Changing the Face of the Earth. W. L. Thomas, Jr., ed.

https://www.clarku.edu/departments/geography/pdfs/Rogan%20&%20Chen%202004.pdf


Chicago: U. Chicago press, pp. 1-24. Sayer, R. A. 1979. Epistemology and conceptions of people and nature in geography. Geoforum 10: 19-44. Sayer, R. A. 1993. Postmodernity Thoughts in Geography: A Realist View. Antipode 25: 320-344. Schaefer, F. K. 1953. Exceptionalism in geography: a methodological examination. Annals AAG 43: 226-249. Schröter, D., Polsky, C., and Patt, A. 2005 Assessing vulnerabilities to the effects of global change: an eight step approach Global Environmental Change 10: 573-596 Schulten, S. 2001. The Geographical Imagination in America, 1880-1950. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Semple, E. C. 1901. The Anglo-Saxons of the Kentucky mountains. Geographical Journal 17: 588-623. Sheppard, E. 1995. Dissenting from spatial Analysis. Urban Geography 16: 297-xx. Sheppard, Eric. 2011. Geography, Nature, and the Question of Development. Dialogue in Human Geography. In press. Smelser, N. J. 1996. Social Science and Social Problems: The Next Century. International Sociology 11: 275-290. Smelser, N. J. 1998. The Rational and the Ambivalent in the Social Sciences. American Sociology Review 63:1-16. Smith, N. 1987. "Academic war over the field of geography”: the elimination of geography at Harvard, 1947-51. Annals AAG 77: 155-172. Smith, N. 1979. Geography, science, and post-positivist modes of explanation. Progress in Human Geography 3: 356-383. Smith, N. and P. O'Keefe. 1980. Geography, Marx, and the concept of nature. Antipode 12: 30-39. Smith, Neil 2002 New Globalism, New Urbanism: Gentrification as Global Urban Strategy, Antipode, 34(3), 427-450 Soja, E. 1980. The socio-spatial dialectic. Annals AAG 70: 207-225. Spate, O. H. K. 1957. How determined is possiblism? Geographical Studies 4: 3-12. Staeheli, L.A and Mitchell, D. (2005) The Complex Politics of Relevance in Geography, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 95(3) p.357-372 Staeheli, Lynn and Richa Nagar. 2002. Feminists Talking Across Worlds. Gender, Place and Culture 9:2: 167-172. Steward, H. 1970. Map Projections: Approaches and Themes. Journal of Geography 69; 390-400. Stoddart, D. R. 1965. Geography and the ecological approach. Geography 50: 242-251. Stoddart, D. R. 1966. Darwin’s impact on geography. Annals AAG 56: 683-698. Stoddart, D. R. 1982. Geography: a European science. Geography 67: 289-296. Stoddart, D. R. 1987. To claim the high ground: geography for the end of the century. Transactions, IBG 12: 327-336. Storper, M. 2001. The Poverty of Radical Theory Today: From the False Promises of Marxism to the Mirage of the Cultural Turn. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 25: 159-177. Suppe, F. 1977. The Structure of Scientific Theories. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. Syamnski, R., and Pickard, J. 1996. Rules by which we are judged. Progress in Human Geography 20: 175-182.


Szymanski, R. and J. A. Agnew. 1981. Order and Skepticism: Human Geography and the Dialect of Science. Washington, D. C.: AAG. Taaffe, E. J. 1974. The spatial view in context. Annals AAG 64: 1-16. Tatham, G. 1951a. Geography in the Nineteenth Century. In Geography in the Twentieth Century. G. Taylor, ed. London: Methuen, pp. 28-69. Tatham, G. 1951b. Environmentalism and possiblism. In Geography in the Twentieth Century. G. Taylor, ed. London: Methuen, pp. 683-698. Taylor, G. 1921. The evolution and distribution of race, culture and language. Geographical Review 11:55-119. Taylor, G., ed. 1951. Geography in the Twentieth Century. London: Methuen. Thomson, J. O. 1948. History of Ancient Geography. Cambridge: Cambridge U. P. Thornthwaite, C. W. 1948. An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geographical Review 38: 55-94. Thornthwaite, C. W. 1961. The task ahead. Annals AAG 51: 345-56. Thrift, N. 2002. The future of geography. GeoForum 33:291-298. Torry, W. I. 1979. Hazards, hazes and holes: a critique of The Environment as Hazard and general reflections on disaster research. Canadian Geographer 23: 368-383. Trewartha, G.T. 1926 Recent thoughts on the problem of White acclimatization in the Tropics. Geographical Review 16, 467-478 Troll, C. 1960. The work of Alexander von Humboldt and Carl Ritter: a centenary address. The Advancement of Science 16: 441-452. Tuan, Yi-Fu. 1972. Structuralism, existentialism, and environmental perception. Environment and Behavior 4: 319-331. Tuan, Yi-Fu. 1974. Space and place: Humanistic perspective. Progress in Human Geography 6: 233-246. Tuan, Y. F. 1976. Humanistic Geography. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 66: 266-276. Turner II, B. L. 1989. The specialist-synthesis approach to the revival of geography: the case of cultural ecology. Annals AAG 79 (1): 88-100. Turner II, B. L. 1991. Thoughts on linking the physical and human sciences in the study of global environmental change. Research and Exploration 7: 133-135. Turner, II, B. L. 1997a. Spirals, bridges, and tunnels: engaging human-environment perspectives in geography. Ecumene 4(2): 196-217. Turner II, B. L. 1997b. The sustainability principle in global agendas: implications for understanding land-use/cover change. Geographical Journal 163 (2): 133-140. Turner II, B. L. 2002a. Contested Identities: Human-Environment Geography and Disciplinary Implications in a Restructuring Academy. Annals AAG: 52-74 [plus commentary] Turner II, B. L. 2002b. Response to Thrift's "The future of geography". GeoForum 33: 427-429. Turner, B. L., II, Kasperson, R. E., Matson, P. A., McCarthy, J. J., Corell, R. W., Christensen, L., Eckley, N., Kasperson, J. X., Luers, L., Martello, M. L., Polsky, C., Pulsipher, A., and Schiller, A. 2003. A framework for vulnerability analysis in


