Geography 9- Mrs. CurleyGeography 9- Mrs. CurleyGeography 9- Mrs. CurleyGeography 9- Mrs. Curley

A Map of the Known A Map of the Known World,World, pre- 1492pre- 1492

A Map of the Known A Map of the Known World,World, pre- 1492pre- 1492

Admiral Zheng HeAdmiral Zheng HeAdmiral Zheng HeAdmiral Zheng He

1371-1435

Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide!

Zheng He’s VoyagesZheng He’s VoyagesZheng He’s VoyagesZheng He’s Voyages

Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration

Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration1. Crusades Europe’s intro to

Asian/Middle Eastern luxury goods….

2. Renaissance curiosity existed about other lands, people, and their ideas

3. Reformation refugees & missionaries

4. Monarchs sought new sources of fast revenue

5. Technological advances made travel somewhat easier, more manageable…

6. Voyagers Fame and fortune

Europeans on the Europeans on the High Seas: Setting High Seas: Setting

the Scene the Scene

Europeans on the Europeans on the High Seas: Setting High Seas: Setting

the Scene the Scene Europe had been trading w/ Asia for quite some time before the Renaissance.

After the Black Death, Europe was ready to trade again….

Population started to recover, and demand for spices grew bigtime….

Malacca in present-day Indonesia was a chief source

A Key IssueA Key Issue: How Can : How Can we Actually Get we Actually Get These Spices? These Spices?

A Key IssueA Key Issue: How Can : How Can we Actually Get we Actually Get These Spices? These Spices? Spain & Portugal needed a

direct trade route to Asia- needed to bypass Mediterranean Sea

What technological advances would help them in their voyages?....

New Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologies New Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologies Cartographers made better maps

Astrolabes helped E’s navigate the seas

Bigger, better, faster ships (caravel)

Better Cannons!

New Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologiesNew Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologies

Hartman Astrolabe

(1532)

Better Maps [Portulan]

Sextant

Mariner’s Compass

New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology

New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology

Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire

Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire

• Expansion into N. Africa by 1400s

• Henry the Navigator (prince)- desired to spread Christianity and acquire gold

• Bartholomeu Dias- rounded S. tip of Africa- ‘Cape of Good Hope’ – new route to Asia !

Prince Henry, the Prince Henry, the NavigatorNavigator

Prince Henry, the Prince Henry, the NavigatorNavigator

Museum of Museum of NavigationNavigationin Lisbonin Lisbon

Museum of Museum of NavigationNavigationin Lisbonin Lisbon

Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire

Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire

• Vasco da Gama:

- used Cape of Good Hope to reach Calicut, India

- His efforts/voyages

huge trading empire

Christofo Colon Christofo Colon [1451-1506][1451-1506]

Christofo Colon Christofo Colon [1451-1506][1451-1506]

Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus & “Enterprise of the & “Enterprise of the

IndiesIndies

Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus & “Enterprise of the & “Enterprise of the

IndiesIndiesKnew Earth is a sphere

Thought he’d reach Asia sailing West-failed to realize Earth’s size

AND existence of Americas

Routes financed by Isabella & Ferdinand of Spain (wanted to

spread Christianity, gain wealth)

Failed to realize he was in Americas, even after later voyages

Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages

Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages

Line of DemarcationLine of Demarcation Line of DemarcationLine of Demarcation Pope Alexander VI- established L of D to divide Europe into 2 zones

Portugal- lands east of line

Spain- lands west of line

Interesting result- Portugal claims Brazil somewhat accidentally (east of the line)

Interesting factoid: mapmaker Amerigo Vespucci names the New World “America”, names Columbus’ lands “West Indies”

The Search ContinuesThe Search Continues

The Search ContinuesThe Search Continues Vasco Nunez de Balboa of Spain

makes passage through Panama

Ferdinand Magellan of Portugal: his surviving crews becomes first to circumnavigate the globe.

Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First

Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16Early 16cc

Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First

Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16Early 16cc

The Attempt to Find The Attempt to Find a Northwest Passage a Northwest Passage

to Asia…..to Asia…..

The Attempt to Find The Attempt to Find a Northwest Passage a Northwest Passage

to Asia…..to Asia….. English John Cabot- claims fishing grounds off Newfoundland coast (Canada)

French Jacques Cartier- St. Lawrence River (NY & Canadian border

Henry Hudson- sailing for Dutch- explored Hudson River

Legacy/Significance Legacy/Significance of European of European ExplorationExploration

Legacy/Significance Legacy/Significance of European of European ExplorationExploration Sparked age of global

interdependence

Sparked great conflicts within and beyond Europe….

Other Voyages of Other Voyages of ExplorationExploration

Other Voyages of Other Voyages of ExplorationExploration

Geography 9- Mrs. CurleyGeography 9- Mrs. CurleyGeography 9- Mrs. CurleyGeography 9- Mrs. Curley

The Columbian The Columbian ExchangeExchange

The Columbian The Columbian ExchangeExchange Exchange of people, plants,

animals, disease and technology occurring between the New World (“Americas”) and Old World (Europe, Asia, Africa) as a result of Columbus’ voyages….

Key example of cultural diffusion at its best- and worst…

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet

Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine

Cocoa Pineapple

Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice

Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

Cultural Diffusion & Columbian ExchangeNative goods such as corn, potatoes, tomatoes, sugar, chocolate, & peanuts introduced to the rest of Europe.

The Columbian The Columbian Exchange: Impact on Exchange: Impact on

PopulationsPopulations

The Columbian The Columbian Exchange: Impact on Exchange: Impact on

PopulationsPopulations Foods such as corn and potatoes introduced to Europe

Europeans introduced much protein to Native American diet (chickens, pigs, etc) as well as the horse and donkey- hugely important- helped Native Americans hunt the buffalo!

The Columbian The Columbian Exchange: Impact on Exchange: Impact on

PopulationsPopulations

The Columbian The Columbian Exchange: Impact on Exchange: Impact on

PopulationsPopulations New foods contributed to great population growth during the 1700s

Migrations of peoples due to slave trade, Europeans choosing to settle on African coastlines and Asia in search of new goods….

New words introduced into Europeans’ language …..

Worst Consequence of Columbian Exchange:

Genocide by Disease1. Spaniards unknowingly brought infectious diseases (influenza, smallpox) to native populations.

2. Killed millions of natives, esp. between 1520- 1600

Geography 9- Mrs. CurleyGeography 9- Mrs. CurleyGeography 9- Mrs. CurleyGeography 9- Mrs. Curley

Effects of European Effects of European Exploration & The Exploration & The

Columbian Exchange: Columbian Exchange:

Effects of European Effects of European Exploration & The Exploration & The

Columbian Exchange: Columbian Exchange: THE COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION!

New trade routes and exchanges of goods rise in prices rise of modern capitalism.

In simplest terms, capitalism is investment of $ to make profit.

The Commercial Revolution marked an important step in The Commercial Revolution marked an important step in Europe moving from local economies to a global Europe moving from local economies to a global

economy.economy.

CapitalismCapitalism• These explorers- early

colonialists- laid foundations for modern capitalism.

• In a capitalist system, business owners risk their capital ($) to start new businesses hoping to make profits.

Economy, Prices, & Economy, Prices, & Business Models Business Models

Economy, Prices, & Economy, Prices, & Business Models Business Models

Inflation- rise in prices as available $ increases- was one effect of the Commercial Revolution.

Why did inflation occur?

-Combination of factors: growing population AND demand for goods.

-Basic economics: demand increases and supply decreases- prices explode!

-Gold + silver flooded Europe from Americas….

Economy, Prices, & Economy, Prices, & Business Models Business Models

Economy, Prices, & Economy, Prices, & Business Models Business Models

Capitalism thrived (did v. well) as entrepreneurs (independent businessmen) wanted profit.

Joint stock companies formed….(think guilds from Middle Ages). Risk is shared since businessmen join together to protect themselves.

MercantilismMercantilism • Mercantilism – Mercantilism – belief/economic policy belief/economic policy guided by the idea that a guided by the idea that a nation’s power dependednation’s power depended on the on the ownership of gold ownership of gold and silverand silver..

• To acquire gold and To acquire gold and silver, silver, Europeans Europeans established overseas established overseas coloniescolonies and hoped to and hoped to export more than they export more than they imported. imported.

Main idea of mercantilism: Main idea of mercantilism: a a country’s wealth was based on the country’s wealth was based on the

amount of gold and silver it acquired.amount of gold and silver it acquired.

Mercantilism, Mother Countries & ColoniesMercantilism, Mother Countries & Colonies

• Mother country- European conqueror.• Colony- conquered land. Colonies exist to benefit

mother country. • In addition to mining for gold and silver, mother

countries imported natural resources or raw materials and exported finished goods.

Mercantilism, Mother Countries & Mercantilism, Mother Countries & ColoniesColonies

• Tariffs- taxes on imported goods• Function of tariffs- make imported goods cost

more so citizens would want to buy cheaper local goods of mother country…..

European Exploration, Mercantilism, European Exploration, Mercantilism, and the Everyday Europeanand the Everyday European

• Changes were felt along lines of social class.• Besides monarchs, merchants acquired most

wealth and prestige.• Most remained peasants.• Guilds remained powerful.

Looking Ahead: Legacy of Commercial Looking Ahead: Legacy of Commercial Revolution & MercantilismRevolution & Mercantilism

• European global domination was well underway, going full-steam ahead….