sustainability science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U. S. A. 100: 8074-8079 Ullman, E. L. 1953. Human Geography and Area Research. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 43: 54-66. Unger, R. M. 1987. Social Theory: Its Situation and Its Task. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Unwin, T. 1992. The Place of Geography. Essex, UK.: Longman Scientific and Technical. Vaclavik, T., and J. Rogan, 2009. Identifying Trends in Land Use/Land Cover Changes in the Context of Post-Socialist Transformation in Central Europe. GIScience and Remote Sensing, 46(1), 1-23. Van Valkenburg, S. 1951. The German school of geography. In Geography in the Twentieth Century, G. Taylor, ed. London: Methuen. Walford, R., and Haggett, P. 1995. Geography and geographical education. Some speculations for the twenty-first century. Geography 80: 3-13. Watts, M. 1983. On the Poverty of theory: natural Hazards reviewed in context. In Interpretations of Calamity: From the Viewpoint of Human Ecology, K. Hewitt, ed. Boston: Allen Unwin, pp. 231-262. Weiner, D. and McCusker, B. 2003 "GIS Representations of Nature, Political Ecology, and the Study of Land Use and Land Cover Change in South Africa." In K. Zimmerer and T. Bassett (eds.) Political Ecology: An Integrative Approach to Geography and Environment-Development Studies. New York: Guilford Press Wescoat, J. L., Jr. 1987. The 'practical range of choice’ in water resource geography. Progress in Human Geography 11: 41-59. Wescoat, J. 1992 “Common themes in the work of Gilbert White and John Dewey: a pragmatic appraisal” Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 82(4): 587-607. Whatmore, S. 2006 Materialist returns: practising cultural geographies in and for a more-than-human world. Cultural Geographies, 13(4): 600-610. White, G. F. 1972. Geography and public policy. Professional Geographer 24 : 101-104. Whittlesey, D. S. 1954. The regional concept and regional method. In American Geography: Inventory and Prospect, P. James and C. Jones, eds. , pp. 19-68. Williams, M. 1983. The apple of my eye: Carl Sauer and historical geography. Journal of Historical Geography 9: 1-28. Willmott, C. J. 1981. On the validation of models. Physical Geography 2: 184-94. Withers, C. 1996. Encyclopedism, modernism and the classification of geographical knowledge. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers N. S. 21: 275-298. Woldenberg, M. J. 1979. A periodic table of spatial hierarchies. IN Philosophy in Geography. S. Gale and G. Olson, eds. Dordrecht , pp. 429-56. Wright, D. J., M. E. Goodchild and J. D. Proctor. 1997. GIS Tool or Science? Demystifying the Persistant Ambiguity of GIS as "Tool" versus "Science". Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82: 346-362 (reply-response). Woodward, D. 1991. Maps and the rationalization of geographic space. IN Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration. J. A. Levenson, ed. New Haven: Yale UP, pp. 83-87. Yarnal, B. R. G. Crane, A. M. Carleton, and L. Kalkstein. 1987. A new challenge for climate studies in geography. Professional Geographer 39: 465-73.

https://www.clarku.edu/departments/geography/pdfs/Rogan_GIS_46n01_054-076-Vaclavik.pdf

https://www.clarku.edu/departments/geography/pdfs/Rogan_GIS_46n01_054-076-Vaclavik.pdf

http://intl-cgj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/13/4/600


Zimmerer, K. S. 1994. Human geography and the 'new ecology’: the prospects and promise of integration. Annals AAG 84: 108-125. Zimmerer, K. S. 1996. Ecology as cornerstone and chimera in human ecology. In C. Earle, K. Mathewson, and M. S. Kenzer, eds. Concepts in Human Geography. Latham, MD.: Rowman and Littlefield, pp. 166-188.

geography 368 development of western geographic thought fall 2012

Documents